Commercial Law Eric Baskind

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 OXFORD

COMMERCIAL

LAW THIRD EDITION

iiiH

ERIC BASKIND I GREG OSBORNE I LEE ROACH

Foreword by The Right Honourable Sir Brian Leveson, President of the Queen's Bench Division
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Commercial Law
COMMERCIAL
LAW
Third Edition

Eric Baskind
Senior Lecturer in Law, Liverpool John Moores University

Greg Osborne
Formerly Senior Lecturer in Law, University of Portsmouth

Lee Roach
Senior Lecturer in Law, University of Portsmouth

Foreword by The Right Honourable Sir Brian Leveson,

President of the Queens Bench Division

OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
 OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS

Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, 0X2 6DP,

United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© Oxford University Press 2019
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted
First edition 2013
Second edition 2016
Impression: 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
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above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
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and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Public sector information reproduced under Open Government Licence v3.0
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Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2018965094
ISBN 978-0-19-882597-5
Printed in Great Britain by
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Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
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contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
Foreword

The Right Honourable Sir Brian Leveson, President of

the Queen's Bench Division
Another three years have passed since the second edition of this work and I am
delighted to see that Commercial Law has progressed into its third edition. Although
the number of commercial law textbooks remains low compared to other legal sub­
jects, it is to the very great credit of the authors of this book that they have found
an important place in the market among the other, more well-established books, with
each new edition gaining further in popularity.
The third edition of Commercial Law stays true to its original aim. It continues to
provide a clear and accessible account of commercial law, combined with a practical
and analytical approach. The result is that students will attain a more complete under­
standing of the topic. The edition has been fully updated to reflect all the relevant legal
developments that have occurred in the last three years.
I am sure that students of all levels with an interest in commercial law will find this
book of considerable benefit. Further, those in business and practitioners who deal in
the field of commercial law may also find this book of real use. I hope that its perspec­
tive and value will continue to justify further editions in the future.
Brian Leveson
June 2018
New to this edition

Every chapter has been fully updated and revised to provide an up-to-date account of
the law. Key revisions in the third edition include:
• chapter conclusions replaced with chapter summaries
• coverage of the UK’s withdrawal from the European Union
• coverage of the latest principles on implied terms
• expanded discussion on whether software falls within the definition of‘goods’
• updated guidance on the grounds for the transferred loss exception in relation to priv­
ity of contract
• coverage of the Law Commission consultation and report on Bills of Sale
• coverage of developments in the interpretation of the Hague Visby Rules and Institute
Cargo Clauses
• coverage of the new definition of ‘fraudulent claims’ and their effect on insurance
contracts
• a new online chapter on the Convention on the International Sale of Goods
• coverage of new case law, including:
• A P Moller-Maersk A/S v Kyokuyok Ltd (The Maersk Tangier) [2018] (meaning of
‘package or unit’ in the Hague Visby Rules)
• Bailey v Angove’s Pty Ltd [2016] (irrevocable agencies)
• Banca Nazionale del Lavoro SPA v Playboy Club London Ltd [2018] (duty of care owed
by an undisclosed principal)
• Bou-Simon v BGC Brokers LP [2018] (implied terms)
• Computer Associates UK Ltd v The Software Incubator Ltd [2018] (sale of goods, com­
puter software)
• Engelhart CTP (US) LLC v Lloyd's Syndicate 1221 [2018] (marine insurance contracts)
• Gavin Edmondson Solicitors Ltd v Haven Insurance Company Ltd [2018] (solicitor’s
lien)
• Gee dr Others v DePuy International Ltd [2018] (product liability)
• Hughes v Pendragon Sabre Ltd [2017] (sale of goods)
• Leeds Beckett University v Travelers Insurance Co Ltd [2017] (inevitable losses in all
risk insurance policies)
• Lowick Rose LLP v Swynson Ltd [2017] (privity of contract and transferred loss)
• Marks and Spencer pic v BNP Paribas Securities Services Trust Company (Jersey) Ltd
[2016] (implied terms)
• Mohamud v WM Morrison Supermarkets pic [2016] (vicarious liability of an agent)
• PST Energy 7 Shipping LLC and Another v OW Bunker Malta Ltd (The Res Cogitans)
[2016] (sale of goods)
• ParkingEye Ltd v Beavis [2016] (unfair terms, penalty clauses)
• Sea Master Shipping Inc v Arab Bank (Switzerland) Ltd [2018] (switch bills of lading)
• Sea Tank Shipping AS v Vinnlustodin HF, Vatryggingafelag Islands FH (The Aqasia)
[2018] (interpretation of Hague Visby Rules with bulk cargoes)
• Seadrill Ghana Operations Ltd v Tullow Ghana Ltd [2018] (force majeure)
 NEW TO THIS EDITION

• Songa Chemicals AS v Navig8 Chemical Pools Inc [2018] (interpretation of a letter of

indemnity)
• Tankschiffahrts GMBH KG v Ping An Property and Casualty Insurance Company of
China Ltd [2017] (due diligence under the Hague Visby Rules)
• W Nagel v Pluczenik Diamond Co NV [2017] (commercial agents)
• Wilkes v DePuy International Ltd [2016] (product liability)
• Wood v TUI Travel pic [2018] (transfer of property and food poisoning)
• Vibrant Doors Ltd v Rohden UK Ltd [2018] (specific performance)
• Volcafe Ltd v Compania Sud Americana de Vapores SA (CSAV) [2018] (temporal scope
of the Hague Visby Rules).
Preface

The authors are very happy to present the third edition of this text. The third edition
has been thoroughly updated to take into account the numerous developments that
have occurred since the publication of the second edition.
Some points should be noted relating to the style of the text:
• Section 6 of the Interpretation Act 1978 provides that, in relation to statutory inter­
pretation, unless otherwise stated, the masculine shall also indicate the feminine. This
text follows the same rule and, accordingly, ‘he’, ‘him’, and ‘his’ shall, unless otherwise
stated, also be taken to mean ‘she’, ‘her’, and ‘hers’, respectively.
• The term ‘claimant’ is used throughout, except where an original quote uses the term
‘plaintifT, in which case, the original term remains.
• As many law schools now require their students to cite legal sources using OSCOLA,
this text follows OSCOLA, as opposed to OUP’s normal house style. A guide on how to
use OSCOLA can also be found in the accompanying online resources.
The authors offer their thanks to the publishing team at OUP, especially Tom Young,
John Carroll, Jessica Lehmani, Abhishek Sarkari, Kristy Barker, and Fiona Barry.
Additionally, our thanks go to Sir Brian Leveson for his kind words in the foreword.
The authors would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their invaluable
comments and feedback.
The division of labour for this edition has been as follows: Lee Roach held overall
editorial responsibility and wrote Chapter 1 and Chapters 3-9; Greg Osborne wrote
Chapter 2 and Chapters 18-26; Eric Baskind wrote Chapters 10-17.
The authors have stated the law, as it is understood by them, as of January 2019.
With the kind indulgence of the publisher, minor amendments have been made at
proof stage to accommodate subsequent changes in the law.

Eric Baskind
Greg Osborne
Lee Roach
January 2019
 Guide to the book

This guide outlines the key features of the book that have been devised to make the learning experience
easier and more enjoyable for you. This brief overview explains the features and how to make the most
of them for effective study of the law in a commercial environment.

Features to aid learning

Introductions at the start of each chapter outline
INTRODUCTION
the practical relevance of that chapter topic and
This chapter is intended to provide an introduction to the c how it will relate to you as a student of commer­
as it relates to property other than estates and interests in
cial law.
ter are complex and there remain numerous troublesome a
clear. The chapter begins by considering some basic princi
which English law categorizes property, before moving on t
\be thought of as a bundle of rights over something that^fy

Example boxes feature a fictional company

Eg ______________ (ComCorp Ltd) that is referred to throughout the

Several years ago, ComCorp Ltd bought a piece of derelict land’

book. As you work through the text, the activities
of building a factory upon it as soon as the cash became availabl that ComCorp engages in, and the problems that
the purchase, its surveyor inspected the land and saw, inside a
it faces, will demonstrate to you how the law oper­
apparently dilapidated old cars, which Victor had bought man
*^*^9 te h* 3 ,enCe en^ ates in practice.

voiumahiy surrenoer mem, a per^x.

tort of conversion: can sue in the tort of conversion. Fl Definition boxes highlight and explain all of the
interfering with goods
in a manner inconsistent
was simply damages, leaving the w key terms that you will come across within the
with another's right to obligation to pay compensation?
text. These are collated in a flashcard glossary that
possession
can be found in the ORC.
Types of personal property
As Figure 2.1 illustrates, English la
chatfl: any egories: (i) chattels real; (ii) tangitjy

CO Documentary mI«
are discussed at p 505
they are associated are so identified^ Link boxes are cross-references to other areas of
document effects a transfer of the oh
the textbook with page references to highlight
mentary sales’ of goods, the sale goo
fundamental connections across the chapters,
thereby aiding your understanding of the over­
’ By virtue of s 3 of the Torts (Interference w
made on a discretionary basis. Normally the arching themes.
remedy. Ihc right to recover land is as of ngh
* A 'thing' (formerly known as a 'chose') isx

L
 GUIDE TO THE BOOK

Diagrams summarize the more complex areas

of the law to provide a clear and concise visual
overview.

D D A B
£100 £200 £300 £100 £500 £200 £200 £500

FIGURE 23.1 The financial positions of the banks

Case boxes provide clear and thorough explan­

Tidal Energy Ltd v Bank of Scotland pic C
[2014] All ER (D) 33
FACTS: Here Tidal wanted to pay a supplier, Design Craft, more th
of Scotland (BOS) to transfer the money by CHAPS and gave BOS a
Craft's name but also a bank name (Barclays), bank sort code, and at
had been given to them by a person purporting to be an employe^
ations and, where appropriate, commentary of the
key facts and judgments of notable cases, which
will help to develop an effective understanding
of the application, effectiveness, and relevance of
the law.

Chapter summaries at the end of each chapter

conveniently set out the key legal principles that
you need to understand.
• Most commercial transactions will involve a payment obligation, bi
obligation arises needs to be agreed, and although the parties may
certainly they mean some form of funds transfer, which they will tre
• Money, in the form of cash, is a chattel, and also a debt owed by tl
y^holder, and is thus a thing in action as well. J

Practice questions are provided at the end of

each chapter to help you to check your under­
standing of the chapter and assess your own
Explain the following terms and expressions:
• money; progress.
• gross settlement, net settlement;
• bi-lateral netting;
• multi-lateral netting;

ft ~ ••■■ ■■• ;■■■■■ •

Further reading references conclude each
chapter. Annotated, they point you in the direc­
tion of articles, textbooks, reports, and websites
Michael Brindle and Raymond Cox (eds). Law of Bank Payments (St
• Although a practitioner's text covering the whole range of payme that develop the issues discussed in the chapter.
dealing with funds transfers, is par ticularly relevant for our pur po
settlement and of bi-lateral and multi-lateral netting.
x^eter Ellinger, Eva Lomnicka, and Christopher Hare, Ellinger's Modgr
Guide to the online resources

This book is accompanied by fully integrated online resources to support you in your studies.
www.oup.com/uk/baskind3e/

COMMERCIAL

■Bp-,
ERIC BASKIND I GREG OSBORNE I Li.L ROACH
u,. -
7 jUsnth

Description
Resources to accompany Commercial fo* 3rd edition-
LAW • Atett tank of rnultipfe-choice Question*
• Gu-Carte on of c'oacr ng me questions po:ed In me book
• BonusonSnechapterscow/rg consumer credit insurance'**. •ndcompet’tfonlr*
• Further reader; I sts for eacn chapter
• A tiatheard g'ossary
• Downfoadabte versions cf the daqrams from the booh

r:
r ----
Blow sc all resources
Flashcard glossary

J T»gv w (‘KAurdCx**

Further reading lists

Further reading allows you to research topics that are of particular interest to you.

Self-test questions

Test yourself with the self-test questions written for each chapter.

Flashcard glossary

Flashcard glossaries offer manageable definitions of key terms and legislation.

Problem and essay questions with answer guidance

Try the problem and essay questions for each chapter, then check the answer guidance.

Bonus chapters

Four bonus chapters provide comprehensive coverage of insurance law, consumer credit, competi­
tion law, and commercial ADR.
Contents in brief

Table of cases xx
Table ofActs of Parliament xlii
Table of subordinate legislation xlviii
Table of European legislation xlix
Table of legislation from otherjurisdictions I
Table of international treaties and conventions li
Abbreviations lii

1. An introduction to commercial law 3

2. Personal property 20

■KKI: : :
J
3. An introduction to the law of agency 47
4. The creation of the agency relationship 60
5. The authority of an agent 85
6. Relations between principal and agent 107
7. Relations between principal and third party 144
8. Relations between agent and third party 160
9. Termination of agency 183

■v7
J
10. An introduction to the sale of goods 205
11. The transfer of property and risk 233
12. The transfer of title 272
13. Perishing of goods 307
14. Delivery and payment 320
15. Statutory implied terms and statutory rights 340
16. The remedies of the seller 397
17. The remedies of the buyer 419
18. Product liability 470

19. An introduction to international sales and documentation 499

20. International trade terms 532
21. Contracts of carriage of goods by sea 567
22. Marine cargo insurance 597
CONTENTS IN BRIEF

«|WiW^EtHODS<>fWMtNT,SECURlfBXNbfm»HC

23. Legal aspects of money and payment 629

24. Documentary payments 645
25. Security interests in property 691
26. Forms of title-based financing 723

Q Appendix 1: Bonus chapters 747

Visit the online resources that accompany this book to
access these chapters and other useful materials:
www.oup.com/uk/baskind3e/

Index 751
Detailed contents

Table of cases xx
Table ofActs of Parliament xlii
Table of subordinate legislation xlviii
Table of European legislation xlix
Table of legislation from otherjurisdictions I
Table of international treaties and conventions li
Abbreviations lii

IB^WfrMIHTROOUCTIONTOCOMMERCIAULtl 1
1 An introduction to commercial law 3
• What is commercial law? 3
• The development of commercial law 7
• Sources of commercial law 11

2 Personal property 20
• Basic concepts 20
• Ownership 26
• Possession 30
• Transferring possession 33
• Bailment 34
• Dealings in things in action 41

—
J
3 An introduction to the law of agency 47
• What is agency? 47
• Sources of agency law 49
• Types of agent 50

4 The creation of the agency relationship 60

• Capacity 61
• Formality 64
• Agency by agreement 64
• Agency by ratification 66
• Agency by operation of law 77
• Agency arising due to estoppel 82

5 The authority of an agent 85

• Actual authority 85
• Apparent authority 94
• Usual authority 102
 | DETAILED CONTENTS
i

6 Relations between principal and agent 107

• The duties of an agent 107
. The rights of an agent 133

7 Relations between principal and third party 144

• Contractual liability 144
• Tortious liability 155

8 Relations between agent and third party 160

• Contractual liability 160
• Tortious liability 176

9 Termination of agency 183

• Termination by act of the parties 185
• Termination by operation of law 188
• Termination of commercial agencies 191
• The effects of termination 192

10 An introduction to the sale of goods 205

• Historical developments in sale of goods law 206
• Contract of sale of goods 208
• Distinguishing different kinds of transaction 214
• Sales and agreements to sell 219
• Specific goods and unascertained goods 219
• Existing goods and future goods 219
• The price 220
• Consumer Rights Act 2015 223

11 The transfer of property and risk 233

• Transfer of property between seller and buyer 234
• Retention of title 255
• Passing of risk 266

12 The transfer of title 272

• Nemo dat quod non habet 273
• Exceptions to the nemo dat rule 274

13 Perishing of goods 307

• Goods perishing before the contract is made 308
• Goods perishing after the contract is made 313
• Force majeure clauses 317
14 Delivery and payment 320
• The duties of seller and buyer 320
• Delivery 321

L
 DETAILED CONTENTS

• Acceptance 333
• Payment 335

15 Statutory implied terms and statutory rights 340

• Status of the implied terms and statutory rights 341
• The right to sell, encumbrances, and quiet possession 342
• Correspondence with description 352
• Satisfactory quality 360
• Fitness for purpose 370
• Sale by sample 377
• The Consumer Rights Act 2015 379
• Exclusion of the statutory terms 388

16 The remedies of the seller 397

• When is the seller unpaid? 397
• Real remedies 398
• Personal remedies 409

17 The remedies of the buyer 419

• Non-delivery of the goods 420
• Specific performance 425
• Damages for breach of warranty 428
• The buyer's right to reject the goods 433
• Circumstances where the buyer will not be entitled to reject the goods 439
• The Sale and Supply of Goods to Consumers Regulations 2002 450
• The Consumer Rights Act 2015 454

18 Product liability 470

• Product liability in negligence 471
• Product liability under statute 481

r ■: ■ • \i ;<; G--ICM CO i rI frW CgjgC J

19 An introduction to international sales and documentation 499

• The character of international trade 499
• International sales—complicating factors for the lawyer 502
• Increased risk in international sales 503
• The bill of lading and the development of documentary sales 505
• The bill of lading in Cif and other documentary sales contracts 508
• The characteristics of the bill of lading 512
• Transfer of contractual rights 523
• Alterations to bills/reissuing bills 528

20 International trade terms 532

• Introduction to trade terms 532
• Free on board (Fob) 534
DETAILED CONTENTS

• Cost, insurance, freight (Cif) 547

. INCOTERMS 2010 561

21 Contracts of carriage of goods by sea 567

• The carrier’s duties at common law 567
• Common law exceptions 572
• Contracting out of obligations 573
• Carriers'duties under the Hague Visby Rules 575
• Limitation on the carrier's liability under the Hague Visby Rules 591
• Non-contractual claims by the shipper 594

22 Marine cargo insurance 597

• Elements of marine cargo insurance: contract 598
• Elements of marine cargo insurance: causation 603
• Elements of marine cargo insurance: claims 604
• The Institute Cargo Clauses 605

23 Legal aspects of money and payment 629

• What is money? 629
• What is payment? 631

24 Documentary payments 645

• The nature of an instrument 645
• Bills of exchange 648
• Letters of credit 669
• The key characteristics of credits 680

25 Security interests in property 691

• The elements of security and security interests 691
• Attachment and perfection 695
• Pledges 698
• Liens 701
• Mortgages 708
• Charges 713

26 Forms of title-based financing 723

• Alternative methods of business financing 723
• Receivables financing 725
• The finance lease 735
 DETAILED CONTENTS

Q Appendix 1: Bonus chapters 747

Visit the online resources that accompany this book to
access these chapters and other useful materials:
www.oup.com/uk/baskind3e/

• Aspects of consumer credit 747

• Principles of insurance law 748
• Aspects of competition law 748
• Aspects of commercial ADR 748
• An Introduction to the UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods 749

Index 751
Table of cases
Emboldened case names and page references indicate that the case is discussed within a
case box.
A v The National Blood Authority 12001 ] 3 All
ER 289 (QB)... 485,487,488, 492
AP Moller-Maersk v Kyokuyo Limited (The
Maersk Tangier) (2018] EWCA Civ 778,
[2018] 3 All ER 1009 ... 593
A/S Awilco v Fulvia SpA di Navigazione (The
Chikuma) [1981] 1 All ER 652 (HL)... 634,
639
Aberdeen Railway Co v Blaikie Bros (1854) 1
Macq461... 122,123
Abraaj Investment Management Ltd v Bregawn
Jersey Ltd [2010] EWHC 630 (Comm)... 321
Accentuate Ltd v Asigra Inc [2009] EWHC 2655
(QB), |2009] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 599 ... 55
Adamastos Shipping Co Ltd v Anglo-
Saxon Petroleum Co Ltd J1957] 2 QB 233
(CA)... 578
Adams v Morgan & Co [1924] 1 KB 751
(CA)... 137
AEG (UK) Ltd v Lewis (1993) 2 Bank LR 119
(CA)... 658, 659
Aegean Sea Traders Corp v Repsol Petroleo SA
(The Aegean Sea) [1998] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 39
(QB)... 528
Agnew v Commissioner of Inland Revenue
[2001] 2 BCLC 188 (PC)... 718
Agricultores Federados Argentines v Ampro
SA [1965] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 157 (QB)... 539,541
Agrosin PTE Ltd v Highway Shipping Co
Ltd (The Mata K) [1998] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 614
(QB)... 513, 586
Aiken v Stewart Wrightson Members Agency
Ltd [1995] 1 WLR 1281 (QB)... 118
Akbar Khan v Attar Singh [1936] 2 All ER 545
(PC)... 647
AL Underwood Ltd v Bank of Liverpool [1924] 1
KB 775 (CA)... 100
Alan Auld Associates Ltd v Rick Pollard
Associates [2008] EWCA Civ 655, [2008] BLR
419...633
Albacora SRL v Wescott & Laurance Line Ltd
[1966] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 53 (HL)... 575, 585
Albazero, The Owners of Cargo Laden on Board
the Albacruz v Owners of the Albazero [1975]
3 WLR (CA)... 508, 554, 556, 738
Albermarlc Supply Co Ltd v Hind & Co [1928]
1 KB 307 (CA)... 704-05, 707
Alberry and Budden v BP Oil [1980] JPL 586
(CAJ...491
Alderson v Temple (1768) 4 Burr 223 ... 501
Aldridge v Johnson (1857) 7 E & B 885 ... 215,
633
Alexander v Southey (1821) 5 B8<A 247 ... 180
Alimport v Soubert Shipping Co Ltd 2 Lloyd’s
Rep 447 (HC) (Comm)... 514
All Russian Co-Operative Society Ltd v
Benjamin Smith 8c Sons (1923) 14 LI L Rep
351 (CA)... 537
Allam 8c Co Ltd v Europa Poster Services Ltd
[1968] 1 WLR 638 (Ch)... 116
Allan 8c Anderson Ltd v AH Basse Rederi
A/S (The Piraeus) [1974] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 266
(CA)... 173
Allen v Hyatt (1914) 30 TLR 444 (PC)... 82
Alley v Hotson (1815) 4 Camp 325 ... 187
Alpha Trading Ltd v Dunnshaw-Patten Ltd
[1981] QB 290 (CA)... 136
Alternative Power Solution Ltd v Central
Electricity Board [2014] UKPC 31, [2015] 1
WLR 697... 686
Aluminium Industrie Vaassen BV v Romalpa
Aluminium Ltd [1976] 1 WLR 676
(CA)... 260, 261-63
AMB Imballaggi Plastici SRL v Pacflex Ltd
[1999] CLC 1391 (CA)... 56
American Cyanamid v Ethicon Ltd [1975] AC
396 (HL)... 686
Amstelot, The [1963] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 223
(HL)... 582
Anangel Atlas Compania Naviera SA v
Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Ltd
[1990] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 167 (QB)... 127
Anchor Line (Henderson Brothers) Ltd, Re
[1937] Ch 1 (CA)... 235-36
Anderson v Morice (1876) 3 Asp MLC 290
(HL)... 600, 601,617
Andreas Kainz v Pantherwerke AG (Case
C-45/13) [2015] QB 34, CJEU ... 483
Andrews vHopkinson [1957] 1 QB 229
(QB)... 472-73, 741
Andrews v Ramsay 8c Co [1902] 2 KB 635
(KB)... 129
Anglo-African Shipping Co of New York Inc
v J Mortner Ltd [1962] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 610
(CA)... 52
Anglo-Russian Merchant Traders Ltd, Re [1917]
2 KB 679 (CA)... 538
Anonima Petroli Italiana SpA 8c Neste Oy
v Marlucidez Armadora SA (The Filiatra
Legacy) [1991] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 337 (CA)... 234
Ant Jurgens Margarinefabrieken v Louis
Dreyfus 8c Co Ltd [1914] 3 KB 40
(KB)... 404
Appleton v Binks (1804) 4 East 14 ... 164
Arab Bank Ltd v Ross [1952] 2 QB 216
(CA)... 661

Aramis (Cargo Owners) v Aramis (Owners)
(TheAramis) [1989] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 212
(CA)... 523
Archer v Bamford (1822) 3 Stark 175 ... 666
Arcos Ltd v EA Ronaasen 8c Son [1933] AC 470
(HL)... 329, 358, 435
Arctic Shipping Co Ltd v Mobilia AB (The Tatra)
[1990] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 51 (QB)... 102
Arenson v Casson Beckman Rutley & Co [1977]
AC 405 (HL)... 222
Argos Distributors Ltd v Advertising
Advice Bureau [1996] CLY 5285 (County
Court)... 430-32
Aries Tanker Corp v Total Transport Ltd (The
Aries) [1977] 1 All ER 398 (HL)... 592
Armagas Ltd v Mundogas SA (The Ocean
Frost) [1986] AC 717 (HL)... 51, 97,157,513
Armour vThyssen Edelstahlwerke AG [1991] 2
AC 339 (HL)... 262, 263, 265
Armstrong v Jackson [1917] 2 KB 822
(KB)... 107, 123
Armstrong v Stokes (1872) LR 7 QB 598
(QB)... 154, 170
Armstrong v Strain (1952) 1 KB 232
(CA)... 156, 178
Arnhold Karberg 8c Co v Blythe Green Jourdain
8c Co [1915| 2 KB 379 (KB)... 547-48
Arnold Otto Meyer N V v Aune [1939] 3 All ER
168 (KB)... 553
Asfar 8c Co v Blundell [1896] 1 QB 123
(CA)... 308, 309
Ashby v Tolhurst [1937] 2 KB 242 (CA)... 34,
179
Ashford Shire Council v Dependable Motors Pty
Ltd [1961] AC 336 (PC)... 88
Ashington Piggeries Ltd v Christopher Hill
Ltd [1972] AC 441 (HL)... 207, 219,353-54
Association of British Travel Agents Ltd v
British Airways pic [2000] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 169
(QB)... 112
Astro Amo Compania Naviera SA v Elf Union
SA and First National City Bank (The
Zographia M) [1976] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 382
(QB)... 639
Astro Exito Navegacion SA v Chase Manhattan
Bank NA (The Messiniaki Tolmi) [1986] 1 LI
Rep 455 (QB)... 61
Aswan Engineering Establishment Co v
Lupdine Ltd [1987] 1 WLR 1, [1987] 1 All ER
135 (CA)... 368, 474, 475, 480 -81
Atari Corporation (UK) Ltd v Electronics
Boutique Stores (UK) Ltd [1998] QB 539
(CA)... 245-46
Athens Cape Naviera SA v Deutsche
Dampfschiftahrtsgesellschaf Hansa
Aktiengesellschaf (The Barenbels) [1985] 1
Lloyd’s Rep 528 (CA)... 347
Atkinson v Cotesworth (1825) 3 B8cC 647 ... 165
Attorney General for Hong Kong v Reid [1994] 1
AC 324 (PC)... 128-30
Attorney General of Belize v Belize Telecom Ltd
[2009] UKPC 10, [2009] 1 WLR 1988 ... 133
TABLE OF CASES
—
Attorney General of Ceylon v Silva [1953] AC
461 (PC)... 97
Australasian Steam Navigation Co v Morse
(1871-73) LR 4 PC 222 (PC)... 79
Autobiography Ltd v Byrne [2005] EWC 213
(Ch)... 658
AV Pound 8c Co Ltd v M W Hardy 8c Co Inc
[1956] AC 588 (HL)... 538
Avery v Bowden (1855) 26 LJ QB 3 (QB)... 316
Babcock v Lawson (1880) 5 QBD 284
(CA)... 700
Badische Anilin und Soda Fabrik v Basle
Chemical Works, Bindschedler [1898] AC 200
(HL)... 406
Bailey v Angove’s Pty Ltd (2016] UKSC 47,
[2016] 1 WLR 3179 ... 187-88
Baldry v Marshall [1925] 1 KB 260 (CA)... 373
Bank Line Ltd v Arthur Capel & Co [1919] AC
435 (HL)... 314
Bank Meili Iran v Barclays Bank DCO [1951] 2
Lloyd’s Rep 367 (KB)... 677
Bank of America National Trust and Savings
Association v Herman Iskandar [1998] 2 SLR
265 (Sing CA)... 635
Bank of Baroda v Panessar [1987] Ch 335
(Ch)... 632
Bank of Credit and Commerce International
(No 8), Re [1998] AC 214 (HL)... 720, 731
Bank of England v Vagliano Brothers [1891]
AC 107 (HL)... 206, 655-56, 667
Bank of Nova Scotia v Angelica-Whitewear
Ltd [1987] 1 SCR 59 (Supreme Court of
Canada)... 686
Bank Russo-Iran v Gordon Woodroffe & Co Ltd
(1912) 116 Sol Jo 921 (KB)... 679
Banca Nazionale del Lavoro SPA v Playboy
Club London Ltd [2018] UKSC 43, [2018] 1
WLR 4041 ... 148, 153
Bankers Trust Co v State Bank of India [1991] 2
Lloyd’s Rep 443 ... 681
Banque des Marchands de Moscou (No 1) [1952]
1 All ER 1269 (Ch)... 81
Barber v Meyerstein (1866) LR 2 CP 38, (1870)
LR 4 HL 317 (HL)... 519, 526, 700
Barber v NWS Bank pic [1996] 1 WLR 641
(CA)... 304
Barber v Taylor (1839) 5 M&W 527 ... 114
Barclays Bank Ltd v Commissioners of Customs
& Excise [1963] 1 Lloyd's Rep 81 (QB)... 519,
522
Baring v Corrie (1818) 2 B&Ald 137 ... 51
Barker v Bell [1971] 1 WLR 983 (CA)... 303
Barrett McKenzie 8c Co Ltd v Escada (UK) Ltd
[2001] EuLR 567 (QB)... 197, 198
Barron v Fitzgerald (1840) 6 Bing NC 201 ... 137
Barrow & Bros v Dyster, Nalder 8c Co (1884) 13
QBD63... 171
Barrow, Lane & Ballard Ltd v Phillip Phillips
St Co Ltd [1929] 1 KB 574 (KB)... 308, 310
'1.® TABLE OF CASES
Barry v Heathcote Ball & Co (Commercial
Actions) Ltd [2001] 1 All ER 944 (CA)... 172
Bartlett v Sidney Marcus Ltd [1965] 1 WLR
1013 (CA)... 372
Bastone & Firminger Ltd v Nasima Enterprises
(Nigeria) Ltd [1996] CLC 1902 (QB)... 670
Bayliffe v Butterworth (1847) 17 LJ Ex 78 ... 94
BCCI (Overseas) Ltd v Price Waterhouse [1998]
BCC 617 (CA)... 179
BCCI No 8, Re See Morris v Rayners Enterprises
Incorporated
Beale v Taylor [1991] 1 QB 564 (CA)... 356
Beam Technology (MFG) PTE Ltd v Standard
Chartered Bank [2003] 1 SLR 597 (Singapore
Court of Appeal)... 687
Beattie v Ebury (1872) LR 7 Ch App 777 ... 174
Bedford Insurance Co Ltd v Instituto de
Resseguros do Brasil [1985] QB 966
(QB)... 73
Beer v Walker (1877) 46 LJQB 677 ... 369
Behnke v Bede Shipping Company Ltd [1927] 1
KB649 (KB)...428
Behrend & Co Ltd v Produce Brokers Co Ltd
[1920] 3 KB 530 (KB)... 331
Belgian Grain 8c Produce v Cox (1919) 1 LI LRep
256 (CA)... 554,679
Bell Electrical Ltd v Aweco Appliance Systems
GmbH 8c Co KG [2002] EWHC 872 (QB),
[2002] CLC 1246... 57
Bell v Balls [1897] 1 Ch 663 (Ch)... 185
Belvoir Finance Co Ltd v Harold Cole 8c Co Ltd
[1969] 1 WLR 1877 (QB)... 287
Bence Graphics International Ltd v Fasson UK
Ltd [1998] QB 87 (CA)... 348,425,431
Benedetti v Sawiris [2013] UKSC 50, [2014] AC
938.. . 134
Bentley’s Estate Agents Ltd vGranix Ltd [1989] 2
EGLR21 (QB)... 134
Berk 8c Co v Style [1955] 1 QB (QB)... 614
Berkeley v Hardy (1826) 5 B8cC 335 ... 64
Bernstein v Pamson Motors (Golders Green) Ltd
[1987] 2 All ER 220 (QB)... 444, 445
Beswick v Beswick [1968] AC 58 (HL)... 738
Beta Computers (Europe) Ltd v Adobe Systems
(Europe) Ltd 1996 SLT 604 ... 212
Beverley Acceptances Ltd v Oakley [1982] RTR
417 (CA)... 285
Beyene v Irving Trust Co Ltd (1985) 762 F
2d 4 (US Court of Appeals for the Second
Circuit)... 681
Bibby Factors Northwest Limited v HFD
Limited [2015] EWCA Civ 1908 ... 732, 733
Bickerton v Burrell (1816) 5 M8cW 383 ... 166
Biddell Brothers v E Clemens Horst Co [1912]
AC 18 (HL)... 555
Biggs v Evans [1894] 1 QB 88 (QB)... 289
Bim Kcmi AB v Blackburn Chemicals Ltd
[2001] EWCA Civ 457, [2001] 2 Lloyd’s Rep
93.. . 732
Bird v Brown (1850) 4 Exch 786 ... 71-72
Bishopgate Motor Finance Corporation Ltd
v Transport Brakes Ltd [1949] 1 KB 322
(CA)... 274
Black King Shipping Corporation v Massie
(Litsion Pride) (1985) 1 Lloyd’s Rep 437
(QB)... 623
Blackburn v Scholes (1810) 2 Camp 341 ... 185
Blades v Free (1828) 2 B8cC 167 ... 189, 193
Blandy Bros & Co v Nello Simoni [1963] 2
Lloyd’s Rep 393 (CA)... 92
Blue Monkey Gaming Ltd v Hudson and Others
[2014] All ER (D) 222 ... 256
Blue Nile Co Ltd v Emery Customs Brokers
(S) Pte Ltd [1990] 2 ML] 385 (High Court of
Singapore)... 513
Blyth Shipbuilding and Dry Docks Company
Ltd, Re [1926] Ch 494 (CA)... 234-35
Boardman v Phipps [1967] 2 AC 46 (HL)... 123,
126
Bock v Gorrissen (1860) 2 De G, F&J 434 ... 138
Bocotra Construction Pte Ltd v A-G (No
2) [1995] 2 SLR 733 (Singapore Court of
Appeal)... 684
Bolton Partners v Lambert (1899) LR 41 ChD
295 (CA)... 71, 75, 76
Boma Manufacturing Ltd v Canadian Imperial
Bank of Commerce (1997) 140 DLR (4lh) 463
(Supreme Court of Canada)... 656
Bond Worth Ltd, Re [1980] 1 Ch 228
(Ch)... 264, 265, 701, 718
Booth Steamship Co Ltd v Cargo Fleet Iron Co
Ltd [1916] 2 KB 570 (CA)... 407
Borden (UK) Ltd v Scottish Timber Products
Ltd [1981] 1 Ch 25 (CA)... 264
Borealis AB v Stargas Ltd and Others (The
Berge Sisar) [2001] UKHL 17, [2002] 2 AC
205 ... 40, 519, 527-28
Borrowman, Phillips & Co v Free & Hollis
(1878-79) LR 4 QBD 500 (CA)... 449, 561
Boston Deep Sea Fishing v Ansell (1888) 39 ChD
339 (CA)... 123, 136, 549, 556
Boston Deep Sea Fishing and Ice Co Ltd v
Farnham (Inspector of Taxes) [1957] 1 WLR
1051 (Ch)... 69,543
Boston Scientifc Medizintcchnik GmbH v
AOK Sachsen-Anhalt and Others [2015] 3
CMLR 6 (C)EU)... 487-88
Bou-Simon v BGC Brokers LP [2018] EWCA Civ
1525, [2018] 179 Con LR 32 ... 213
Boughton v Knight (1872-75) LR 3 P&D
64... 190
Boukadoura Maritime Corp v Marocaine
de 1’Industrie et du Rafnage SA (The
Boukadoura) [1989] I Lloyd’s Rep 393
(QB)... 516
Bowes v Shand (1876-77) 2 App Cas 455
(HL)... 515, 548-50
Boyd 8c Co Lid v Louca [1973] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 209
(QB)... 535, 536
BP Refinery (Westernport) Pty Ltd v The
President, Councillors and Ratepayers

of Shire of Hastings (1978) 52 ALJR 20
(PC)... 212
BramhiU v Edwards [2004] EWCA Civ
403 ... 365, 366
Brandao v Barnett (1846) 3 CB 519 (HL)... 702
Brauer & Co (Great Britain Ltd v James Clark
(Brush Materials) Ltd [1952] 2 All ER 497
(HL)... 538
Bray v Ford [1896] AC 44 (HL)... 122
Braymist Ltd v Wise Finance Co Ltd [2002]
EWCA Civ 127, (2002) Ch 273 ... 67, 169
Brewer v Mann [2012] EWCA Civ 246... 357
Brian Cooper 8c Co v Fairview Estates
(Investments) [1987] 1 EGLR 18 (CA)... 135
Bridges 8c Salmon Ltd v Owner of The Swan
(The Swan) [1968] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 5 ... 163
Bristol Airport pic v Powdrill [1990] 2 All ER
493 (CA)... 692, 706
Bristol and West Building Society v Mothew
[1998] Ch 1 (CA)... 122
British and Foreign Insurance Co Ltd v Wilson
Shipping Co Ltd [1921] 1 AC 188 (HL)... 598
British and Foreign Marine Insurance
Company Limited v Gaunt [1921] 2 AC 41
(HL)... 605, 610
British Eagle International Airlines Ltd v
Compagnie Nationale Air France [1975] 2 All
ER 390 (HL)... 639
British Russian Gazette and Trade Outlook Ltd
v Associated Newspapers Ltd [1933] 2 KB 616
(CA)... 173
Broad v Thomas (1830) 7 Bing 99 ... 133
Brook v Hook (1870-71) LR 6 Ex 89 ... 71
Brook’s Wharf and Bull Wharf Ltd v Goodman
Bros [1937] 1 KB 534 (CA)... 137
Brown Jenkinson v Percy Dalton [1957] 2 QB
621 (CA)...516, 522,529
Brown v Cotterill (1934) 51 TLR 21
(KB)... 472-74
Brown v Gould and Others [1972] Ch 53
(Ch)... 221
Browner International Transport Ltd v Monarch
SS Co Ltd (The European Enterprise) [1989] 2
Lloyd’s Rep 185 (QB)... 578
Bryant and May v London Assurance
Corporation (1866) 2 TLR 591 ... 607
Bryant, Powis and Bryant Ltd v La Banque du
Peuple [1893] AC 170 (PC)... 87
BS Brown 8c Son Ltd v Craiks Ltd [1970] 1 WLR
752 (HL)... 366
BSS Group pic v Makers (UK) Ltd (t/a Allied
Services) [2011] EWCA Civ 809 ... 375
Buchan v Ortho Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Ltd
(1986) 25 DLR (4th) 658 (Ontario Court of
Appeal)... 476
Bulbruin Ltd v Romanyszyn [1994] RTR 273
(CA)... 304
Bulfield v Fournier (1895) 11 TLR 282 ... 129
Bulk Trading Corporation Ltd v Zenziper
Grains 8c Feedstuffs [2001] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 357
(CA)... 536
f
TABLE OF CASES
Bunge 8c Co vTradax England Ltd [1975] 2
Lloyd’s Rep 235 (QB)... 541
Bunge Corp v Vegetable Vitamin Foods (Pte)
Ltd [1985] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 613 (Ch)... 674
Bunge Corporation v Tradax Export SA [1981]
1 WLR 711 (HL)... 326, 336,420,501,
539-40
Burdick v Garrick (1870) LR 5 Ch App
233...132
Burdick v Sewell and Nephew (1884) 13 QBD
159 (C A)... 505
Burnside v Dayrell (1849) 3 Ex 224 ... 66
Burrell v Jones (1819) 3 B8cAld 47... 164
Burstall 8c Co v Grimsdale 8c Sons (1906) 11
Comm Cas 280 (KB)... 553
Busby v Berkshire Bed Company Ltd [2018]
EWHC 2976 (QB)... 486
Business Computers Ltd v Anglo African
Leasing Ltd [1977] 2 All ER 741 (Ch)... 733,
742
Butterworth v Kingsway Motors Ltd [1954] 1
WLR 1286 (Assizes)... 346
Butwick v Grant [1924] 2 KB 483 (KB)... 147
C Groom Ltd v Barber [1915] 1 KB 316
(KB)... 554
Cadogan Finance Ltd v Lavery 8c Fox [1982]
Com LR 248 (QB)... 281
Cahn 8c Mayer v Pockett’s Bristol Channel
Steam Packet Co Ltd [1899] 1 QB 643
(CA)... 298, 669
Caitlin v Bell (1815) 4 Camp 183 ... 115
Calico Printers’ Association Ltd v Barclays
Bank Ltd (1930) 36 Com Cas 71 (KB), (1931)
145 LT51 (CA)... 117, 118,670
Callander v Oelrichs (1838) 5 Bing NC
58.. . 114
Camillo Tank Steamship Co Ltd v Alexandria
Engineering Works (1921) 38 TLR 134
(HL)... 146
Cammell Laird 8c Co Ltd v Manganese
Bronze 8c Brass Co Ltd [1934] AC 402
(HL)... 374-75
Campanari v Woodburn (1854) 15 CB
400.. . 189,641
Canada Rice Mills Ltd v Union Marine and
General Insurance Co Ltd [1941] AC 55
(PC)... 574
Canadian Highlander, The See Gosse Millard
Limited v Canadian Government Merchant
Marine Limited (The Canadian Highlander)
Cantiere Meccanico Brindisino v Janson (1912)
17 Comm Cas 182 (KB)... 554
Caparo Industries pic v Dickman [1990] 2 AC
605 (HL)... 516
Car 8c Universal Finance Co Ltd v Caldwell
[1965] 1 QB 525 (CA)... 294
Carlos Federspiel 8c Co SA v Charles Twigg Sc
Co Ltd [1957] I Lloyd’s Rep 240 (QB)... 246,
247, 542
Carr v Jackson (1852) 7 Exch 382 ... 166
I TABLE OF CASES
Carter v Boehm (1766) 3 Burr 1905 ... 602
Carter v Wake (1877) 4 ChD 605 (Ch)... 698,
699
Catorv Great Western Insurance Co of New
York (1873) 8 LR 8 CP 552 ... 610
Caxton Publishing Co v Sutherland Publishing
Co [1939] AC 178 (HL)... 180
Cebora SNC v SIP (Industrial Products)
Ltd [1976] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 271
(CA)... 646,666
Cehave NV v Bremer Handels GmbH (The
Hansa Nord) [1976] QB 44 (CA)... 361,434
Cendor Mopu, The See Global Process Systems
Inc v Syarikat Takaful Malaysia Bhd (The
Cendor Mopu)
Central Newbury Car Auctions Ltd v Unity
Finance Ltd [1957] 1 QB 371 (CA)... 279
CEP Interagra SA v Select Energy Trading
GMBH (The Jambur) LMLN 289 (QB)... 556
Chabbra Corp PTE Ltd v Owners of the Jag
Shakti (The Jag Shakti) [1986] AC 337
(PC)... 39,42, 523, 700
Chapleo v Brunswick Permanent Building
Society (No 2) (1880-81) LR 6 QBD 696
(CA)... 97, 172
Chapman v Speller (1850) 14 QB 621
(KB)... 351
Chaproniere v Mason (1905) 21 TLR 633
(CA)...371
Charge Card Services Ltd, Re [1987] Ch
150.. . 713, 728,730
Charge Card Services Ltd (No 2), Re [1989] Ch
497 (CA)... 214, 335, 398, 633
Charles Rickards Ltd v Oppenheim [1950] 1 KB
616 (CA)... 327, 447
Charter v Sullivan [1957] 2 QB 117 (CA).. .415
Chatfields-Martin Walter Ltd v Lombard North
Central pic [2014] EWHC 1222 (QB)... 282
Chaudhry v Prabhakar [1989] 1 WLR 29
(CA)... 120-21
Chedworth v Edwards (1802) 8 Ves 46 ... 132
Cheetham & Co Ltd v Thornham Spinning Co
[1964] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 17 (QB)... 556
Chellaram (K) 8c Sons (London) Ltd v Butlers
Warehousing and Distribution Ltd [1977] 2
Lloyd’s Rep 192 (QB)... 704
Chemical Bank v Affiliated FM Insurance
Company 815 F Supp 115 (SDN Y
1993)... 611
China-Pacific SA v Food Corporation of India
(The Winson) [1982] AC 939 (HL)... 78,
79,81
Chinnock v Sainsbury (1860) 30 LJ Ch
409.. . 186
Cho Yang Shipping Co Ltd v Coral (UK) Ltd
(1997) 2 Lloyd’s Rep 641, [1997] CLC 1100
(CA)... 515,517
Christie vTaunton Delmard, Lane 8c Co [1893] 2
Ch 175 (Ch)... 733
Churchill and Sim v Goddard [1937] 1 KB 92
(CA)... 514,659
City Fur Manufacturing Co Ltd v Fureenbond
(Brokers) London Ltd [1937] 1 All ER 799
(KB)... 296
Clark-Boyce v Mouat [1994] 1 AC 428
(PC)...125
Claydon v Bradley [1987] 1 WLR 521
(CA)... 646,647, 652
Clegg v Andersson (t/a Nordic Marine)
[2003] EWCA Civ 320, [2003] 2 Lloyd’s Rep
32 ... 367, 444, 445
Clifford Chance v Silver [1993] JBL 571 ... 662
Clough Mill Ltd v Martin [1985] 1 WLR 111
(CA)... 265
Clutton v Attenborough & Son [1897] AC 90
(HL)... 655
CN Marine Inc v Stena Line A/B (The Stena
Nautica) (No 2) [1982] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 336
(CA)... 428
Coates v Lewes (1808) 1 Camp 444 ... 153-54
Cochrane v Rymill (1879) 40 LT 744
(CA)... 180
Coggs v Bernard (1703) 2 Ld Raym 909 ... Ill,
120, 568
Cohen v Kittell (1889) 22 QBD 680 (QB)... 112
Cohen v Roche [1927] 1 KB 169 (KB)... 426,428
Colehan v Cooke (1792) Willes 793 ... 652
Colin & Sheilds v W Weddel & Co Ltd [1952] 2
All ER 337 (CA)... 509
Collen v Wright (1857) 8 E & B 647 ... 173, 174
Colley v Overseas Exporters (1919) Ltd [1921] 3
KB 302 (KB)... 412, 558
Collins v Associated Greyhound Racecourses
Ltd [1930] 1 Ch 1 (CA)... 151-52
Collins v Hare (1828) 2 Bli (NS)... 123
Colonial Insurance Company of New Zealand v
Adelaide Marine Insurance Company (1887)
LR 12 App Cas 128 (PC)... 542
Comerford v Britannic Assurance Co Ltd (1908)
24 TLR 593 (KB)... 146, 162
Commercial Banking Co of Sydney Ltd v
Jalsard Pty Ltd [1973] AC 279 (PC)... 676
Compania Financiera ‘Soleada’ SA v Hamoor
Tanker Corporation Inc (Hie Borag) [1980] 1
Lloyd's Rep 111 (QB)... 138
Compania Maritima San Basilio SA v Oceanus
Mutual Underwriting Association (Bermuda)
Ltd (The Eurythenes) [1976] 3 All ER 243
(CA)...617
Compania Martiartu v Royal Exchange
Assurance Corporation (The Arnus) [1923] 1
KB (CA)... 604
Compania Naviera Vasconzada v Churchill 8c
Sim [1906] 1 KB 237 (KB)... 514, 517
Compania Sud American Vapores v MS ER
Hamburg Schilfahrtsgesellschaf [2006] 2
Lloyd’s Rep 66 (QB)... 581
Compaq Computer Ltd v Abercorn Group Ltd
[1991] BCC484 (Ch)... 734-35
Comptoir d’Achat et de Vente du Boerenbond
Beige S/A v Luis de Ridder Limitada (The
Julia) [1949] AC 293 (HL)... 535, 551, 554, 556

Computer 2000 Distribution Ltd v ICM
Computer Solutions pic [2004] EWCA Civ
1634 ... 326
Computer Associates UK Ltd v The Software
Incubator Limited [2018] EWCA Civ 518,
[2018] 2 All ER (Comm) 398 ... 213
Conoco (UK) v Limai Maritime Co (The Sirina)
[1988] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 613 (QB)... 513
Consolidated Co v Curtis 8c Son [1892] 1 QB 495
(QB)... 180
Continental Illinois National Bank 8c Trust Co
of Chicago v Alliance Assurance Co Ltd (The
Captain Panagos DP) [1989] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 33
(CA)...613
Cooper v Pure Fishing (UK) Ltd [2004] EWCA
Civ 375, [2004] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 518 ... 199
Cornfoot v Fowke (1840) 6 M8cW
358 ...155-56
Cosslett (Contractors) Ltd, Re [1998] Ch 495
(CA)... 694, 704, 713
Costain-Blankevoort (UK) Dredging Co Ltd v
Davenport (Inspector of Taxes) (The Nassau
Bay) [1979] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 395 (QB)... 608
Costello v Chief Constable of Derbyshire
[2001] EWCA Civ 381, [2001] 1 WLR
1437 ... 32-33, 38
Cotronic (UK) Ltd v Dezonie [1991] BCC 200
(CA)... 169
Court Line Ltd v Canadian Transport Co Ltd
(1940) AC 924 (HL)... 581
Couturier v Hastie (1856) 5 HL Cas 673
(HL)... 307, 308, 312
Coven SPA v Hong Kong Chinese Insurance
[1999] Lloyd’s Rep IR 565 (QB)... 611
Cowas-Jec v Tompson (1845) 18 ER 560 ... 504
Cradock v Scottish Provident Institution (1894)
70 LT 718 (CA)... 714
Crane v Sky-In-Home Service Ltd [2007] EWHC
66 (Ch), [2007] 2 All ER (Comm) 599... 192
Credit Agricole Indosucz v Generale Bank
[2000| 1 Lloyd’s Rep 123 (KB)... 680
Credit Lyonnais Bank (Nederland) NV v Export
Credit Guarantee Department [1998] 1
Lloyd’s Rep 19 (CA)... 663
Cripps (Pharmaceuticals) Ltd v Wickenden
[1973] 2 All ER 606 (QB)... 632
Criterion Properties pic v Stratford UK
Properties LLC [2004] UKHL28, [2004] 1
WLR 1846... 101
Crocker Horlock Ltd v B Lang 8c Co Ltd [1949] 1
All ER 526 (KB)... 136
Cropper v Cook (1867-68) LR 3 CP 194 ... 92
Crouch v The Credit Foncier of England Ltd
(1872-73) LR 8 QB 374 (QB ... 648
Crowther v Shannon [1975] 1 WLR 30
(CA)... 369, 372
CT Bowring 8< Co Ltd v Amsterdam London
Insurance Co (1930) 36 LI LR 309 ... 604, 615
Cuckmere Brick Co Ltd v Mutual Finance Ltd,
Re (1971) Ch 949 (CA)... 712
Cumming & Co Ltd v Hasell (1920) 28 CLR 508
(Aus HC)... 535
TABLE OF CASES
Cundy v Lindsay (1878) 3 App Cas 459
(HL)... 293
Cunliffe-Owen vTeather8c Greenwood (1967) 1
WLR 1421 (Ch) ...93
Curlewis v Birkbeck (1863) 3 F&F 894 ... 192
Currie v Misa (1875) LR 10 Exch 153 ... 658
D 8c F Estates Ltd v Church Commissioners for
England [1989] AC 177 (HL)... 481
Danby v Coutts 8< Co (1885) 29 ChD 550
(Ch)... 185
Darlington BC v Wiltshier (Northern) Ltd
[1995] 3 All ER 895 (CA)... 738,740
Daun v Simmins (1879) 41 LT 783 (CA)... 104
David Agmashenebeli, The (Cargo Owners) v
The David Agmashenebeli (Owners) [2002] 2
All ER (Comm) 806 (QB)... 517, 587
Davis v Garrett (1830) 130 ER 1456 ... 570
Davis Contractors Ltd v Fareham UDC [1956]
AC 696 (HL)... 191
Dawson (GJ) (Clapham) Ltd v Dutfield [1936] 2
AUER 232 (KB)... 215, 633
De Bussche v Alt (1878) LR 8 ChD 286
(CA)... 115, 116
De Franco v Commissioner of Police of the
Metropolis, 77te Times 8 May 1987 (CA)... 39
De Mattos v Benjamin (1894) 63 LJ QB
248.. .132
De Monchy v Phoenix Insurance Co of Hartford
(1929) 34 LI L Rep 201 (HL)... 614
Dearie v Hall (1828) 3 Russ 1 ... 734
Debenhams Ltd v Perkins [1925] All ER Rep 234
(KB) 237 ... 164
Debs vSibec Developments Ltd [1990] RTR 91
(QB)... 279-80
Decro-Wall International SA v Practitioners in
Marketing Ltd [1971] 1 WLR 361(CA)... 633
Demby Hamilton & Co Ltd v Barden [1949] 1
All ER 435 (KB)... 268
Dennant v Skinner 8: Collom [1948] 2 KB 164
(KB)... 234, 236, 239
Denny, Mott 8c Dickson Ltd v James Fraser 8c Co
Ltd [1944] AC 265 (HL)... 316
Derry v Peek (1889) 14 App Cas 337 (HL)... 155,
177
Deutsch Bank AG v CIMB Bank Berhad
[2017] EWHC 1264 (Comm), (2017) Bus LR
1671.. . 678
Devani v Republic of Kenya [2015] EWHC 3535
(Admin)... 38
Devereux v Barclay (1819) 106 ER 52 ... 35
Deverges v Sandeman Clark 8c Co [1902] 1 Ch
579 (CA)...712
Dextra Bank 8c Trust Co Ltd v Bank of Jamaica
[2002] 1 All ER (Comm) 193 (PC)... 665, 666
DF Mount Ltd v Jay 8c Jay (Provisions) Co Ltd
[I960] 1 QB 159 (QB)... 402-03, 404
Diamond Alkali Export Corporation v Fl
Bourgeois [1921] 3 KB 443 (KB)... 509, 518,
553
TABLE OF CASES
Diamond v Graham [1968] 2 All ER 909
(CA)... 659,665
Diamond, The [1906] P 282 (PDA)... 606,607
Dickenson v Lilwal (1815) 1 Stark
128...185-86
Dickson v Reuter’s Telegram Co Ltd (1877-78)
LR 3 CPD 1 (CA)... 173, 174
Die Elbinger AG fur Fabrication von Eisenbahn
Materiel v Claye (1873) LR 8 QB 313
(QB)... 170
Director General of Fair Trading v First
National Bank pic [2002] 1 AC 481
(HL)... 391
Distillers Co (Biochemicals) v Tompson [1971]
AC 458 (PC)... 473
Divya v Toyo Tire & Rubber Co Ltd (t/a
Toyo Tires of Japan [2011] EWHC 1993
(QB)... 477
Dobson v North Tyneside Health Authority and
Newcastle Health Authority [1997] 1 WLR
596 (CA)... 24
Dodds v Yorkshire Bank Finance Ltd [1992]
CCLR92 (CA)... 303
Dollfus Mieg et Cie SA v Bank of England [1952]
AC 582 (HL)... 30
Dolphin Maritime and Aviation Services Ltd
v Sveriges Angfartygs Forening [2009]
EWHC 716 (Comm), [2010] 1 All ER (Comm)
473.. . 741
Don King Productions Inc v Warren [2000] Ch
291 (Ch)... 14, 734
Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562
(HL)... 9, 471-72, 474, 476, 478
Donovan v Invicta Airways Ltd [1970] 1 Lloyd’s
Rep 486 (CA)... 112
Douglas v Glenvarigill Co Ltd [2010] CSOH
14, 2010 SLT 634 (Court of Session—Outer
House)... 445
Downsview Nominees Ltd v First City Corp Ltd
[1994] 1 BCLC 49 (PC)... 712
Drew v Nunn (1878-79) LR 4 QBD 661
(CA)... 63, 190, 193
Dubai Aluminium Co Ltd v Salaam [2002]
UKHL 48, [2003] 2 AC 366... 156
Dublin City Distillery Ltd v Doherty [1914] AC
823 (HL)... 699, 701
Duchess of Argyll v Beusalinck [1972] 2 Lloyd’s
Rep 172 (Ch)... 120
Dufresne v Hutchinson (1810) 3 Taunt
117.. . Ill
Duncan v Koster (The Teutonia) [1872] LR 4 CP
171 (PC)... 573
Dunkirk Colliery Co v Lever (1878) LR 9 ChD
20 (CAJ...414
Dyal Singh v Kenyan Insurance Ltd [1954] AC
287 (PC)... 304
Dyster v Randall 8< Sons [1926] Ch 932
(Ch)... 152
E Pfeifer Weinkellerei-Weineinkauf GmbH &
Co v Arbuthnot Factors Ltd [1988] 1 WLR
150 (QB)... 42, 261, 717, 718
East West Corporation v Dampskibsselskabet
AF 1912 [2003] EWCA Civ 83, [2003] QB
1509... 40, 525-26
Eastern Distributors Ltd v Goldring [1957] 2
QB 600 (CA)... 277-78, 296, 301
ED & F Man Ltd v Nigerian Sweets &
Confectionery Co [1977] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 50
(QB)... 335, 675
Edgell v Day (1865-66) LR 1 CP 80 ... 132
Edward Owen Engineering Ltd v Barclays Bank
International Ltd [1978] QB 159 (CA)... 686
Edwards (Percy) Ltd v Vaughan (1910) 26 TLR
545 (CA)... 298
Edwards vDdin [1976] 1 WLR 942
(QB)... 250
Edwards v International Connection (UK) Ltd
[2006[ EWCA Civ 662 ... 58
Effort Shipping Co Ltd v Linden Management
SA (The Gianis NK) [1998] 2 WLR 206
(HL)... 528
Egan v Motor Services (Bath) Ltd [2007] EWCA
Civ 1002... 368
Egger v Viscount Chelmsford [1965] 1 QB 248
(CA)... 181
Eide UK Ltd v Lowndes Lambert Group Ltd
[1998] 1 All ER 946 (CA)... 702
Eider, The [1893] P 119 (CA)... 632
Elder Dempster Lines v Zaki Ishag (The Lycaon)
[1983] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 548 (QB)... 519, 529
Elder Smith Goldsbrough Mort Ltd v McBride
(1976) 2NSWLR631 ... 172
Elder, Dempster & Co Ltd v Paterson, Zochonis
& Co [1924] AC 522 (HL)... 569
Elliott v Turquand (1881) 7 App Cas 79
(PC)... 189
Emmerson v Heelis (1809) 2 Taunt 38 ... 92
Empresa Exportadora de Azucar v Industria
Azucarera Nacional SA (The Playa Larga and
The Marble Islands) [1983] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 171
(CA)... 350
Encyclopaedia Britannica v Hong Kong
Producer [1969] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 536 ... 579
Engclhart CTP (US) LLC v Lloyd’s Syndicate
1221 [2018] EWHC900 (Comm), [2018] 2
Lloyd’s Rep 24 ... 611
Enichem Anic SpA v Ampelos Shipping Co
Ltd (The Dellini) [1990] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 252
(CA)... 525
EppsvRothnie [1945| KB 562 (CA)... 150
Equitable Trust Co of New York v Dawson
Partners Ltd [1927) 27 LI L Rep 49
(HL)... 680
ERG Rafnerie Mediterranee SpA v Chevron
USA Inc [2007] EWCA Civ 494, [2007] 2 All
ER (Comm)... 537, 540
E8<S Ruben Ltd v Faire Bros & Co Ltd [1949] I
KB 254 (KB)... 378
Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Customs & Excise
Commissioners [1976] 1 WLR 1 (HL)... 214
Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Mardon [1976] QB 801
(CA)...H9

Euro Commercial Leasing Ltd v Cartwright
& Lewis (1995] 2 BCLC 618 (Ch)... 706,
707-08
European Asian Bank AG v Punjab & Sind Bank
(No 2) [1983] 1 WLR 642 (CA)... 89, 113,676
European Commission v UK (Case C-300/95)
[1997] ECR1-2649 ... 492
Evans v Rival Granite Quarries Ltd [1910] 2 KB
979 (CA)...716
Evans v Triplex Safety Glass Co Ltd [1936] 1 All
ER 283 (KB)... 477
Exxonmobil Sales and Supply Corporation v
Texaco Limited (The Helene Knutsen) [2003]
EWHC 1964 (Comm), [2003] 2 Lloyd’s Rep
686...12
Fadallah v Pollak [2013] EWHC 3159
(QB)... 284
Falcke v Scottish Imperial Insurance Co (1887)
LR 34 ChD 234 (CA)... 81
Farquharson Brothers 8c Co v King 8c Co
[1902] AC 325 (HL)... 277
Feasey v Sun Life Assurance Company of
Canada [2003] EWCA Civ 885, [2003] 2 All
ER (Comm) 587 ... 599, 601
Ferrier (ex p Trustee v Donald), Re [1944] Ch
295 (Ch)... 244
Feuer Leather Corp v Johnstone 8c Sons [1981]
Com LR251 (QB)... 102
F G Wilson (Engineering) Ltd v John Holt
8c Co (Liverpool) Ltd [2014] 1 WLR 2365
(CA),.,256, 257,410
FH R European Ventures LLP v Cedar Capital
Partners LLC [2014] UKSC 45 ... 130
Fiat Auto Financial Services v Connelly (2007)
SLT (Sh Ct) 111 (Sheriff Court)... 442-43,
445
Fibrosa Spolka Akcyjna v Fairbairn Lawson
Combe Barbour Ltd [1943] AC 32 (HL)... 317
Finlay v Kwik HooTong [1929] 1 KB400
(CA)... 550
Firbank’s Executors v Humphreys (1887) LR 18
QBD 54 (CA)... 175
First Energy (UK) Ltd v Hungarian
International Bank Ltd [1993| BCC 533
(CA)... 97-98
Firth v Staines [1897] 2 QB 70 (QB)... 69
Fisher v Smith (1878) 4 App Cas 1 (HL)... 705
Foley v Classique Coaches Ltd [1934] 2 KB 1
(CA)... 221
Foley v Hill (1848) 2 HLC 28 (HL). .. 635, 636
Forderv Great Western Railway Co [1905] KB
532 (KB)... 612
Forman v Wright (1851) II CB 481 ... 666
Forward v Pittard (1775) 1 TR 27 ... 573
Foskett v McKeown [2001] 1 AC 102
(HL)... 637
Four-Maids Ltd v Dudley Marshall Properties
Ltd [1957] Ch 317 (Ch)... 711
Fraser v BN Furman (Productions) Ltd [1967] 1
WLR 898 (CA)... 109-10
TABLE OF CASES
Fray v Voules (1859) 1 E8cE 839 ... 110, 111
Fred Drughorn Ltd v Rederiaktiebolaget
Transatlantic [1919] AC 203 (HL)... 151
Freeman v Cooke (1848) 2 Exch 654 ... 102
Freeman 8c Lockyer v Buckhurst Park
Properties (Mangal) Ltd [1964] 2 QB 480
(CA)... 85, 86, 95, 96,99, 102, 513
Frost v Aylesbury Dairy Co Ltd [1905] 1 KB 608
(CA)... 373
Fryer Joinery Services Ltd v Ian Firth Hardware
Ltd [2008] EWHC 767 (Ch), [2008] 2 Lloyd’s
Rep 108 ... 55
Fuerst Day Lawson Ltd v Orion Insurance Co
Ltd [1980] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 656 (QB)... 601,
611,621
Fullwood v Hurley [1928] 1 KB 498 (CA)... 122,
124
Future Express, The [1993] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 542
(C A)... 29, 505, 519, 523
Future Publishing Ltd v Edge Interactive Media
Inc and Others [2011] EWHC 1489 (Ch),
[2011] ETMR50...36
Fyffes Group Ltd v Templeman [2000] 2 Lloyd’s
Rep 643 (QB)... 129
G J Dawson (Clapham) Ltd vH&G Dutfield
[1936| 2 All ER 232 (KB)... 215
G(A) v G(T) [1970| 2 QB 643 (CA)... 63
Gabbiano, The [1940] P 166 (PDA)... 556
Gabriel, Wade 8c English Ltd v Arcos Ltd (1929)
34 LI L Rep 306 (KB)... 330,436
Gadd v Houghton (1876) 1 ExD 357 ... 163, 164
Galbraith Sc Grant Ltd v Block [1922] 2 KB 155
(KB)... 323, 325-26
Gallagher v Shilcock [1949] 2 KB 765
(KB)... 409
Garcia v Page 8c Co Ltd (1936) 55 LI L Rep 391
(KB)... 672
Gardiner v Gray (1815) 4 Campbell 144
(Assizes)... 361, 377
Gardiner v Heading [1928] 2 KB 284
(CA)... 166
Gavin Edmonson Solicitors Ltd v Haven
Insurance Company Ltd [2018] UKSC 21,
[2018] 1 WLR 2052 ... 703
GE Capital Bank Ltd v Rushton (2005] EWCA
Civ 1556, (20061 1 WLR 899 ... 303
Gee and Others v DePuy International Ltd
[2018] EWHC 1208 (QB), (2018] Med LR347
..... 485,489-90
Geddling v Marsh [1920] 1 KB 668 (KB)... 364
Genn v Winkel (1912) 17 Com Cas 323
(CA)... 243-44
George Barker Transport Ltd v Eynon [1974] 1
All ER 900 (CA)... 705-06, 708, 733
George Inglefield Ltd, Re [1933] Ch 1
(CA)... 725-26, 727-29,734
George Mitchell (Chesterhall) Ltd v Finney Lock
Seeds Ltd [1983] 2 AC 803 (HL)... 390
George Whitechurch Ltd v Cavanagh [1902] AC
117 (HL)... 102
 iL w- TABLE OF CASES
Gian Singh & Co Ltd v Banque de 1’lndochine
[1974] 1 WLR 1234 (PC)... 676
Gibaud v Great Eastern Rly Co [1921] 2 KB 426
(CA)... 36
Gibson v Minet (1824) 130 ER 206 ... 641
Gill & Duffus SA v Berger & Co Inc [1984] AC
382 (HL)... 353, 550-51, 555, 558, 561
Gillow & Co v Lord Aberdare (1892) 9 TLR
12... 185
GKN Contractors Ltd v Lloyds Bank pic (1985)
30 BLR 48 (CA). But see United Trading Corp
SA v Allied Arab Bank Ltd [1985] 2 Lloyd's
Rep 554 (CA) 679
Glebe Island Terminals Pty v Continental
Seagram Pty (The Antwerpen) [1994] 1
Lloyd’s Rep 213 (NSW CA)... 523
Glencore Grain Rotterdam BV v Lebanese
Organisation for International Commerce
i
(The Lorico) [1997] 4 All ER 514, [1997] CLC
1274 (CA)... 450, 674
§ Glenie v Bruce Smith [1908] 1 KB 263
(CA)... 661
Glicksman v Lancashire & General Assurance
Co [1927] AC 139 (HL)... 602
Global Process Systems Inc v Syarikat Takaful
Malaysia Bhd (The Cendor Mopu) [2011)
UKSC 5, [2011) 1 All ER 869 ... 614, 615,616
Glover v Langford (1892) 8 TLR 628 ... 170
Glyn Mills Currie 8c Co v East and West India
Dock Co (1882) 7 App Cas 591 (HL)... 505,
511,520,521,594
Godleyv Perry [1960] 1 WLR 9 (QB)... 379,
431
Godts v Rose (1855) 17 CB 229 ... 37
Goldcorp Exchange, Re [1995] 1 AC 74
(PC)... 38,234
Gonzalez Sanchez v Medicina Asturiana SA
(Case C-183/00) [2002] ECR 1-3901... 482
Goodey & Southwold Trawlers Ltd v Garriock,
Mason 8c Millgate [1972] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 369
(QB)... 311
Goodman v J Eban Ltd [1954] 1 QB 550
(CA)... 651
Goodwin Ferreira 8c Co Ltd v Lamport 8c Holt
Ltd (1929) 34 LI LR 192 (KB)... 591
Goodwin v Robarts (1876) 1 App Cas 476
(HL)... 646
Gordon v Rimmington (1807) 1 Camp
123... 607
Gosse Millard Limited v Canadian
Government Merchant Marine Ltd (The
Canadian Highlander) [1927] 2 KB 432 (KB),
[1929] AC 223 (HL)... 585,588-89, 609
Gould v South East 8c Central Railway [1920] 2
KB 186 (KB)... 575
Government of Newfoundland v Newfoundland
Rly Co (1888) 13 App Cas 199 (PC)... 732
Graham Joint Stock Shipping Co Ltd v
Merchants' Marine Insurance Co (The lonna)
[1924] AC 294 (HL)... 613
Gramophone and Typewriter Ltd v Stanley
[1908] 2 KB 89 (CA)... 82
Gran Gelato Ltd v RichclifT(Group) Ltd [1992]
Ch 560 (Ch)... 179
Grant v Australian Knitting Mills Ltd [1936]
AC 85 (PC)... 353, 373,470, 472,473-74,
477, 478
Grant v Norway (1851) 10 CB 665 ... 513, 514
Gray v Haig (1855) 20 Beav 219 ... 131, 132
Great Eastern Railway Company v Lord’s
Trustee [1909] AC 109 (HL)... 41,697 702,704
Greenman v Yuba Power Products, Inc (1963) 27
Cal Rptr 697... 481
Greenwood v Bennett and Others [1973] QB
195 (CA)... 272-73
Greenwood v Martins Bank Ltd [1932] I KB
371 (CA), [1933] AC 51 (HL)... 71, 668
Greer v Downs Supply Co [1927] 2 KB 28
(CA)... 151
Griffiths v Peter Conway Ltd [1939] 1 All ER
685 (CA)... 371
Grimaldi Compagnia di Navigazione SpA v
Sekihyo Lines Ltd (The Seki Rolette) [1998] 2
Lloyd’s Rep 638 (QB)... 591
Grimoldbyv Wells (1874-75) LR 10 CP
391 ...334
Grogan v Robin Meredith Plant Hire [1996] CLC
1127 (CA)... 267
Grosvenor Casinos Ltd v National Bank of Abu
Dhabi [2008] EWHC 511 (Comm), [2008] 1
CLC 399 ... 670
Group Josi Re v Walbrook Insurance Co Ltd
[1996] 1 WLR 1152 (CA)... 685, 686
Grover 8c Grover Ltd v Mathews [1910] 2 KB
401 (KB)... 70
Gurner v Beaton [1993] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 369
(CA)... 96
Gurney v Behrend (1854) 3 E8cB 262 ... 518
Gyles v Hall (1726) 2 P Wms 378 ... 632
H Parsons (Livestock) Ltd v Uttley Ingham &
Co Ltd [1978] QB 791 (CA) ... 429, 433
Habib Bank Ltd v Central Bank of Sudan [2006]
EWHC 1767 (Comm) [2006], [2007] 1 All ER
(Comm) 53 ... 677
Habton Farms v Ninimo [2003] EWCA Civ
68 ... 176
Hadley v Baxendale (1854) 9 Ex 341 ... 422, 423,
429,742
Halberstam v Gladstar [2015] EWHC 179
(QB)... 697
Halbot v Lens [1901] 1 Ch 344 (Ch)... 175
Hallmark Cards Incorporated v Yun Choy Ltd
and the Standard Chartered Bank (Hong
Kong) Ltd [2012] 1 HKLRD 396 ... 726
Hamer v Sharp (1874-75) LR 19 Eq 108... 91
Hamilton v Spottiswoode (1849) 4 Ex
200...650
Hamilton, Fraser 8< Co v Pandorf & Co (1887)
12 App Cas 518 (HL)... 573, 574
Hamzeh Maias 8c Sons v British Imex
Industries Ltd [1958] 2 QB 127 (CA)... 678,
682-83

Hansson v Hammel 8c Horley Ltd [1922] 2 AC
36 (HL)... 509, 529,552-53
Harding Maughan Hambly Ltd v CECAR [2000]
1 Lloyd’s Rep 316 ... 135
Hardwick, Re ex p Hubbard (1886) 17 QBD 690
(CA)... 701
Hardy 8c Co v Hillerns 8c Fowler [1923] 2 KB 490
(CA) ... 334, 443
Harlingdon 8c Leinster Enterprises Ltd v
Christopher Hull Fine Art Ltd [1991] 1 QB
564 (CA)... 355-56, 366
Harlow 8c Jones Ltd v American Express Bank
Ltd [1990| 2 Lloyd's Rep 343 (QB)... 670, 672
Harlow 8c Jones Ltd v Panex (International)
Ltd [1967] 2 Lloyd's Rep 509 (QB)... 413
Harmer v Armstrong [1934] Ch 65 (CA)... 146
Harper 8c Co v Vigers Bros [1909] 2 KB 549
(KB)... 168
Harris (Oscar) Son 8c Co v Vallarman 8c Co
[1940] 1 All ER 185 (CA)... 666
Harrison 8c Crossfield Ltd v London 8c
North-Western Railway Co [1917] 2 KB 755
(KB)... 74
Harrods Ltd v Lemon [1931] 2 KB 157
(CA)... 122
Harrold v Plenty [1901] 2 Ch 314 (Ch)... 699,
709
Hartas v Ribbons (1889) LR 22 QBD 254
(CA)... 76
Hartley v Hymans ,1920] 3 KB 475 (KB)... 326,
336, 420
Hasan v Wilson [1977] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 432
(QB)... 659, 666
Haseldine v Daw [1941] 2KB 243 (CA)... 472,
475
Hasham v Zenab [1960] AC 316 (PC)... 428
Hatton v Car Maintenance Ltd (1915) 1 Ch 621
(Ch)... 708
Hawkins v Coulsdon and Purley Urban District
Council [1954] 1 QB 319 (CA)... 474
Hawkins v Pearse (1903) 9 Com Cas 87 ... 113
Healy v Howlett 8c Sons [1917] 1 KB 337
(KB)... 250-51, 267
Heap v Motorists’ Advisory Agency Ltd [1923] 1
KB 577 (KB)... 284, 289
Heard v Pilley (1869) LR 4 Ch App 548 ... 64,65
Heath v Pugh (1881) 6 QBD 346 (CA)... 710
Hedley Byrne Sc Co Ltd v Heller 8c Partners Ltd
[1964] AC 465 (HL)... 119,
173, 178,516, 679
Heilbut, Symons 8c Co v Buckleton [1913] AC 30
(HL)... 357
Heisler v Anglo-Dal Ltd [1954] 1 WLR 1273
(CA)... 450
Helbyv Matthews (1895] AC 471 (HL)... 218,
298, 302
Hellenic Dolphin, The [1978] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 336
(QB)... 584
Helstan Securities Ltd v Hertfordshire County
Council 11978] 3 All ER 262 (QB)... 733-34
TABLE OF CASES
Hely-Hutchinson v Brayhead Ltd [1968] 1 QB
549 (CA)... 87, 91-92, 94,95
Henderson v Merrett Syndicates Ltd [1995] 2
AC 145 (HL)... 110, 119, 120, 125, 178
Hendy Lennox (Industrial Engines) Ltd v
Grahame Puttick Ltd (1984) 1 WLR 485
(QB)... 264
Henry v Hammond [1913] 2 KB 515 (KB)... 132
Henry Kendall & Sons v William Lillico &
Sons Ltd [1969] 2 AC 31 (HL)... 361-62,373
Henry Smith & Co v Bedouin Steam Navigation
Co Ltd [1896] AC 70 (HL)... 513
Herne Bay Steam Boat Co v Hutton [1903] 2 KB
683 (CA)... 316, 317
Herschtal v Stewart & Ardern Ltd [1940] 1 KB
155 (KB)... 475
Heskell v Continental Express Ltd [1950] 1 All
ER 1033 (KB)... 507, 516
Heyman v Darwins Ltd [1942] AC 356
(HL)... 193
Hibernian Bank Ltd v Gysin and Hason [1939] 1
KB 483 (CA)... 654
Hick v Raymond [1893] AC 22 (HL)... 571
Hickman v Haynes (1875) LR 10 CP 598 ... 674
Hickox v Adams (1876) 34 LT 404 (CA)... 554
Hill v James Crowe (Cases) Ltd [1978] 1 All ER
812 (QB)... 474, 478
Hill (As Trustee in Bankruptcy of Burfoot and
Haynes) v Alex Lawrie Factors Limited, TLR
17 August 2000 ... 727
Hilton v Tucker (1888) 39 ChD 669 (Ch)... 699
Hindley & Co Ltd v East India Produce Co Ltd
[1973] 2 Lloyds Rep 515 (QB)... 550
Hine Bros v Steamship Insurance Syndicate Ltd
(1895) 72 LT 79... 147
Hirji Mulji and Others v Cheong Yue Steamship
Company Ltd [1926] AC 497 (PC)... 318
H O Brandt 8c Co v H N Morris [1917] 2 KB 784
(CA)... 538
Hogan and Others v London Irish Football
Rugby Club Trading Ltd (QB, 20 December
1999)... 74
Hollis v Dow Corning (1995) 129 DLR
609...476
Holmes v Ashford [1950] 2 All ER 76
(CA)... 476
Holroyd v Marshall (1862) Il ER 999
(HL)... 709, 715, 716, 728
Honeyvem Informazioni Commercial! Sri v
Mariella De Zotti (Case C-465/04) [2006]
ECR 1-02879... 197
Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corp
Ltd v GD Trade Co Ltd [1998] CLC 238
(CA)... 652-53
Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co Ltd v Kawasaki
Kisen Kaisha Ltd [1962] 2 QB 26 (CA)... 217,
571
Horn v Minister of Food [1948] 2 All ER 1036
(KB)... 309, 314
Horsfall v Fauntleroy (1830) 10 BScC 755 ... 147
 i<S.s 1 TABLE OF CASES
Houghland v R R Low (Luxury Coaches) Ltd
[1962] 1 QB 694 (CA)... 35
Howard v Furness-Houlder Argentine Lines Ltd
[1936] 2 All ER 296 (KB)... 472
Howard v Patent Ivory Manufacturing Co (1888)
LR 38 ChD 156 (Ch)... 67, 170
Howard v Sheward (1866) LR 2 CP 148 ... 92
Howard Marine and Dredging Co Ltd v A
Ogden & Sons (Excavations) Ltd [1978] QB
I 574 (CA)... 357
Howell v Coupland (1875-76) LR 1 QBD 258
(CA)... 314-15
HR & S Sainsbury Ltd v Street [1972] 1 WLR
834 (QB) ... 219, 310, 313
HSBC Rail (UK) Ltd v Network Rail
Infrastructure Ltd [2005] EWCA Civ
1437... 39-40
Hughes v Pendragon Sabre Ltd [2016] EWCA
Civ 18, [2017] 1 All ER (Comm) 173 ... 219,
423
Hull v Pickersgill (1819) 1 B&B 282 ... 177
Humble v Hunter (1848) 12 QB 310 ... 150
Hunter v Parker (1840) 7 M8<W 322 ... 73
Hurley v Dyke [1979] RTR 265 (HL)... 475
Hurstanger v Wilson [2007] EWCA Civ 299,
[2007] 2 All ER (Comm) 1037 ... 128
Ian Stach Ltd v Baker Bosley Ltd [1958] 2 QB 130
(QB)... 674
Ide v ATB Sales Ltd [2008] EWCA Civ 424,
[2008] PIQR 13 ... 485, 486
Imageview Management Ltd v Jack [2009]
EWCA Civ 63, [2009] 1 Lloyd’s Rep
436...123
Iman Abouzaid v Mothercare (UK) Ltd [2000]
All ER (D) 2436 (CA) ... 486
Imperial Loan Co Ltd v Stone [1892] 1 QB 599
(CA)... 63, 64
Indian Oil Corporation Ltd v Greenstone
Shipping SA (Panama) (The Ypatianna)
[1988] QB 345 (QB)... 28
Industrial Development Consultants Ltd v
Cooley [1972] 1 WLR 443 ... 126
Industries & General Mortgage Co Ltd v Lewis
[1949| 2 All ER 573 (KB)... 128
ING Re (UK) Ltd v R&V Versicherung AG
[2006] EWHC 1544 (Comm), [2006] 2 All ER
(Comm) 870 ... 70
Inglis v Stock (1885) 10 App Cas 263
(HL)... 542-43, 546, 601
Ingmar GB Ltd v Eaton Leonard Inc [2001] CLC
1825 (QB)... 197
Ingram v Little [1961] 1 QB 31 (CA)... 273,
291,293
International Air Transport Association v
Ansell Australia Holdings Ltd (2008) 242
ALR 47 (Australian High Court)... 639
International Contract Co, Re Pickering’s Claim
(1871) 6 Ch App 525... 146
International Factors v Rodrigues [1979] QB 351
(CA)... 29, 42, 731
International Packers London Ltd v Ocean
Steamship Co Ltd [1955] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 218
(QB)... 569-70, 585, 588
Internaut Shipping GmbH v Fercometal Sari
[2003] EWCA Civ 812, [2003] 2 Lloyd’s Rep
430... 163
lonna, The See Graham Joint Stock Shipping Co
Ltd v Merchants’ Marine Insurance Co
Ireland v Livingston (1871-72) LR 5 HL 395
(HL)... 89, 113,551
Irvine & Co v Watson & Sons (1879-80) LR 5
QBD 414 (CA)... 147
Irving v Manning (1847) 1 HLC 287 (HL)... 599
Ishag v Allied Bank International [1981] 1
Lloyd’s Rep 92 (QB)... 529
Ismail v Richards Butler [1996] QB 711
(QB)... 703
J & H Ritchie Ltd v Lloyd Ltd [2007] UKHL
9.. .440-41
J&J Cunningham Ltd v Robert A Munro Ltd
(1922) 28 Com Cas 42 (KB)... 540
JI MacWilliam Co Inc v Mediterranean
Shipping Co SA (The Rafaela S) [2005] UKHL
1, [2005] 2 AC 423... 513, 577
J L Lyons & Co Ltd v May & Baker Ltd [1923] 1
KB 685 (KB)... 439
Jackson v Horizon Holidays Ltd [1975] 1 WLR
1468 (CA)... 738
Jackson v Rotax Motor and Cycle Company
[1910] 2 KB 937 (CA). .. 332, 368, 400
Jackson v Royal Bank of Scotland pic [2005]
UKHL 3, [2005] 1 WLR 377 ... 429
Jacobs v Morris [1902] 1 Ch 816
(CA)... 87-88
Jade International Steel Stahl und Eisen GmbH
& Co KG v Robert Nicholas (Steels) Ltd [1978]
QB 917 (CA)... 662
Jag Shakti, The See Chabbra Corp Pte Ltd v
Owners of the Jag Shakti (The Jag Shakti)
James Drummond & Sons v EH Van Ingen
& Co Ltd (1887) LR 12 App Cas 284
(HL)... 378
James Finlay & Co Ltd v NV Kwik Hoo Tung
Handel Maatschappij [1929] 1 KB 400
(CA)... 559
Jarvisv Williams [1955] 1 WLR 71 (CA)... 25
Jebara v Ottoman Bank [1927] 2 KB 254
(CA)... 81
Jenkins v Hutchinson (1849) 13 QB 744 ... 166
Jenkins v Jones (1881-82) LR 9 QBD 128
(CA)... 348
Jerome v Bentley & Co [1952] 2 All ER 114
(QB)... 275, 279
Jewson Ltd v Boyhan [2003] EWCA Civ
1030.. .375, 376
J H Rayner & Co Ltd v Hambro’s Bank Ltd
[1943] KB 37 (CA)... 680-81
J Fl Rayner (Mincing Lane) Ltd v Department
of Trade and Industry [1990] 2 AC 418
(HL)... 150

Jindal Iron & Steel Co Ltd v Islamic
Solidarity Shipping Co Jordan Inc [2004)
UKHL 49, [2005] 1 WLR 1363 ... 576,
580-81
Joachimson v Swiss Bank Corp [1921] 3 KB 110
(CA)... 635
Joblin v Watkins & Roseveare (Motors) Ltd
[1949| 1 All ER 47 (KB)... 279
John McCann 8c Co v Pow [1974] 1 WLR 1643
(CA)... 115
Johnson v Taylor Bros 8c Co Ltd [1920] AC 144
(HL)... 547
Johnston v Kershaw (1866-67) LR 2 Ex 82 ... 88
Jones v Callagher [2004] EWCA Civ 10 ... 445
Jones v Graham (1877) 2 App Cas 616
(HL)... 661-62
Jones v Hope (1880) 3 TLR 247 ... 73
Jones Ltd v Waring and Gillow Ltd [1926] AC
670 (HL)... 660-61
Jordan v Norton (1838) 4 MScW 155 ... 146
Joseph Travers 8c Sons Ltd v Longel Ltd (1948)
64 TLR 150 (KB)... 354
Josephs v Preber (1825) 3 B8cC 639 ... 137
Karlshamns Oljefabriker A/B v Eastport
Navigation Corp (The Elafi) ,1981] 2 Lloyd's
Rep 679 (QB)... 251-52, 343
Karsales (Harrow) Ltd v Wallis [1956] 1 WLR
936 (CA)... 393
Kayford Ltd, Re [1975] 1 WLR 279 (Ch)... 14
KBC Bank v Industrial Steels (UK) Ltd [2001] 1
All ER (Comm) 409 (QB)... 679
Keay v Fenwick (1876) LR 1 CPC 745 (CA)... 76,
115
Keighley, Maxsted 8c Co v Durant [1901] AC 240
(HL)... 68, 149
Kelly v Cooper [1993| AC 205 (PC)... 13,121,
124-25, 133, 137
Kelner v Baxter and Others (1866-67) LR 2 CP
174 ... 67, 169
Kennedy v De Trafford [1897] AC 180
(HL)... 48, 66
Kenya Railways v Antares Co Pte Ltd (The
Antares) (No 1) 11987] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 424
(CA)... 572, 590
KG Bominflot Bunkergesellschaf fur
Mineralocle mbh 8c Co KG v Petroplus
Marketing AG (The Mercini Lady) [2010]
EWCA Civ 1145, [2011| 2 All ER 522 ... 550
Khans Solicitors v Chifuntwe (2013] EWCA Civ
481, (2014) 1 WLR 1185... 703
Kier Construction v Royal Insurance (1982) 30
ConLR 45 (QB)... 611
Kinahan 8c Co Ltd v Parry [1910] 2 KB 389 (QB),
[1911] I KB459(CA)... 104
King v T Tunnock Ltd [2001] ECC 6 (Court of
Session)... 197
Kirkham v Attenborough [1897] 1 QB 201
(CA)... 242
Kish v Taylor [1928] 2 KB 424 (HL)... 571
TABLE OF CASES
Kleinwort Benson Ltd v Lincoln City Council
[1999] 2 AC 349 (HL)... 12,97
Knights of St Michael, The [1898] P 30
(PDA)... 607
Koenigsblatt v Sweet [1923] 2 Ch 314 (CA)... 75
Kof Sunkersette Obu v A Strauss 8c Co Ltd [1951]
AC 243 (PC)... 134
Kolfor Plant Ltd v Tilbury Plant Ltd (1977) 121
Sol Jo 390 (DC)... 439
Korea Exchange Bank v Debenhams (Central
Buying) Ltd [1979] 1 Lloyd's Rep 548
(CA)... 652
Koufos v Czarnikow Ltd (The Heron II) [1969] 1
AC 350 (HL)... 422
Kredietbank Antwerp v Midland Bank pic
[1999] 1 All ER (Comm) 801 (CA)... 681
Kreil v Henry [1903] 2 KB 740 (CA)... 317
Kronos Worldwide Ltd v Sempra Oil Trading
Sari [2004] CLC 136 (CA)... 672
Kubach v Hollands [1937] 3 All ER 907
(KB)... 476
Kulkarni v Manor Credit (Davenham) Ltd
[2010] EWCA Civ 69, [2010] 2 All ER (Comm)
1017... 302, 344
Kum v Wah Tat Bank Ltd [1971] 1 Lloyd’s Rep
439 (PC)... 6, 509
Kuwait Petroleum Corp v I 8c D Oil Carriers
Ltd (The Houda) (1994) 2 Lloyd’s Rep 541
(CA)... 519-23, 531
Kwei Tek Chao v British Traders 8c Shippers
Ltd [1954] 2 QB 459 (QB)... 425, 439, 515,
557, 559
Kwikspace Modular Buildings Ltd v Sabodala
Mining Company Sari (173/09) [2010]
ZASCA 15... 684
Kydon Compania Navierra SA v National
Westminster Bank Ltd, The Lena [1981] 1
Lloyd’s Rep 68 (QB)... 678
Lamb v Evans [1893] 1 Ch 218 (CA)... 127
Lambert v Lewis [1982] AC 225 (HL)... 372,
433
Landauer 8c Co v Craven 8c Speeding Bros [1912]
2 KB 94 (KB)... 552
Lapwing, The [1940] P 112 (PDA)... 607
Larner v Fawcett [1950] 2 All ER 727
(CA)... 304
Law 8c Bonar Ltd v British American Tobacco
Ltd [1916] 2 KB 605 (KB)... 556
Lazarus Estates Ltd v Beasley [1956] 1 QB 702
(CA)... 222
Lazenby Garages Ltd v Wright [1976] 1 WLR
459 (CA)... 415
Lease Management Services Ltd v Purnell
Secretarial Services Ltd (1994] CCLR 127
(CA)... 390
Lease Management Services Ltd v Purnell
Secretarial Services Ltd [1999] 1 WLR 263
(CA)...741
LeDuc 8c Co v Ward (1888) 20 QBD 475
(CA)... 514, 515, 518
 TABLE OF CASES
Lee v Bayes (1856) 18 CB 599 ... 290
Lee v Griffin (1861) 1 B&S 272...216
Lee v York Coach & Marine [1977] RTR 35
(CA)... 369, 372,441,445
Leeds Beckett University v Travellers Insurance
[2017] EWHC 558 (TCC), [2017] Bus LR
2022...611
Leesh River Tea Co v British India Steam
Navigation Co [1966] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 193
(CA)... 583, 591
Leicester Circuits Ltd v Coates Brothers pic
[2003] EWCA Civ 290 ... 373
Leigh & Sillivan Ltd v Aliakmon Shipping Co
Ltd, The Aliakmon [1986] AC 785 (HL)... 36,
545, 594
Lepard v Vernon (1813) 2 V&B 51 ... 187
Les Affreteurs Reunis Society Anonyme v
Walford [1919] AC 801 (HL)... 12
Levey & Co v Goldberg [1922] 1 KB 688
(KB)... 321
Lewis v Averay (No 1) [1972] 1 QB 198
(CA) ... 291-92, 293, 294
Leyland Shipping v Norwich Union Fire
Insurance Society Ltd [1918] AC 350
(HL)... 603-04
LGOC v Pope (1922) 38 TLR 270 ... 164
Libyan Arab Foreign Bank v Bankers Trust Co
[1989] QB 728 (QB)... 635,637
Lickbarrow v Mason (1787) 2 TR63 ... 273, 518
Light vTy Europe Ltd [2003] EWCA Civ 1238,
[2004] 1 Lloyd's Rep 693 ... 196
Lilly, Wilson & Co v Smales, Eeles & Co [1892] 1
QB 456 (QB)... 174
Lind, Re [1915] 2 Ch 345 (CA)... 715
Linden Gardens Trust Ltd v Lenesta Sludge Ltd
[1994] 1 AC 85 (HL)... 738-40
Lipkin Gorman v Karpnale Ltd [1991] 2 AC 548
(HL)... 630, 679
Lister 8t Co v Stubbs (1890) 45 ChD 1
(CA)... 129
i
Lister v Schulte [1915] VLR 374... 650
4 Litsion Pride, The, See Black King Shipping
Corporation v Massie
Lloyd v Grace Smith & Co [1912] AC 716
(HL)... 513
Lloyds 8t Scottish Finance Ltd v Cyril Lord
Carpets Sales Ltd [1992] BCLC 609
(HL)... 726, 728
Lloyds and Scottish Finance Ltd v Modern Cars
and Caravans (Kingston) Ltd [1966] 1 QB 764
(QB)... 348, 351
Lloyds Bank Ltd v Bank of America National
Trust and Savings Association [1938] 2 KB
147 (CA)... 287-88, 700
Lloyds Bank Ltd v Cooke [1907] 1 KB 794
(CA)... 652
Lloyds Bank pic v Lampert [1999] 1 All ER
(Comm) 161 (CA)...632
Lobster Group Ltd v Heidelberg Graphic
Equipment Ltd [2009] EWHC 1919
( I CC)... 737, 742
Logicrose Ltd v Southend United Football Club
Ltd (No 2) [1988] 1 WLR 1256 (Ch)... 129
Lombard North Central pic v Butterworth
[1987] QB 527 (CA)... 336, 742
London and Globe Finance Corp Ltd, Re [1902]
2 Ch 416 (Ch)... 702
London Joint Stock Bank v Simmons [1892] AC
201 (HL)... 648
London Wine (Shippers) Ltd, Re [1986] PCC 21
(QB)... 28,38, 247-48,323
Longbottom & Co Ltd v Bass Walker 8< Co Ltd
(1922) 12 LI L Rep 192 (CA)... 400
Lonsdale (t/a Lonsdale Agencies) v Howard &
Hallam Ltd [2007] UKHL 32, [2007] 1 WLR
2055 ... 197,198 199
Lord Eldon v Hedley Brothers [1935] 2 KB 1
(CA)... 240
Louis Dreyfus Trading Ltd v Reliance Trading
Ltd [2004] EWHC 525 (Comm), [2004] 2
Lloyd’s Rep 243 ... 348, 351
Love v Halfords Ltd [2014] EWHC 1057 (QB),
[2014] RTR 32... 485
Lowe v W Machell Joinery Ltd [2011] EWCA Civ
798...370,453
Lowick Rose LLPvSwynson Limited [2017]
UKSC 32, [2018] AC 313 ... 739
Lowther v Harris [1927] 1 KB 393
(KB)... 284
Lucan (Earl), Re (1890) 45 ChD 470 (Ch)... 709
Lucena v Craufurd (1808) 127 ER 858
(HL)... 601
Lupton v White (1808) 15 Ves 432 ... 131
Luxor (Eastbourne) LtdvCoopcr [1941] AC
108 (HL)... 135, 136
M Golodetz & Co Inc v Czarnikow-Rionda
Co Inc (The Galatia) [1980] 1 WLR 495
(CA)... 500, 510
McCall v Australian Meat Co Ltd (1870) 19 WR
188... 190
McCollin v Gilpin (1881) 6 QBD 516 ... 164
McDougall v Aeromarine of Emsworth Ltd
[1958| 1 WLR 1126 (QB)... 235
McEvoy v Belfast Banking Co Ltd [1935] AC 24
(HL)... 75
McFadden v Blue Star Line [1905] 1 KB 697
(KB)... 569
McLeod v Kerr 1965 SC 253 (Court of
Session)... 294
McPherson v Watt (1877) 3 App Cas 254 ... 123
McRae v Commonwealth Disposals
Commission (1951) 84 CLR 377 ... 313
M’Dougle v Royal Exchange Assurance Co
(1816) 4 Camp 283 ... 607
Maersk Sealand v Far East Trading C6te
D’Ivoire [2004] EWHC 2929 (Comm)... 177
Magnus v Buttemer (1852) 11 CB 876 ... 607
Mahesan S/O Tambiah v Malaysia Government
Officers’ Cooperative Housing Society [1979]
AC 374 (PC)... 129

Mahonia Ltd v JP Morgan Chase Bank [2003]
EWHC 1927 (Comm), [2003] 2 Lloyd’s Rep
911.. .686
Major’s Furniture Mart v Castle Credit Corp 602
F.2d 538 (3rd Cir 1979)... 727
Malzy v Eichholz [1916] 2 KB 308 (CA)... 350
Manbre Saccharine Co v Corn Products Ltd
[1919] 1 KB 189 (KB)... 548-49, 550, 553,
555, 558
Manchester Trust v Furness [1895] 2 QB 539
(CA)... 13
Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Rail Co
v North Central Wagon Co (1888) 13 App Cas
554 (HL).., 697
Manifest Shipping Co Ltd v Uni-Polaris
Shipping Co Ltd (The Star Sea) [2001]
UKHL 1 ...618
Maple Flock Co Ltd v Universal Furniture
Products (Wembley) Ltd [1934] 1 KB 148
(CA)... 333, 438
Maran Road Saw Mill v Austin Taylor & Co Ltd
[1975] 1 Lloyd's Rep 156 (QB)... 675
Mardorf Peach & Co Ltd v Attica Sea Carriers
Corp of Liberia (The Laconia) [1977] AC 850
(HL)... 632,639
Marine Blast Ltd v Targe Towing Ltd [2004]
EWCA Civ 346, [2004] 1 Lloyd’s Rep
721.. .65
Market Overt, The case of (1595) 5 Coke Rep
83.. .289
Marks and Spencer pic v BNP Paribas Securities
Services Trust Company (Jersey) Ltd & Anr
(2015) UKSC 72, [2016] AC 742 ... 213
Marshall v Glanvill [1917] 2 KB 87 (KB)... 191
Masefield AG v Amlin Corporate Member
Ltd (2011) EWCA Civ 24, [2011] 1 WLR
2012.. .619
Mash & Murrell Ltd v Joseph I Emmanuel Ltd
[1962] 1 WLR (QB)... 369, 549
Mason v Burningham [1949] 2 KB 545
(CA)... 347
Mason v Clifton (1863) 3 F8<F 899 ... 137
Mathew v TM Sutton Ltd [1994] 4 All ER 793
(Ch)... 698
Matthews v Haydon (1786) 2 Esp 509 ... 118
Mawcon Ltd, Re [1969] 1 WLR 78 (Ch)... 75
Maxine Footwear Co Ltd v Canadian
Government Merchant Marine Ltd [1959]
AC 589 (PC)... 582, 583
May & Butcher Ltd v The King [1934] 2 KB 17n
(HL)... 220, 218
May v Chapman (1834) 16 M&W 355 ... 662
Mayban General Insurance BHD v Alstom
Power Plants Ltd [2004] EWHC 1038
(Comm), [2004] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 609 ... 615
Mayhew Foods v Overseas Containers Ltd
[1984] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 317 (QB)... 581, 582
Mayhew-Lewis v Westminster Scaffolding
Group pic (QB, 16 March 1999)... 280
Maynegrain Ltd v Campafna Bank [1982] 2
NSWLR 141 (NSWCA)... 38
TABLE OF CASES
Mayor & Burgesses of the London Borough of
Southwark v IBM UK Ltd (2011] EWHC 549
(TCQ...211
MB Pyramid Sound NV v Briese Schiffahrts
GmbH & Co KG MS Sina (The Ines) (No 2)
[1995] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 144 (QB) 153 ... 35
MCC Proceeds Inc v Lehman Brothers
International (Europe) [1998] 4 All ER 675
(CA)... 29
Medforth v Blake [1999] 2 BCLC 221
(CAJ...713
Mediterranean Shipping Co SA v Glencore
International AG, The Eugenia [2017]
EWCA Civ 365, [2017] 2 All ER (Comm)
881.. .520
Mediterranean Shipping Co SA v Trafgura
Beheer BV (The MSC Amsterdam) [2007]
EWCA Civ 79, [2008] 1 All ER (Comm)
385.. . 582
Meek v Kettlewell (1842) I Ph 342)... 709, 728
Mendala III Transport v Total Transport Corp
(The Wilomi Tanana) [1993] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 41
(QB)... 507, 515
Mercantile Bank of India Ltd v Central Bank of
India Ltd [1938] AC 287 (PC)... 279
Mercantile Credit Co Ltd v Hamblin [1965] 2
QB 242 (CA)... 278
Mercantile International Group pic v Chuan
Soon Huat Industrial Group Ltd [2002]
EWCA Civ 288, [2002] CLC 913 ... 56
Mercer v Craven Grain Storage Ltd [1994] CLC
328 (HL)... 29, 35,631
Messiniaki Tolmi, The Sec Astro Exito
Navegacion SA v Chase Manhattan Bank NA
(The Messiniaki Tolmi)
Metropolitan Asylums Board v Kingham &
Sons (1890) 6 TLR 217 (QB)... 72-73, 75
Michael Gerson (Leasing) Ltd v Wilkinson
[2001] QB 514 (CA)... 37, 297, 299, 323, 743
Microbeads AG v Vinhurst Road Markings Ltd
[1975] 1 WLR 218 (CA)... 349-50
Midland Bank v Seymour [1955] 2 Lloyd’s Rep
147 (QB)... 676
Midland Bank Ltd v Reckitt [1933] AC 1
(HL)... 101
Millar, Son & Co v Radford (1903) 19 TLR 575
(CA)... 134-35
Miller v Beal (1879) 27 WR 403 ... 134
Miller v Race (1758) I Burr 452 ... 630, 648
Miller Associates (Australia) Pty Ltd v
Bennington Ply Ltd (1975) 7 ALR 144
(Supreme Court of New South Wales)... 654
Miller, Gibb & Co v Smith & Tyrer Ltd [1917] 2
KB 141 (CA)... 171
Mitchell Cotts 8< Co (Middle East) Ltd v Hairco
Ltd [1943] 2 All ER 552 (CA)... 554
Mitsubishi Corp v Eastwind Transport Ltd
[2004] EWHC 2924 (Comm), (2005) 1 All ER
(Comm) 328 ... 569, 573, 582
Mitsui & Co Ltd and Another v Flota Mercante
Grancolombiana SA (The Ciudad de Pasto)
[1989] 1 All ER 951 (CA)... 545-46, 545
i
TABLE OF CASES
MK International Development Co Ltd v
The Housing Bank (1991) 1 Bank LR 74
(CA)... 658, 662
Modelboard Ltd v Outer Box Ltd [1993] BCLC
623 (Ch)... 264
Mohamud v W M Morrison Supermarkets pic
[2016] UKSC 11, [2016] AC 677 ... 157
Molton v Camroux (1849) 4 Ex 17... 63, 64
Momm v Barclay’s Bank International Ltd
[1977] QB 790 (QB)... 639,642
Monaghan v Taylor (1886) 2 TLR 685
(DC)... 155
Montgomerie v United Kingdom Mutual
Steamship Association [1891] 1 QB 370
(QB)... 162, 163
Montoya v London Assurance Co [1851] 6 Exch
451 ...609
Montrod Ltd v Grundkotter Fleischvertriebs
GmbH [2001] EWCA Civ 1954, [2002] 1 WLR
1975.. .684.687
Moore v Piretta PTA Ltd [1998] CLC 992
(QB)... 196, 197
Moore 8c Co Ltd v Landauer 8c Co [1921] 2 KB
519 (CA)... 358-59,448
Moorgate Mercantile Co Ltd v Twitchings
[1977] AC 890 (HL)... 280-81,282
Moralice (London) Ltd v ED 8c F Man [1954] 2
Lloyd’s Rep 526 (QB)... 680
Mordaunt Brothers v British Oil and Cake
Mills Ltd [1910] 2 KB 502 (KB)... 401-02
Morice v Bishop of Durham (1805) 10 Ves
522.. .702
Morison v Tompson (1874) LR 9 QB 480 ... 129
Morris v Rayners Enterprises Inc (In re BCCI
No 8) [1998] AC 214 (HL)... 639
Morritt, Re (1886) 18 QBD 222... 698,711,712
Motis Exports v Dampskibsselskabet AF [1999]
1 Lloyd’s Rep 837 (QB) 847 ... 36, 522
Motor Oil Hellas (Corinth) Refneries SA v
Shipping Corp of India (The Kanchenjunga)
[1990] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 391 (HL)... 449
J Muir v Fleming (1822) Dow 8c Ry NP 29... 139
Muirhead v Industrial Tank Specialities Ltd
[1986] QB 507 (CA)... 480
Murphy v Brentwood [1991] 1 AC 398
(HL)... 480, 481
N & J Vlassopulos Ltd v Ney Shipping Ltd
(The Santa Carina) [1977] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 478
(CA)... 163
Nahum v Royal Holloway and Bedford New
College [1999] EMLR 252 (CA)... 135
Nanka-Bruce v Commonwealth Trust Ltd
[1926] AC 77 (PC)... 241
Napier and Ettrick v Hunter [1993] AC 713
(HL)... 599
National Employers’ Mutual General
Insurance Association Ltd v Jones [1990] 1
AC 24 (HL)... 300
National Mercantile Bank v Rymill (1881) 44 LT
767 (CA)... 180
National Oil Well (UK) Ltd v Davy Offshore Ltd
(1993) 2 Lloyd’s Rep 582 (QB)... 612, 613
National Provincial and Union Bank of England
v Charnley (1924 1 KB 431 (CA)... 714, 715
Naviera Mogor SA v Societe Metallurgique
de Normandie (The Nogar Marin) [1988] 1
Lloyd’s Rep 412 (CA)... 517
Navigators Insurance v Atlasnavios-Navegacao
(2018] UKSC 26, [2018] 2 WLR 1671 ... 619
Nea Tyhi, The [1982] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 606
(QB)... 514
New Zealand Shipping Co Ltd v AM
Satterthwaite & Co Ltd (The Eurymedon)
[1975] AC 154 (PC)... 594
Newborne v Sensolid (Great Britain) Ltd [1954]
1 QB 45 (CA)... 169
Newtons of Wembley Ltd v Williams [1965] 1
QB 560 (CA)... 294, 295, 299-300
Niblett Ltd v Confectioners’ Materials Co Ltd
[1921] 3 KB 387 (CA)... 343-44, 348, 349,
350,368
Nicolls v Bastard (1835-42) All ER Rep
429.. .39
Nima Sari v Deves Insurance Public Co
Ltd (The Prestrioka) [2002] EWCA Civ
1132.. .621
Nippon Yusen Kaisha v Ramjiban Serowgee
[1938] AC 429 (PC)... 546
Noble Resources Ltd v Cavalier Shipping
Corp (The Atlas) [1996] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 642
(QB)... 513, 529, 586
North and South Insurance Corporation,
Limited v National Provincial Bank Ltd
[1936] 1 KB 328 (KB)... 653
North Western Bank Ltd v Poynter [1895] AC 56
(HL)... 697, 700
Norwich Union Life & Pensions Ltd v Strand
Street Properties Ltd [2009] EWHC 1109
(Ch), affirmed [2010] EWCA Civ 444... 73,
91
Notara v Henderson (1872) LR 7 QB 225 ... 568,
573
Novaknit Hellas v Kumar Bros International
Ltd and Others [1998] Lloyd’s Rep Bank 287
(CA)... 653
NSW Leather Co Pty Ltd v Vanguard
Insurance Co Ltd (1991) FLR 381 ... 600-01,
611
Nugent v Smith (1876) 1 CPD 423 (CA)... 572
O’Sullivan v Williams [1992] 3 All ER 385
(CA)... 39
Ocean Chemical Transport Inc v Exnor Craggs
Ltd [2000] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 446 (CA)... 350
Odessa, The vThe Woolston (In Prize) [1916] 1
AC 145 (PC).. . 699-700
OfTer-Hoar v Larkstore Ltd [2006] EWCA Civ
1079, WLR 2926 (CA)... 740
Office of Fair Trading v Abbey National pic and
Others [2010] 1 AC 696 (SC)... 392
Official Assignee of Madras v Mercantile Bank
of India [1935] AC 53 (PC) 59 ... 40,699

Oldfield Asphalts Ltd v Grovedale Coolstores
(1994) Ltd [1998] 3 NZLR 479 ... 308
Olds Discount Co Ltd v Cohen [1938] 3 All ER
281 n (KB)... 726, 729
Olds Discount Co Ltd v Playfair Ltd [1938] 3 All
ER 275 (KB)... 726
Olex Focas Pty Ltd Skodaexport Co Ltd [1998] 3
VR 380 (High Court of Victoria)... 684
Oliver v Davis (1949) 2 KB 727 (CA)... 658
Olleyv Marlborough Court Ltd [1949] 1 KB 532
(CA)... 267
Oppenheimer v Attenborough & Son [1908] 1
KB 221 (CA)... 289
Oriental Bank Corp, ex p Guillemin, Re (1885)
LR 28 ChD 634 (Ch)... 187, 192
Orion Finance Ltd v Crown Financial
Management Ltd (No 2) [1996] 2 BCLC 382
(CA)... 726
Oscar Chess Ltd v Williams [1957] 1 WLR 370
(CA)... 357
Overbrooke Estates Ltd v Glencombe
Properties Ltd [1974] 1 WLR 1335
(Ch)... 100-01
Overend 8c Gurney Co v Gibb (1871-72) LR 5
HL480(HL)... 112
Owners of the Ship ‘Borvigilant’, The v The
Owners of the Ship 'Romina G’ [2003] EWCA
Civ 935, [2003] 2 All ER (Comm) 736... 71,
72
P Samuel 8c Co Ltd v Dumas [1924] AC 431
(HL)... 617
Pacific and General Insurance Co Ltd v Hazell
[1997] BCC400 (QB)... 189
Pacific Motor Auctions Pty Ltd v Motor Credits
Ltd (1965) AC 867 (PC) ... 296
Page v Combined Shipping and Trading Co Ltd
[1997] 3 All ER 656 (CA)... 52
Pagnan 8c Fratelli v Corbisa Industrial
Agropacuaria Limilada [1970] 1 WLR 1306
(CA)... 421
Pagnan SpA v Feed Products Ltd [1987] 2 Lloyd’s
Rep 601 (CA)... 220
Palk v Mortgage Services Funding pic [1993] Ch
330 (CA)... 710.712
Pan Ocean Shipping Co Ltd v Creditcorp Ltd,
The Trident Beauty [1994] 1 All ER 470
(HL)... 732
Panama, New Zealand and Australia Royal Mail
Co, Re (1870) 5 Ch App 318 ... 716
Panatown Ltd v Alfred McAlpine Construction
Ltd [2000] 3 WLR 946 (HL)... 739
Panchaud Freres SA v Etablissements General
Grain Co [1970] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 53 (CA)... 560
Pankhania v Hackney LBC [2002] EWHC 2441
(Ch), [2002] NPC 123... 97
Pantland Hick v Raymond 8c Reid [1893] AC 22
(HL)... 113
Papadimitriou v Henderson [1939] 3 All ER 908
(KB)... 613
Parker, Re (1882) 21 ChD 408 ... 138
TABLE OF CASES
Parker v British Airways Board [1982] QB 1004
(CA)... 31
Parker v Winslow (1857) 7 E8cB 942 ... 163
Parker-Tweedale v Dunbar Bank pic [1991] Ch
12(CA)...712
ParkingEye Ltd v Beavis (Consumers’
Association intervening [2015] UKSC 67,
[2016] AC 1172... 392
Parks v Esso Petroleum Co Ltd [2000] ECC 45
(CA)... 55
Parsons v New Zealand Shipping Co [1901] 1 QB
548 (QB)... 514, 515
Parsons Corp v CV Scheepvaartonderneming
(The Happy Ranger) [2002] EWCA Civ 694,
[2002] Lloyd’s Rep 357 ... 577
Patel v Ali [1984] Ch 283 (Ch)... 428
Paterson v Gandasequi (1812) 15 East 62 ... 170
Paterson vTash (1742) 2 Strange 1178 ... 283
Payzu Ltd v Saunders [1919] 2 KB 581
(CA)... 335, 336
Peachdart Ltd, Re [1984] Ch 131 (Ch)... 264,
265
Pearse v Green (1819) 1 J8cW 135 ... 132
Pearson v Rose 8c Young [1951] 1 KB 275
(CA)... 286, 288
Pendle 8c Rivett Ltd v Ellerman Lines Ltd (1928)
29 LI LR133 (QB)... 591
Pendragon pic v Walon Ltd [2005] EWHC 1082
(QB)... 25, 323
Perkins v Bell [1893] 1 QB 193 (CA)... 443
Peter Cassidy Seed Co Ltd v Osuustukkuk-
Auppa IL [1957] 1 WLR (QB)... 538
Peter Cremer GmbH v General Carriers SA (The
Dona Mari) [1974] 1 WLR 341 (QB)... 514
Peto v Blades (1814) 5 Taut 657 ... 172
Petrograde Inc vStinnes GmbH [1995] 1 Lloyd’s
Rep 142 (QB)... 536
Pettman v Kebble (1850) 9 CB 701 ... 137
Pfeiffer Weinkellerei-Weineinkauf GmbH 8c Co
v Arbuthnot Factors Ltd [1988] 1 WLR 150
(QB)... 261, 734
Pfizer Corp v Ministry of Health [1965] AC 512
(HL)... 205, 215
Philip Head 8c Sons Ltd v Showfronts Ltd [1970]
1 Lloyd's Rep 140 (QB)... 240
Philips Electronique Grand Public SA v British
Sky Broadcasting Ltd [1995] EMLR 472
(CA)... 212
Phonogram Ltd v Lane [1982] QB 938
(CA)... 169
Photo Productions Ltd v Securicor Transport
Ltd [1980] AC 827 (HL)... 35, 394, 572 590
Pickard v Sears (1837) 6 AScE 469 ... 102
Pickup v Tames and Mersey Marine Insurance
Co Ltd (1877-78) LR 3 QBD 59 ... 617
Pignataro v Gilroy [1919] 1KB 459 (KB)... 247,
266-67
Pike, Sons 8c Co v Ongley and Thornton (1887)
LR 18 QBD 708 (CA)... 171
PJ Pipe 8c Valve Co Ltd v Audco India Ltd
[2005] EWHC 1904 (QB)... 55-56
TABLE OF CASES
Pole v Leask (1863) 33 LJ Ch 155 ... 65
Polhill v Walter (1832) 3 B8cAd 114 ... 177
Polish Steamship Co v AJ Williams Fuels
(Overseas Sales) (The Suwalki) [1989] 1
Lloyd’s Rep 511 (QB)... 102
Pollway Ltd v Abdullah [1974] 1WLR 493
(CA)... 659
Poole v Smith’s Car Sales (Balham) Ltd [1962] 1
WLR 744 (CA)... 243
Popi M, The See Rhesa Shipping Co SA v
Edmunds
Port Swettenham Authority v T G Wu 8c Co Sdn
Bhd [1979] AC 580 (PC)... 35
Portaria Shipping Co vGulf Pacifc Navigation
Co Ltd [1981] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 180 (QB)... 633
Portuguese Consolidated Copper Mines Ltd, Re
(1890) LR 45 ChD 16 (CA)... 73
Poseidon Chartering BV v Marianne
Zeeschip VOF (Case C-3/04) [2007] Bus LR
446...53-54
Powell v Wiltshire and Others [2005] QB 117
(CA)... 282
Powell 8c Tomas v Evan Jones 8c Co [1905] 1 KB
11 (CA)... 118
Powles v Innes (1843) 11 M8cW 10... 605
Prager v Blatspiel, Stamp and Heacock Ltd
[1924] 1 KB 566 (KB)... 80-81
Prentis Donegan 8c Partners Ltd v Leeds 8c
Leeds Co Inc [1998] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 326
(QB)... 118
Presentaciones Musicales SA v Secunda [1994]
Ch 271 (CA)...71,72
President of India v The West Coast Steamship
Co [1963] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 278 (QB)... 569
Proctor 8c Gamble Philippine Manufacturing
Corp v Kurt A Becher GmbH [1988] 2 Lloyd’s
Rep 21 (CAJ...559
PST Energy 7 Shipping LLC v O W
Bunker Malta Ltd (The Res Cogitans)
[2016] UKSC 23, [2016] AC 1034... 208,
257-59,411,558
Pyrene Co Ltd v Scindia Navigation Ltd [1954]
2 QB 402 (QB)... 542, 544, 577, 580
Quebec & Richmond Rly Co v Quinn (1858) 12
Moo PC 232... 116
R v Preddy [1996] AC 815 (HL)... 637
R & H Hall Ltd v W H Pirn Junior & Co Ltd
[1928] All ER Rep 763 (HL)... 424, 425
Railton v Hodgson (1804) 4 Taunt
576n...165-66
Rainbow v Howkins [1904] 2 KB 322
(KB)... 175
Rama Corporation Ltd v Proved Tin and
General Investments Ltd [1952] 2 QB 147
(QB)... 96, 102
Rashdall v Ford (1866) LR 2 Eq 750... 175
Rayner v Grote (1846) 15M8<W 359... 167
Read v Anderson (1883-84) LR 13 QBD 779
(CA)... 112
Reardon Smith Line Ltd v Black Sea and Baltic
General Insurance Co Ltd (1939) AC 562
(HL)... 570
Reardon-Smith Line Ltd v Hansen Tangen
(The Dianah Prosperity) [1976] 3 All ER 570,
[1976] 1 WLR 989 (HL)... 359-60, 549
Redler Grain Silos Ltd v BICC Ltd [1982] 1
Lloyd’s Rep 435 (CA)... 427
Redpath v Wigg (1866) LR 1 Ex 335 ... 164
Reeves v Capper (1836) 132 ER 1057 ... 699, 700
Regal (Hastings) Ltd v Gulliver [1967] 2 AC 134
(HL)... 125-6
Regent OHG Aisestadt & Barig v Francesco
of Jermyn Street Ltd [1981] 3 All ER 327
(QB)... 400
Reid v Commissioner of Metropolitan Police
[1973] QB 551 (CA)... 290
Rendell v Turnbull & Co (1908) 27 NZLR
106...311
Resolute Maritime Inc v Nippon Kaiji Kyokai
[1983] 1 WLR 857 (QB)... 179
R H Deacon & Co Ltd v Varga (1972) 20 DLR
(3d) 653... Ill
Rhesa Shipping Co SA v Edmunds (‘The Popi
M’) [1985] 2 Lloyd's Rep 1 (HL)... 605
Rhodes v Fielder, Jones and Harrison (1919) 89
LJ KB 159 (KB... 137
Rhodes v Forwood (1876) LR 1 App Cas 256
(HL)... 191, 194
Rhodian River Shipping Co SA v Halla
Maritime Corp (The Rhodian River and The
Rhodian Sailor) [1984] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 373
(QB)... 104
Richardson v LRC Products Ltd [2000] Lloyd’s
Rep Med 280 (QB)... 485
Rickards v Forestal Land, Timber and Railways
Co Ltd [1942] AC 50 (HL)... 574
Riverstone Meat Co Pty Ltd v Lancashire
Shipping Co Ltd (The Muncaster Castle)
[1961] AC 807 (HL)... 584
Roberts v Ogilby (1821) 9 Price 269... 66
Roberts v Tucker (1851) 16 QB 560 ... 667
Robey & Co v Snaefell Mining Co Ltd (1887) 20
QBD 152 ... 632
Roberts & Co v Marsh [1915] 1 KB 42
(CA)... 650
Robinson v Graves [1935] 1 KB 579 (CA)... 216
Robinson v Mollett, Bull & Unsworth (1874-
75) LR 7 HL 802 (HL)... 93
Rogers v Challis (1859) 27 Beav 175 ... 709
Rogers v Parish (Scarborough) Ltd [1987] QB
933 (CA)... 207, 362, 368
Rolls Razor Ltd v Cox [1967] 1 QB 552
(CA)... 284
Rolls-Royce Power Engineering pic v Ricardo
Consulting Engineers Ltd [2003] EWHC 2871
(TCC), [2004] 2 All ER (Comm)... 150
Rona, The (1884) 51 LT 28 (PDA)... 569
Rosenbaum v Belson [1900] 2 Ch 267 (Ch)... 91
Rosenhain v Commonwealth Bank of Australia
(1922)31 CLR46...650

Rowland v Divall [1923] 2 KB 500 (CA)... 345
Roxburghe v Cox (1881) 17 ChD 520
(CA)... 733
Roy v Mr Pearlman Ltd 1999 SC 459 (Court of
Session)... 191
RTS Flexible Systems Ltd v Molkerei Alois
Muller GmbH & Co KG [2010] UKSC 14,
(2010] 1 WLR753...221
Rubicon Computer Systems Ltd v United
Paints Ltd (2000) TCLR 453 (CA)... 349,
350
Rugg v Minett (1809) 11 East 210 ... 239, 240
Russian Commercial and Industrial Bank, Re
[1955] 1 Ch 148 (Ch)... 635
Sachs v Miklos [1948] 2 KB 23 (CA)... 79
Said v Butt [1920] 3 KB 497 (KB)... 152
Salford Corp v Lever (No 2) [1891] 1 QB 168
(CA)... 129
Salomons v Pender (1865) 3 H&C 639 ... 136
Samarenko v Dawn Hill House Ltd [2011]
EWCA Civ 1445, [2012] 3 WLR 638, [2013]
Ch 36 ... 336, 633
Sanders v Parry [1967] 1 WLR 753 ... 123
Sanders Bros v MacLean & Co (1883) 11
QBD 327 (CA)... 511-12, 519, 554
Saudi Crown, The [1986] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 261
(QB)... 516
Saunders v Anglia Building Society [1971] AC
1004 (HL)... 280
Scammell 8c Nephew Ltd vOuston [1941] AC
251 (HL)... 221
Schiffshypothekenbank Zu Luebeck AG v
Norman Philip Compton (The Alexion
Hope) [1988] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 311 (CA)... 606
Schloss Bros v Stevens [1906] 2 KB 665
(KB)... 616
Schmaltz v Avery (1851) 16 QB 655 ... 167-68
Schroeder Music Publishing Co Ltd v Macaulay
[1974] 1 WLR 1308 (HL)... 6
Scottish 8c Newcastle International Ltd v
Othon Ghalanos Ltd [2006] EWCA Civ
1750, [2007] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 341 ... 324,
502, 543, 544, 555
Scruttons Ltd v Midland Silicones Ltd [1962]
AC 446 (HL)... 594
Sea Emerald Sz\ v Prominvestbank—Joint
Stockpoint Commercial Industrial 8c
Investment Bank [2008] EWHC 1979
(Comm)... 73
Sea Master Shipping Inc v Arab Bank
(Switzerland) Limited [2018] EWHC 1902
(Comm), [2018| Bus LR 1798 ... 529
Sea Tank Shipping AS v Vinnkistodin
HF, Vatryggingafelag Islands FH (The
‘Aqasia’) [2018] EWCA Civ 276, [2018[
3 All ER 981 ...593
Seaconsar Far East Ltd v Bank Markazi
Jomhouri Islami Iran (1998] CLC 1543
(CA)... 680
TABLE OF CASES
Seadrill Ghana Operations Ltd vTullow Ghana
Ltd [2018] EWHC 1640 (Comm), [2018] 2
Lloyd’s Rep 628 ... 318
SEB Trygg Holding Aktiebolag v Manches
[2005] EWHC 35 (Comm), [2005] 2 Lloyd’s
Rep 129...70,75
SEC v Chenery Corp (1943) 318 US 80 (US
Supreme Court)... 122
Serena Navigation Ltd v Dera Commercial
Establishment (The Limnos) [2008] EWHC
1036 (Comm), [2008] 2 All ER (Comm)
1005 ... 593
Seven Seas Transportation Ltd v Pacifico Union
Marina Corp (The Oceanic Amity) [1984] 2
All ER 140 (CA)... 576
Sewell v Burdick 8; Nephew (1884) 10 App Cas
74 (HL)... 523
Shallcross v Oldham (1862) 2 Johns 8< H
609.. .126-27
Sharp v Sphere Drake Insurance [1992] 2 LI Rep
50.. . 599
Shaw v Commissioner of Police of the
Metropolis [1987] 1 WLR 1332 (CA)... 274,
276
Shaw v Dartnall (1826) 6 B&C 56 ... 132
Shaw v Neale (1858) 6 HL Cas 581 (HL)... 139
Shell UK Ltd v Total UK Ltd [2010] EWCA Civ
180, [2011] 1 QB 86... 30
Shipton, Anderson & Co v Weil Bros & Co
[1912] 1 KB 574 (KB)... 330, 436
Shipway v Broadwood [1899] 1 QB 369
(CA)... 128
Shogun Finance Ltd v Hudson [2003] UKHL 62,
[2004] 1 AC 919 ... 291, 293, 302
Shropshire Union Railways and Canal Co v R
(1875) LR 7 HL 496 (HL)... 23
Sianson-Teicher Inter American Grain Corp v
Oilcakes and Oilseeds Trading Co Ltd [1954]
1 WLR 1394 (CA)... 673
SI AT di del Ferro v Tradax Overseas SA [1980] 1
Lloyd’s Rep 53 (QB)... 528
Siebe Gorman 8c Co Ltd v Barclays Bank Ltd
[1979] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 142 (Ch)... 717, 719
Sign-O-Lite Plastics Ltd v Metropolitan Life
Insurance Co (1990) 73 DLR (4th) 541 ... 104
Silven Properties Ltd v Royal Bank of Scotland
pic (2004) 1 WLR 997 (CA)... 713
Silver v Ocean Steamship Co [1930] 1 KB 416
(CA)... 514, 515, 575
Simmers v Innes [2008] UKHL 24, [2008] SC
(HL Sc)... 633
Simmons v Pennington [1955] 1 WLR 183
(CA)... 120
Simons v Patchctt (1857) 7 EScB 568 ... 175
Sims v Bond (1833) 5 B8cA 389 ... 148, 165
Sims & Co v Midland Railway Co [1913] 1 KB
103 (KB)... 81
Sinclair Investments (UK) Ltd v Versailles Trade
Finance Ltd [2011] EWCA Civ 347, [2012] Ch
453.. .130

■MU­ TABLE OF CASES
Singh v Sardar Investments [2002] EWCA Civ
1706, [2002] NPC 134... 175
Sirius International Insurance Corp (Publ) v
FAI General Insurance Co Ltd [2003] EWCA
Civ 470, [2003] 1 WLR 2214 ... 683,684
Siu Yin Kwan v Eastern Insurance Co Ltd [1994]
2 AC 199 (PC)... 149
Skaramanga 8c Co v Stamp (1880) 5 CPD 295
(CA)... 570-71
Skarp, The [1935] P 134 (PDA)... 514
Sky Petroleum Ltd v VIP Petroleum Ltd [1974]
1 WLR 576 (Ch)... 426-27,428
Slater v Finning Ltd [1997] AC 473 (HL)... 371
Slater v Hoyle 8: Smith Ltd [1920] 2 KB 11
(CA)... 423,432-33
Slavenburg’s Bank NV v Intercontinental
Natural Resources Ltd [1980] 1 WLR 1076
(QB)... 717
Smith v Bush [1990] 1 AC 831 (HL)... 178
Smith v Henniker-Major 8c Co [2002] EWCA
Civ 762, [2003] Ch 182... 72, 74
Smurthwaite v Wilkins (1862) 11 CB (NS)
842...528
Smyth v Anderson (1949) 7 CB 21... 147
Smyth 8c Co Ltd v TD Bailey Son 8c Co [1940] 3
All ER 60 (HL)... 333, 438, 548, 556
Soames v Spencer (1822) 1 D8cR 32 ... 75
Societe des Industries Metallurgiques SA v
Bronx Engineering Co Ltd [1975] 1 Lloyd’s
Rep 465 (CA)... 428
Society of Lloyds v Canadian Imperial Bank
of Commerce [1993] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 579
(Comm)... 685
Solley v Wood (1852) 16 Beav 370 ... 116
Solly v Rathbone (1814) 2 M&S 298... 115, 138
Songa Chemicals AS v Navig8 Chemical Pool
Inc [2018] EWHC 397 (Comm), [2018] 2
Lloyd’s Rep 47.... 525
Soproma v Marine 8c Animal By-Products Corp
[1966] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 367 (QB)... 674
Soufet Nagoce v Bunge SA [2009] EWHC 2454
(Comm), [2010] 1 All ER 1023 ... 539
Soules Caf v PT Transap (Indonesia) [1999] 1
Lloyd’s Rep 917 (QB)... 528
Soya GmbH Mainz Kommanditgesellschaf v
White [1983] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 122 (HL)... 614
Spartan Steel v Martin 8c Co Ltd [1973] 1 QB 27
(CA)... 479
Spectrum Plus Ltd, Re [2005] UKHL 41, [2005]
2 AC 680... 718-19, 720, 727
Spence v Chodwick (1847) 10 QB 517... 572
Spence v Union Marine Insurance Co (1868) LR
3 CP 427 ... 28
Spiro vLintern [1973] 1 WLR 1002 (CA)... 100
Spring v Guardian Assurance pic [1995] 2 AC
296 (HL)... 178
Springer v Great Western Railway Co [1921] 1
KB 257 (CA)... 80
SS Ardennes (Cargo Owners) v SS Ardennes
(Owners) [1951] 1 KB 55 (KB)... 517
I
St Albans City and District Council v
International Computers Ltd [1996] 4 All ER
481, [1997] FSR 251 (CA)... 54, 209-10, 212,
473,485
Stadium Finance Ltd v Robbins [1962] 2 QB
664 (CA)... 287
Staffordshire Area Health Authority v South
Staffordshire Waterworks Co [1978] 1 WLR
1387 (CA).... 223
Staffs Motor Guarantee Ltd v British Wagon
Co Ltd [1934] 2 KB 305 (KB)... 288, 296
Stag Line Ltd v Board of Trade (1949-50) 83 LI L
Rep 356 (KB)... 93
Stag Line Ltd v Foscolo, Mango and Co Ltd
[1932] AC 328 (HL)... 589
Standard Chartered Bank v Dorchester LNG (2)
Ltd, The Erin Schulte [2014] EWCA Civ 1382,
[2015] 3 WLR 261... 524
Standard Chartered Bank v Pakistan National
Shipping Corp (No 2) [2002] UKHL 43,
[2003] 1 AC 959 ... 177, 679, 686
Stange & Co v Lowitz (1898) 14 TLR468 ... 129
Stanton v Richardson (1874) 9 CP 390
(HL)... 569
Stapylton Fletcher Ltd, Re [1994] 1 WLR 1181
(Ch)... 29, 248-49
State Trading Corp of India Ltd v M Golodetz
Ltd [1989] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 277 ... 590
Steel v State Line Steamship Co [1877] 3 AC 72
(HL)... 568
Steels & Busks Ltd v Bleecker Bik & Co Ltd
[1956] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 228 (QB)... 378
Stein, Forbes & Co v County Tailoring Co (1916)
86 LJ KB 448 (KB)... 412
Stennet v Hancock and Peters [1939] 2 All ER 5
78 (KB)... 474
Sterns Ltd v Vickers Ltd [1923] 1 KB 78
(CA)... 267-68, 315, 323
Stettin, The (1889) 14 PD 142 (PDA)... 519
Stevens v Biller (1884) 25 ChD 31 (CA)... 51
Stevenson v Beverley Bentinck Ltd (1976) 1 WLR
483 (CA)... 303
Stevenson v Blakelock (1813) 1 M&S 535 ... 702
Stevenson v Rogers [1999] QB 1028
(CA)... 363-4
Stevenson & Sons Ltd v Aktiengesellschaf
fur Cartonnagen-Industrie [1918] AC 239
(HL)... 69
Stewart Gill Ltd v Horatio Myer & Co Ltd [1992]
QB 600 (CA)... 390
Subro Valour, The [1995] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 509
(QB)... 583
Sucre Export SA v Northern River Shipping
Ltd, The Sormovskiy [1994] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 266
(QB)... 522
Suisse Atlantique Socidti d’Armement SA v N V
Rotterdamsche Kolen Centrale ... 393
Summers v Solomon (1857) E&B 879 ... 99-100
Suncorp Insurance and Finance v Milano
Assicurazioni SpA [1993] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 225
(QB)... 70, 73, 77

Sutherland v Royal Bank of Scotland pic [1997]
SLT 329 ... 642
Svenska Traktor AB v Maritime Agencies
(Southampton) Ltd [1953] 2 QB 295
(QB)... 579
Swiss Bank Corp v Lloyds Bank Ltd [1982] AC
584 (CA)... 709, 713, 714
Syers v Jonas (1848) 154 ER 426 ... 378
Symington 8c Co v Union Insurance Society
of Canton Ltd [1928] All ER Rep 346
(CA)... 606, 607
Syrett v Egerton [1957] 3 All ER 331(DC)... 696
Sze Hai Tong Bank Ltd v Rambler Cycle Co Ltd
[1959] 3 All ER 182 (PC)... 35, 522, 523
T 8c J Harrison v Knowles 8c Foster [1918] 1 KB
608 (CA)... 357
Tailby v Official Receiver (1888) 13 App Cas
523 ... 695, 709, 715, 728
Talbot v Von Boris [1911] 1 KB 854 (CA)... 666
Tamarind International Ltd v Eastern Natural
Gas (Retail) Ltd [2000] CLC 1397 (QB)... 55
Tanakharn Kasikorn Tai Chamkat (Mahachon)
v Akai Holdings Ltd [2010] HKCFA 64 (Hong
Kong Final Court of Appeal)... 102
Tankschiffahrts GMBH KG v Ping An Property
and Casually Insurance Co of China Ltd,
[2017] EWHC 3036 (Comm), [2018] 2 All ER
(Comm) 437 ... 584
Tappenden v Artus [1964] 2 QB 185 (CA)... 701,
705
Tatung (UK) Ltd v Galex Telesure Ltd (1989) 5
BCC 325 (QB)... 262
Taurus Petroleum Ltd v State Oil Marketing
Company of the Ministry of Oil, Republic of
Iraq [2013] EWHC 3494 (Comm), [2014] 1 All
ER (Comm) 942 ... 68
Tayeb v HSBC Bank pic [2004] EWHC 1529
(Comm), |2004] 4 All ER 1024 ... 638, 639,
640-41
Taylor v Caldwell (1863) 3 B8cS 826 (KB)... 316
Taylor v Dunbar (1869) LR 4 CP 206 ... 609,616
Taylor v Robinson (1818) 8 Taunt 648 ... 139
Taylorv Walker [1958] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 490
(QB)... 129
Taylor 8t Sons Ltd v Bank of Athens (1922) 27
Com Cas 142 (KB)... 559
Teheran-Europe Co Ltd v ST Belton (Tractors)
Ltd [1968] 2 QB 545 (CA)... 149, 170, 374
Temperley v Blackrod Mfg Co Ltd (1907) 71 JP
341...128
Tenax Steamship Co Ltd v Reinante
Transoceanica Navigation SA (The Brimnes)
[1975] 1 QB 929 (CA)... 634, 642
Tesco Supermarkets Ltd v Nattrass [1972] AC
153 (HL)... 618
Tetley & Co v British Trade Corp (1922) 10 LI L
Rep 678 (KB)... 79
Thacker v Hardy (1878) 4 QBD 685 ... 138
Thain v Anniesland Trade Centre 1997 SLT (Sh
Ct) 102 ... 367
TABLE OF CASES
Themehelp Ltd v West [1996] QB 84
(CA)... 685, 686
Thomas v Heelas (CA, 27 November 1986)... 24
Thomas Cheshire 8< Co v Vaughan Bros 8< Co
[1920] 3 KB 240 (CA)... 118
Thomas Cook Group Ltd v Air Malta Co Ltd
[1997] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 399 (QB)... 612
Thomas Young & Sons v Hobson 8c Partner
(1949) 65 TLR 365 (CA)... 324
Thompson Ltd v Robinson (Gunmakers) Ltd
[1955] Ch 177 (Ch)... 414
Thompson v Hopper (1856) 6 E8cB 937 ... 612
Thomson v Davenport (1829) 9 B8cC 78 ... 164
Tidal Energy Ltd v Bank of Scotland pic
[2014] EWCA Civ 1107, [2014] All ER (D)
33.. .641-42
Tiedemann and Ledermann Freres, Re [1899] 2
QB 66 (DC)... 68
Tigana Ltd v Decoro Ltd [2003] EWHC 23 (QB),
[2003] ECC 23 ... 196, 197
Tigress, The (1863) Brown 8c Lush 38 ... 407
T M Notcn BV v Harding [1990] Lloyd’s Rep
283 (CA)... 604,615
Toepfer (Hamburg) v Lenersan-Poortman
NV (Rotterdam) [1980] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 143
(CA)... 512, 554
Toms v Wilson (1862) 122 ER 524 ... 632
Toni GmbH 8c Co KG v RTP Equipment [1979] 2
Lloyd's Rep 282 (CA)... 666
Total Oil Great Britain Ltd v Thompson Garages
(Biggin Hill) Ltd [1972] 1 QB 318 (CA)... 337
Trafigura Beheer BV v Golden Stavraetos
Maritime Inc (The Sonia) [2003] EWCA Civ
664.. .592
Tramp Shipping Corp v Greenwich Marine Inc
(The New Horizon) [1975] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 314
(CA)... 576, 620
Trans Trust SPRL v Danubian Trading Co Ltd
[1952] 2 QB 297 (CA)... 672, 673
Transpacific Eternity SA v Kanematsu Corp
(The Antares 111) [2002] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 233
(QB)... 544
Transport and General Credit Corp Ltd v
Morgan [1939] Ch 531 (Ch)... 707
Trebor Bassett Holdings Ltd and Another v
ADT Fire 8c Security pic [2012] EWCA Civ
1158.. .217
Trickett v Tomlinson (1863) 13 CB (NS)
663.. .98
Trident International Ltd v Barlow [1999] 2
BCLC 506 (CA)... 697
Triffit Nurseries v Salads Etcetera Ltd [2000]
BCC 98 (Ch), affirmed [2001] BCC 457
(CA)... 189
Trollope 8c Colls Ltd v North West Metropolitan
Regional Hospital Board [1973] I WLR601
(HL)... 211
Trueman v Loder (1840) 11 AdScE
589.. .192-93
Truk (UK) Ltd v Tokmakidis GmbH [2000] 2
All ER (Comm) 594 (QB)... 443, 444
 TABLE OF CASES
TSB Bank of Scotland pic v Welwyn Hatfield DC
(1993) 2 Bank LR 267 (QB)... 634
TT1 Team Telecom International Ltd v
Hutchison 3G UK Ltd [2003] EWHC 762,
[2003] 1 All ER (Comm) 914 ... 684
Tubantia, The (No 2) [1924] P 78 (CA)... 30-31
Tucker v Linger (1882-83) LR 8 App Cas 508
(HL)... 94
Turner v Goldsmith [1891] 1 QB 544
(CA)... 194-95
Turner v Moon [1901] 2 Ch 825 (Ch)... 348
Turpin v Bilton (1843) 5 Man 8c G 455 ... Ill
UK Mutual Steamship Assurance Association
Ltd vNevill (1887) 19 QBD 110 (CA)... 150
Underwood Ltd v Burgh Castle Brick
8c Cement Syndicate [1922] 1 KB 343
(CA)... 240, 233-34
Union of India v NV Reederij Amsterdam [1963]
2 Lloyd’s Rep 223 (HL)... 584
Unique Mariner, The [1978] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 438
(QB)... 92
United Bank Ltd v Banque Nationale de
Paris [1992] 2 SLR 64 (High Court of
Singapore)... 681
United Bank of Kuwait v Hammoud [1988] 1
WLR 1051 (CA)... 97
United City Merchants (Investments) Ltd
v Royal Bank of Canada (The American
I Accord) [1983] 1 AC 168 (HL)... 684-85,
686,687
United Scientific Holdings Ltd v Burnley BC
[1978] AC 904 (HL)... 633
United Trading Corp SA v Allied Arab Bank
Limited [1985] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 554 (CA)... 679,
686
Universal Steam Navigation Co Ltd v J McKelvie
8c Co [1923] AC 492 (HL)... 164
V/O Rasnoimport v Guthrie 8c Co Ltd [1996] 1
Lloyd’s Rep (QB)... 513,514
Vacwell Engineering Co Ltd v BDH Chemicals
Ltd [1971] 1 QB 88 (CA)... 372,473,476
Vallejo v Wheeler (1774) 1 Cowp 14 ... 4, 501
Valpy v Gibson (1847) 4 CB 837 ... 404-05
Van den Hurk v Martens 8c Co Ltd (In
Liquidation) [1920] 1 KB 850 (KB)... 431
Varley v Whipp [1900] 1 QB 513 (QB)... 238,
356
Veedfald v Arhus Amtskommune (Case
C-203/99) [2001] CCR 1-3569 ... 474, 491
Vermont, The [1942] AMC 1407 ... 591
VFS Financial Services Ltd v JF Plant Tyres Ltd
[2013] EWHC 346 (QB)... 303
Vibrant Doors Ltd v Rohden UK Ltd [2018]
EWHC 1761 (QB)... 427
Victoria Laundry (Windsor) Ltd v Newman
Industries Ltd [1949] 2 KB 528 (CA)... 430
Victoria Park Racing and Recreation Grounds
Co Ltd v Taylor (1937] CLR479 (High Court
of Australia).... 24
Vinden v Hughes [1905] 1KB 795 (KB)... 656
Viskase Ltd v Paul Kiefel GmbH [1999] 1 All ER
(Comm) 641 ... 549
Vitol SA v Norelf Ltd (The Santa Clara) [1996]
AC 800 (HL)... 449
Volcafe Ltd v Campania Sud Americana de
Vapores SA [2018] UKSC 61, [2018] 3 WLR
2087 ... 575, 582, 585, 591
W Hardy & Co Inc v A V Pound & Co Ltd [1956]
AC 588 (HL)... 538
W Nagel v Pluczenik Diamond Co NV [2017]
EWHC 1750 (Comm), [2018] 1 All ER
(Comm) 124... 54
Wadsworth v Lydall [1981] 1 WLR 598
(CA)... 336
Wait, Re [1927] 1 Ch 606 (CA)... 26, 30, 234,
246, 252, 253,427, 556
Wakefield v Duckworth & Co [1915] 1 KB 218
(KB)... 162
Walker v Boyle [1982] 1 WLR 495 (Ch)... 390
Walker v The Great Western Railway Co
(1866-67) LR 2 Ex 228... 92
Walkers, Re, Winser 8c Hamm and Shaw, Son &
Co, Re [1904] 2 KB 152 (KB)... 377
Ward Ltd v Bignail [1967] 1 QB 534
(CA)... 408-09
Wardar’s (Import 8c Export) Co Ltd v W
Norwood 8c Sons Ltd [1968] 2 QB 663
(CA)... 249, 323
Warlow v Harrison (1859) 1 E8cE 309 ... 641
Watford Electronics Ltd v Sanderson CFL
Ltd [2001] EWCACiv317, [2001] 1 All ER
(Comm)... 211,212
Watkins, Re (1886) 18 QBD 386 (CA)... 712
Watson v Buckley Osborne Garrett 8c Co Ltd
[1940] 1 All ER 174 (Assizes)... 216,473
Watson v Davies [1931] 1 Ch 455 (Ch)... 76-77
Watson v King (1815) 4 Camp 272 ... 189, 193
Watson v Russell (1864) 5 BScS 968 ... 665
Watson v Swann (1862) 11 CBNS 756 ... 69
Watteau v Fenwick [1893] 1 QB 346 (QB)... 86,
102,103, 104
Waugh v H B Clifford 8c Sons Ltd [1982] Ch 374
(CA)... 94
Way v Latilla [1937] 3 All ER 759 (HL)... 133,
134
Weiner v Gill [1906] 2 KB 574 (CA)... 236,
244-45
Weiner v Harris [1910] 1 KB 285 (CA)... 283
Welch v Bowmaker (Ireland) Ltd [1980] IR 251
(Irish Supreme Court)... 718
Welcome Financial Services Ltd v Nine Regions
Ltd (t/a Log Book Loans) [2010] 2 Lloyd's Rep
426 (QB)... 303, 711
Weldtech Equipment Ltd, Re [1991] BCC 16
(Ch)... 262
Welsh Development Agency v Export Finance
Co Ltd [1992] BCLC 148 (CA)... 729
Wertheim v Chicoutimi Pulp Co [1911] AC 301
(PC)... 422, 423

Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale v
Islington London Borough Council [1996] AC
669 (HL)... 13
Whistler v Forster (1863) 143 ER 441 ... 657
Whistler International Ltd v Kawasaki Kisen
Kaisha Ltd (The Hill Harmony) [2000] 1 AC
638 (HL)... 588
Whitehorn Bros v Davison [1911] 1 KB 463
(CA)... 290, 29
Whittaker vForshaw [1919] 2 KB 419
(DC)... 91
Wilkes v DePuy [2016] EWHC 3096 (QB),
[2018] QB 627 ... 489
Wilkinson v Coverdale (1793) 1 Esp 74 ... 110
William Lacey (Hounslow) Ltd v Davis [1957] 1
WLR 932 (QB)... 134
Williams v Millington (1788) 1 H Bl 81 ... 172
Williams Brothers v E T Agius Ltd [1914] AC
510 (HL)... 424
Williams Brothers (Hull) Ltd v Naamlooze
Venootschap (1915) 21 Com Cas 253
(KB)... 575
Williamson v Rider [1962] All ER 268
(CA)... 652
Wiloma Tanana, The [1993] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 41
(QB)... 528
Wilson v Lombank Ltd [1963] 1 WLR
1294... 32, 33
Wilson v Rickett Cockerell & Co Ltd [1954] 1
QB 598 (CA)... 364
Wilson Son & Co v Owners of Cargo per
’Xantho’ (1887) 12 App Cas 503 (HL)... 568,
574
Wimble v Rosenberg 1913] 3 KB
743(CA)... 544, 546-47
Winkfield, The [1902] P 42 (CA)... 38
Withers LLP v Rybak and Others [2011] EWCA
Civ 1419... 702-03
W J Alan & Co Ltd v El Nasr Export and
Import Co [1972] 2 QB 189 (CA)... 337, 674,
675
Wolstenholm v Sheffield Union Banking Co
(1886) 54 LT 746... 139
Wood v Associated National Insurance Co Ltd
[1984] 1 Qd R297 . ..612,613
TABLE OF CASES
Wood vTUI Travel pic, t/a First Choice [2017]
EWCA Civ 11, [2018] 2 WLR 1051 ... 208
Woodar Investment Development Ltd v
Wimpey Construction Co Ltd [1980] 1 WLR
277 (HL)... 738
Woodin v Burford (1834) 2 C&M 39 ... 91
Woodworth v Conroy [1976] QB 884
(CA)... 702
Worcester Works Finance v Cooden
Engineering Co [1972] 1 QB 210 (CA)... 277,
296
Workman Clark & Co Ltd v Lloyd Brazileno
[1908] 1 KB 968 (CA)... 411
Wrightson v McArthur and Hutchisons (1919)
Ltd [1921] 2 KB 807 (KB)... 699,701
Wiinsche Handelsgesellschaf International
mbH v Tai Ping Insurance Co Ltd [1998] 2
Lloyd’s Rep 8 (CA)... 600,620-21
Yasuda Fire & Marine Insurance Co of
Europe Ltd v Orion Marine Insurance
Underwriting Agency Ltd (1995] QB 174
(QB)... 64, 132, 193-94
Yearworth and Others v North Bristol NHS
Trust [2009] EWCA Civ 37, [2010] QB 1 ... 24
Yelo v S M Machado & Co Ltd [1952] 1 Lloyd’s
Rep 181 (QB)... 509
Yeoman Credit Ltd v Odgers [1962] 1 All ER 789
(CA)... 741
Yona International Ltd v La Reunion Framjaise
SA [1996] 2 Lloyd's Rep 84 (QB) 106 ... 74
YongevToynbee [1910] 1 KB 215 (CA)... 63,
174, 189, 190, 193
Yorkshire Railway Wagon Company v Maclure
(1882) LR 21 ChD 309 (CA)... 743
Yorkshire Woolcombers Association Ltd, Re
[1903] 2 Ch 284 (CA)... 718
Young v Hitchens (1844) 6 QB 606 ... 31
Young v Schuler (1883) 11 QBD 651 ... 164
Your Response Ltd v Datateam Business Media
Ltd [2014] 3 WLR 887, [2014] EWCA Civ 281,
[2015] QB 41 (CA)... 399, 701
Zuid-Chemie BV v Philippo’s Mineralenfabriek
NV/SA (Case C-189/08) [2009] All ER (D) 15
(Sep) (CJEU)... 483
 Table of Acts of Parliament

Administration of Justice Act s 34(3)... 654 Bribery Act 2010

1970 s 34(4)... 654,657 s 1 ... 131
s3(1)... 7 s 36(3)... 661 s 1(2)... 131
s 36...711 s 37... 662 s2... 131
I
s 38(1)... 657 s6... 131
Bills of Exchange Act s 38(2)... 660, 665, 666 s 7(5)... 131
1882... 9
s 38(3)... 657
s 2 ... 653, 660 Carriage of Goods by Sea Act
s 41(l)(a)... 657
s 3... 648,649,650, 656 1924 ... 576
s43...663
s 3(1)... 667 Carriage of Goods by Sea Act
s 45(3)... 657
s 3(3)... 650 1971 ...36,512,573,576
s 47... 663
S5(2)... 651 s 1(3)... 509, 578
s 48... 663
s 7(1)... 653 s 1(6)... 578, 579
s 53(1)... 663
s 7(3)... 653-56 s l(6)(b)... 578
s54...663-64
s 8(1)... 654 S 1(7)... 579
s 54(2)(a)... 667
s 8(3)... 654 s 3 ... 582
s 55(1)... 664
s 8(4)... 657 Carriage of Goods by Sea Act
s 55(2)... 664
s 9... 653 1992 (COGSA 1992)
s 55(2)(b)... 667
s10...652 s 1(1)... 524
s 55(2)(c)... 667
s 11... 652,653 s 1(2)... 524
s 58(2)... 664
s12...657 s l(2)(a)... 524
s 58(3)... 664
s 16(1)... 664 s l(2)(b)... 524
s 59... 663
s 20(1)... 653,657 s 1(4)... 524
s 59(1)... 657, 668
s 20... 661 s 2 ... 527
s 61 ...668
s 20(2)... 654 s 2(1)... 524, 527
s 63... 668
s 22(1)... 668 s 2(2)... 523, 525
s 64... 668
s 22(2)... 668 s 2(2)(a)... 525
s 64(2)... 668
s 23 ... 146, 663, 667 s 2(2)(b)... 525, 526
s 69... 657
s 24... 651,667 s2(5)... 526
s 73 ... 648
s 25... 667 s 3 ... 527
s 81 A(l)... 654
s 26... 651 s 3(1)... 527
s 90... 661
s 26(1)... 647 s 3(l)(c)... 527
s 91 ...651
s 27... 659 s3(3)... 527
s 91(1)... 146
s 27(l)(a)... 658 54.. .513
Bills of Lading Act 1855 ... 523
s 27(l)(b)... 658 s 5(2)... 524
Bills of Sale Act 1878 ... 697
s 27(2)... 658, 659, 662, 665 s 5(2)(a)... 526
s4 ...715,717
s 28... 663 Civil Aviation Act 1982, s
Bills of Sale Act (1878) 88.. .706
s 29 ... 660,662
Amendment Act
s 29(1)... 661 Civil Liability (Contribution)
1882.. . 697
Act 1978, s 1 ... 138
s 29(l)(b)... 662 s 3... 697
Companies Act 2006
s 29(2)... 665 54.. .717
s 51 ...67
s 29(3)... 662

I
55.. .717
s 51(1)... 169, 170
s 30(1)... 658 s 6(2)... 717
ss 171-177... 109
s 30(2)... 660 s7...711,712
s 754(1)... 717
s 31 ... 661 s 8... 698

I s 31(2)... 654
s 31(3)... 656, 657
s 31(4)... 657
s 9... 698, 717
s 13...711
s754(2)... 717
S 859A ... 696, 727
s 859H ... 697

I
s17... 697
s 859H(3)... 701, 730
s 34(a)... 653 Sch 1 ...717
s 859H(3)(c)... 735
 t
TABLE OF ACTS OF PARLIAMENT

Consumer Credit Act ss 9-16... 391 s 29... 269, 391

1974.. . 6, 10, 13, 302,711 ss 9-17... 380 s 29(2)(a)... 269
s 16A ... 698 s 10 ... 380, 381 s 29(2)(b)... 269
s 16B ... 698 s 11 ...381 s29(3)... 328
S56(2)... 82 s 11(4)... 381, 382 s 29(3)-(5)... 269, 324
s 75 ... 337 s 11(5)... 381, 382 s 29(5)... 328
s 126... 711 s 11(6)... 382 s 30... 328
s189...724 s12...382 s30(1)... 329
Consumer Protection Act 1987 s 13... 380,382 s 31 ...382,390, 391
(CPA 1987) s 13(2)(a)... 382 s 31(5)... 391
Pt I... 482 s 13(2)(b)... 382 s 31(6)... 391
S 1(2)... 482, 484 s 14... 382,383 s 33(2)(a)... 384
s 2 ... 482 s15...383 s 33(2)(b)... 384
s 2(1)... 482 s 15(1)... 383 Chapter 3 (ss 33-47)... 384
s 2(2)... 482, 484 s 16 ... 380,463 s 33 ... 384, 463
S 2(3)... 484, 491 s 16(l)(a)... 383 s 33(3)... 464
s 3(1)... 485, 494 s 17... 380, 383,455,460 s34...465
s 3(2)... 485 s 17(1)... 455 s34(1)... 385
s 3(2)(a)... 488, 490 s 17(2)... 383 s 34(2)... 385
s 3(2)(b)... 488,490 s 18 ... 340 s 34(4)(a)-(c)... 385
s 3(2)(c)... 486 s 19... 455,456,460 s34(7)... 384
54.. .491 s 19(3)—(6)... 455 ss 34-37 ... 393,465
s 4(l)(a)... 491 s 19(5)... 455 s 35... 386
s 4(l)(e)... 492,493 s 19(6)... 455, 456 s 35(1)... 386
S 4(l)(f) ... 493 s 19(9)... 455,457 s 36... 386
s 5(1)... 490 s 19(10)... 455,457 s 36(1)... 386
s 5(2)... 490 s 19(11)... 455 s 37... 386,464
S 5(3)... 490 ss 19-24 ... 454 s 39... 387
57.. .491 s 20... 455,456 s40...387-88
s 45(1)... 484 S 20(l)-(3)... 459 s 41 ...388,393,465
546.. .491 s 20(5)... 460 s41(l)...464
Consumer Rights Act 2015
s 20(6)... 460 s 42 ... 463
(CRA 2015)... 6, 10, 13,
15, 35, 120, 121,205-07, s 20(11)-(19)... 458 S 42(4)... 464
214,223-30,307,379-88, s 20(13)... 457,459 s 43 ... 464
454-67, 475 s 20(14)... 457 s 43(2)(a)... 466
Pt 1 (ss 1-32)... 225, 226, ss 20-24 ... 457 s 43(3)(a)... 466
392,454 S21 ...459,460 s44...465
52.. .226.463 s 22 ... 460, 461 s 45 ... 464, 466
s 2(2)-(4)... 226 s 23... 460, 461 s 46 ... 393, 465, 467
S 2(5)... 382 S 24 ... 460, 462 s 47... 393
s 2(5)(a)... 226 s 24(5)(a)... 462,464 s49... 119
s 2(5)(b)... 226 s 24(6)... 462 s 59(1)... 321, 328
S 2(6)... 226 s 25... 331, 455 Pt 2 (ss 61-76)... 225
s 2(7)-(9)... 227 s 25(1)... 330 s 62... 391, 393
s 3... 227 s 25(2)... 331,404 s 64... 392
s 3(2)(c)... 741 s 25(3)... 331 s 64(1)... 392
s 5(l)(a)... 631 s 26... 455 Pt 3 (ss 77-101). 225
s 5(l)-(3)... 227 s 26(1)... 333 ss 83-88 ... 109
s 6(1)... 227, 228 s 27... 333 Contracts (Rights ofThird
s 6(2)... 228 s 28... 335, 391,455 Parties) Act 1999...470
ss 7(2)-(4)... 228 S 28(2)... 328 s l(l)(a)... 740
58.. .228 s 28(2)-(4)... 328 s l(l)(b)... 741
s 8(a)... 631 s28(3)... 113,328 S 1(2)... 741
59.. .380, 382 s 28(4)... 328 Conveyancing Act
ss9-14 ... 380 1881...712
s 28(6)—(9)... 328
Another random document with
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 Fig. 154—Young larva of Stylops on a bee's-hair. Greatly magnified.
(After Newport.)

There is no exact information as to how the young triungulins find

their way to the bee-larvae they live in. Here again the discrepancy
of opinion that prevails is probably due to great difference really
existing as to the method. When a Stylops carried by an Insect (a
Hymenopteron, be it noted, for we have no information whatever as
to Hemiptera) produces young, they cover the body of the host as if
it were powdered, being excessively minute and their numbers very
great; many hundreds, if not thousands, of young being produced by
a single Stylops. The species of the wasp genus Polistes are
specially subject to the attacks of Stylops; they are social Insects,
and a stylopised specimen being sickly does not as a rule leave the
nest; in this case the Stylops larva may therefore have but little
difficulty in finding its way to a Hymenopterous larva, for even though
it may have to live for months before it has the chance of attaching
itself to a nest-building female, yet it is clearly in the right
neighbourhood. The bee genus Andrena has, however, quite
different habits; normally a single female makes her nest
underground; but in the case of a stylopised female it is certain that
no nest is built, and no larvae produced by a stylopised example, so
that the young triungulins must leave the body of the bee in order to
come near their prey. They can be active, and have great powers of
leaping, so that it is perhaps in this way possible for them to attach
themselves to a healthy female bee.
 Fig. 155.—Portion of early stages of Xenos rossii. (After von Siebold.)
A, Small male larva; B, small female larva; C, full-grown male
larva; D, full-grown female larva; E, the so-called "cephalothorax"
and adjacent segment of adult female. (The newly-hatched larva
is very much like that of Stylops shown in Fig. 154.)

We have still only very imperfect knowledge as to the structure and

development of Strepsiptera. Indeed but little information has been
obtained since 1843.[160] Before that time the mature female was
supposed to be a larva, and the triungulins found in it to be
parasites. Although the erroneous character of these views has been
made clear, the problems that have been suggested present great
difficulties. Apparently the change from the triungulin condition (Fig.
154) to the parasitic larvae (Fig. 155, A, B) is extremely great and
abrupt, and it appears also that during the larval growth considerable
sexual differentiation occurs (Fig. 155, C, D); details are, however,
wanting, and there exists but little information as to the later stages.
Hence it is scarcely a matter for surprise that authorities differ as to
which is the head and which the anal extremity of the adult female.
Von Siebold apparently entertained no doubt as to the part of the
female that is extruded being the anterior extremity; indeed he called
it a cephalothorax. Supposing this view to be correct, we are met by
the extraordinary facts that the female extrudes the head for
copulatory purposes, that the genital orifice is placed thereon, and
that the young escape by it. Meinert[161] contends that the so-called
cephalothorax of the adult is the anal extremity, and that fertilisation
and the escape of the young are effected by the natural passages,
the anterior parts of the body being affected by a complete
degeneration. Nassonoff, in controversion of Meinert, has recently
pointed out that the "cephalothorax" of the young is shown by the
nervous system to be the anterior extremity. It still remains, however,
to be shewn that the "cephalothorax" of the adult female
corresponds with that of the young, and we shall not be surprised if
Meinert prove to be correct. The internal anatomy and the processes
of oogenesis appear to be of a very unusual character, but their
details are far from clear. Brandt has given some particulars as to the
nervous system; though he does not say whether taken from the
male or female, we may presume it to be from the former; there is a
supra-oesophageal ganglion, and near it a large mass which
consists of two parts, the anterior representing the sub-oesophageal
and the first thoracic ganglia, while the posterior represents two of
the thoracic and most of the abdominal ganglia of other Insects; at
the posterior extremity, connected with the other ganglia by a very
long and slender commissure, there is another abdominal ganglion.
[162]

It is a matter of great difficulty to procure material for the prosecution

of this study; the fact that the instars to be observed exist only in the
interior of a few Hymenopterous larvae, which in the case of the bee,
Andrena, are concealed under ground; and in the case of the wasps,
Polistes, placed in cells in a nest of wasps, adds greatly to the
difficulty. It is therefore of interest to know that Strepsiptera occur in
Insects with incomplete metamorphosis. They have been observed
in several species of Homoptera; and the writer has a large
Pentatomid bug of the genus Callidea, which bears a female
Strepsipteron apparently of large size. This bug[163] is abundant and
widely distributed in Eastern Asia, and it may prove comparatively
easy to keep stylopised examples under observation. Both v. Siebold
and Nassonoff think parthenogenesis occurs in Strepsiptera, but
there appear to be no facts to warrant this supposition. Von Siebold
speaks of the phenomena of Strepsipterous reproduction as
paedogenesis, or pseudo-paedogenesis, but we must agree with
Meinert that they cannot be so classed.

The males of Strepsiptera live for only a very short time, and are
very difficult of observation. According to Hubbard the males of
Xenos dash about so rapidly that the eye cannot see them, and they
create great agitation amongst the wasps in the colonies of which
they are bred. Apparently they are produced in great numbers, and
their life consists of only fifteen or twenty minutes of fiery energy.
The males of Stylops are not exposed to such dangers as those of
Xenos, and apparently live somewhat longer—a day or two, and
even three days are on record. The individuals of Andrena
parasitised by Stylops are apparently greatly affected in their
economy and appear earlier in the season than other individuals; this
perhaps may be a reason, coupled with their short lives, for their
being comparatively rarely met with by entomologists.

Fig. 156.—Abdomen of a wasp (Polistes hebraeus) with a

Strepsipteron (Xenos ♀) in position, one of the dorsal plates of the
wasp's abdomen being removed. a, Projection of part of the
parasite; b, line indicating the position of the removed dorsal
plate.

It is not possible at present to form a valid opinion as to whether

Stylopidae are a division of Coleoptera or a separate Order. Von
Siebold considered them a distinct Order, and Nassonoff, who has
recently discussed the question, is also of that opinion.
 CHAPTER VI

LEPIDOPTERA—OR BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS

Order VI. Lepidoptera.

Wings four; body and wings covered with scales usually

variegate in colour, and on the body frequently more or less like
hair: nervures moderate in number, at the periphery of one wing
not exceeding fifteen, but little irregular; cross-nervules not more
than four, there being usually only one or two closed cells on
each wing, occasionally none. Imago with mouth incapable of
biting, usually forming a long coiled proboscis capable of
protrusion. Metamorphosis great and abrupt; the wings
developed inside the body; the larva with large or moderate
head and strong mandibles. Pupa with the appendages usually
adpressed and cemented to the body so that it presents a more
or less even, horny exterior, occasionally varied by projections
that are not the appendages and that may make the form very
irregular: in many of the smaller forms the appendages are only
imperfectly cemented to the body.

Lepidoptera, or butterflies and moths, are so far as ornament is

concerned the highest of the Insect world. In respect of intelligence
the Order is inferior to the Hymenoptera, in the mechanical
adaptation of the parts of the body it is inferior to Coleoptera, and in
perfection of metamorphosis it is second to Diptera. The mouth of
Lepidoptera is quite peculiar; the proboscis—the part of the
apparatus for the prehension of food—is anatomically very different
from the proboscis of the other Insects that suck, and finds its
nearest analogue in the extreme elongation of the maxillae of certain
Coleoptera, e.g. Nemognatha. The female has no gonapophyses,
though in certain exceptional forms of Tineidae, there are
modifications of structure connected with the terminal segments, that
have as yet been only imperfectly investigated. As a rule, the egg is
simply deposited on some living vegetable and fastened thereto.
Lepidoptera are the most exclusively vegetarian of all the Orders of
Insects; a certain number of their larvae prey on Insects that are
themselves filled with vegetable juices (Coccidae, Aphidae) and a
very small number (Tinea, etc.) eat animal matter. In general the
nutriment appears to be drawn exclusively from the fluids of the
vegetables, the solid matter passing from the alimentary canal in
large quantity in the form of little pellets usually dry, and called frass.
Hence the quantity of food ingested is large, and when the
individuals unduly increase in number, forest trees over large areas
are sometimes completely defoliated by the caterpillars.

Fig. 157.—Metamorphosis of a Lepidopteron (Rhegmatophila alpina,

Notodontidae). (After Poujade, Ann. Soc. ent. France, 1891.)
Europe. A, Egg; B, young larva, about to moult; C, adult larva; D,
head and first body-segment of adult larva, magnified; E, pupa, ×
2⁄1; F, male moth in repose; G, female moth in repose.

Lepidoptera pass a larger portion of their lives in the pupal stage

than most other Insects do; frequently during nine months of the year
the Lepidopteron may be a pupa. In other Orders of Insects it would
appear that the tendency of the higher forms is to shorten the pupal
period, and when much time has to be passed between the end of
the feeding up of the larva and the appearance of the imago, to pass
this time as much as possible in the form of a resting-larva, and as
little as may be in the form of a pupa; in Lepidoptera the reverse is
the case; the resting-larva period being usually reduced to a day or
two. Hence we can understand the importance of a hard skin to the
pupa. There are, however, numerous Lepidopterous pupae where
the skin does not attain the condition of hardness that is secured for
the higher forms by the chitinous exudation we have mentioned; and
there are also cases where there is a prolonged resting-larva period:
for instance Galleria mellonella spins a cocoon in the autumn and
remains in it as a resting larva all the winter, becoming a pupa only in
the spring. In many of these cases the resting-larva is protected by a
cocoon. It is probable that the chief advantage of the perfect
chitinous exudation of the Lepidopterous pupa is to prevent the tiny,
complex organisation from the effects of undue transpiration.
Bataillon has suggested that the relation of the fluid contents of the
pupa to air and moisture are of great importance in the physiology of
metamorphosis.

The duration of life is very different in various forms of Lepidoptera. It

is known that certain species (Ephestia kuehniella, e.g.) may go
through at least five generations a year. On the other hand, certain
species that feed on wood or roots may take three years to complete
their life-history; and it is probable that some of the forms of
Hepialidae are even longer lived than this.

Lepidoptera have always been a favourite Order with entomologists,

but no good list of the species has ever been made, and it would be
a difficult matter to say how many species are at present known, but
it can scarcely be less than 50,000. In Britain we have about 2000
species.

The close affinity of the Order with Trichoptera has long been
recognised: Réaumur considered the latter to be practically
Lepidoptera with aquatic habits, and Speyer pointed out the
existence of very numerous points of similarity between the two.
Brauer emphasised the existence of mandibles in the nymph of
Trichoptera as an important distinction: the pupa of Micropteryx (Fig.
211) has however been recently shown to be similar to that of
Trichoptera, so that unless it should be decided to transfer
Micropteryx to Trichoptera, and then define Lepidoptera and
Trichoptera as distinguished by the condition of the pupa, it would
appear to be very difficult to retain the two groups as distinct.

Structure of Imago.—The head of a Lepidopteron is in large part

made up of the compound eyes; in addition to these it frequently
bears at the top a pair of small, simple eyes so much concealed by
the scales as to cause us to wonder if seeing be carried on by them.
The larger part of the front of the head is formed by the clypeus,
which is separated by a well-marked line from the epicranium, the
antennae being inserted on the latter near its point of junction with
the former. There is sometimes (Saturnia, Castnia) on each side of
the clypeus a deep pocket projecting into the head-cavity. The other
parts of the head are but small. The occipital foramen is very large.
[164]

Fig. 158—External structure of a female butterfly, Anosia plexippus.

(After Scudder.) a, Base of antenna; b, pronotum; b2, scutum of
mesothorax; c, clypeus; cx, coxa; d, scutellum; d1, scutellum of
metathorax; e, post-scutellum (= base of phragma); em,
epimeron; ep, episternum; f, scutum of metathorax; m, basal part
of proboscis (= maxilla); o, eye; p, labial palp; r, mesosternum; s,
prothoracic spiracle; t, tegula; tr, trochanter; 1-9, dorsal plates of
abdomen.

The antennae are always conspicuous, and are very various in form;
they are composed of numerous segments, and in the males of
many species attain a very complex structure, especially in
Bombyces and Psychidae; they doubtless function in such cases as
sense-organs for the discovery of the female.

The largest and most important of the mouth-parts are the maxillae
and the labial palpi, the other parts being so small as to render their
detection difficult. The labrum is a very short, comparatively broad
piece, visible on the front edge of the clypeus; its lateral part usually
forms a prominence which has often been mistaken for a mandible;
Kellogg has applied the term "pilifer" to this part. In the middle of the
labrum a small angular or tongue-like projection is seen just over the
middle of the base of the proboscis; this little piece is considered by
several authorities to be an epipharynx.

Fig. 159—Mouth of Lepidoptera. Tiger-moth, Arctia caja. A, Seen from

front; B, from front and below, a, Clypeus; b, labrum; c,
epipharynx; d, mandibular area; d′, prominence beneath
mandibular area; e, one side of haustellum or proboscis; f,
maxillary palp; g, labial palp.

Mandibles.—Savigny, Westwood, and others considered the parts

of the labrum recently designated pilifers by Kellogg to be the
rudimentary mandibles, but Walter has shown that this is not the
case.[165] The mandibles are usually indistinguishable, though they,
or some prominence possibly connected with them,[166] may
frequently be detected in the neighbourhood of the pilifers; they are,
according to Walter, largest and most perfectly developed in
Eriocephala, a genus that was not distinguished by him from
Micropteryx and was therefore termed "niedere Micropteryginen," i.e.
lower Micropteryges. The opinion entertained by Walter that
Micropteryx proper (his "höhere Micropteryginen") also possesses
rudimentary mandibles is considered by Dr. Chapman, no doubt with
reason, to be erroneous.[167] The mandibles, however, in the vast
majority of Lepidoptera can scarcely be said to exist at all in the
imago; there being only an obtuse projection—without trace of
articulation—on each side of the labrum; and even this projection is
usually absent. Meinert recognised these projections as mandibles in
Smerinthus populi, and Kellogg in Protoparce carolina, another large
Sphinx moth. They appear to be unusually well developed in that
group. In Castnia they are even more definite than they are in
Sphingidae.

The Maxillae are chiefly devoted to the formation of the proboscis.

Their basal portions are anatomically very indefinite, though they
exist very intimately connected with the labium. Each usually bears a
small tubercle or a segmented process, the representative of the
maxillary palpus. The proboscis itself consists of the terminal, or
outer, parts of the two maxillae, which parts are closely and
beautifully coadapted to form the spirally coiled organ, that is
sometimes, though incorrectly, called the tongue. The exact
morphology of the Lepidopterous proboscis has not been
established. The condition existing in the curious family Prodoxidae
(see p. 432), where a proboscis coexists with another structure
called a maxillary tentacle, suggests a correspondence between the
latter and the galea of a typical maxilla; and between the proboscis
and the lacinia or inner lobe of a maxilla: but J. B. Smith is of opinion
that the tentacle in question is a prolongation of the stipes. The
condition of the parts in this anomalous family (Prodoxidae) has not,
however, been thoroughly investigated, and Packard takes a
different view of the proboscis; he considers that "it is the two galeae
which become elongated, united and highly specialised to form the
so-called tongue or glossa of all Lepidoptera above the
Eriocephalidae."[168] The proboscis in some cases becomes very
remarkable, and in certain Sphingidae is said to attain, when
unrolled, a length of ten inches. In some cases the maxillary lobes
do not form a proboscis, but exist as delicate structures, pendulous
from the mouth, without coadaptation (Zeuzera aesculi, the Wood-
leopard moth). In other forms they are absent altogether (Cossus,
e.g.), and in Hepialus we have failed to detect any evidence of the
existence of the maxillae. On the other hand, in Micropteryx the
maxillae are much more like those of a mandibulate Insect; and
various other Microlepidoptera approach more or less a similar
condition. In the genus last mentioned the maxillary palpi are largely
developed, flexible and slender. According to Walter various forms of
palpus intermediate between that of Micropteryx and the condition of
rudimentary tubercle may be found amongst the Microlepidoptera.
[169]

Labium.—The labial palpi are usually largely developed, though but

little flexible; they form conspicuous processes densely covered with
scales or hairs, and curve forwards or upwards, rarely downwards,
from the under side of the head, somewhat in the fashion of tusks.
The other parts of the labium are frequently represented merely by a
membranous structure, united with the maxillae and obstructing the
cavity of the pharynx. Where the proboscis is absent it is difficult to
find any orifice leading to the alimentary canal, such opening as may
exist being concealed by the overhanging clypeus and labium. In
some forms, Saturnia, e.g., there appears to be no buccal orifice
whatever. In Hepialus the labium is in a very unusual condition; it
projects externally in the position usually occupied by the labial palpi,
these organs being themselves extremely short. It is very difficult to
form an opinion as to the structure of the labium and other mouth-
parts when the maxillae are not developed, as in these cases the
parts are of a delicate membranous nature, and shrivel after death.
This is the explanation of the fact that in descriptive works we find
vague terms in use such as "mouth aborted" or "tongue absent."

The mouth of the Lepidopterous imago is a paradoxical structure; it

differs very greatly from that of the larva, the changes during
metamorphosis being extreme. We should thus be led to infer that it
is of great importance to the creatures; but, on the other hand, the
various structures that make up the mouth, as we have remarked,
are frequently absent or reduced to insignificant proportions; and
even in forms where the apparatus is highly developed the
individuals seem to be able to accomplish oviposition without taking
food, or after taking only very minute quantities. It is therefore difficult
to understand why so great a change should occur during the
metamorphosis of the Insects of this Order. It has been ascertained
that in some forms where the mouth is atrophied the stomach is in a
correlative condition; but we are not aware that any investigations
have been made as to whether this correspondence is general or
exceptional.

The exact mode in which the proboscis acts is in several respects

still obscure, the views of Burmeister and Newport being in some
points erroneous. Towards the tip of the proboscis there are some
minute but complex structures considered by Fritz Müller to be
sense-organs, and by Breitenbach to be mechanical instruments for
irritating or lacerating the delicate tissues of blossoms. It is probable
that Müller's view will prove to be correct. Nevertheless the
proboscis has considerable power of penetration; there being a
moth, "Ophideres fullonica" that causes considerable damage to
crops of oranges by inserting its trunk through the peel so as to suck
the juices.[170] The canal formed by each maxilla opens into a cavity
inside the front part of the head. This cavity, according to Burgess,
[171] is a sort of sac connected with five muscles, and by the aid of
this apparatus the act of suction is performed: the diverticulum of the
alimentary canal, usually called a sucking-stomach, not really
possessing the function formerly attributed to it.

The Prothorax is very small, being reduced to a collar, between

the head and the alitrunk, of just sufficient size to bear the front pair
of legs. Its most remarkable feature is a pair of processes, frequently
existing on the upper surface, called "patagia." These in many cases
(especially in Noctuidae) are lobes capable of considerable
movement, being attached only by a narrow base. In Hepialus, on
the contrary, they are not free, but are merely indicated by curved
marks on the dorsum. The patagia are styled by many writers
"tegulae." They are of some interest in connection with the question
of wing-like appendages on the prothorax of Palaeozoic insects, and
they have been considered by some writers[172] to be the
equivalents of true wings. The Mesothorax is very large, especially
its upper face, the notum, which is more or less convex, and in the
higher forms attains a great extension from before backwards. The
notum consists in greater part of a large anterior piece, the meso-
scutum, and a smaller part, the meso-scutellum behind. In front of
the scutum there is a piece termed prae-scutum by Burgess. It is
usually small and concealed by the front part of the scutum; but in
Hepialus it is large and horizontal in position. It is of importance as
being the chief point of articulation with the prothorax. The scutellum
is more or less irregularly rhomboidal in form; its hinder margin
usually looks as if it were a lobe or fold placed in front of the base of
the abdomen or metathorax, according to whether the latter is
concealed or visible. In some of the higher forms this meso-scutellar
lobe is prominent, and there may be seen under its projection a
piece that has been called the post-scutellum, and is really the base
of the great mesophragma, a chitinous piece that descends far down
into the interior of the body. In addition to the front pair of wings the
mesothorax bears on its upper surface another pair of appendages,
the tegulae: in the higher forms they are of large size; they are
fastened on the front of the mesothorax, and extend backwards over
the joint of the wing with the body, being densely covered with scales
so that they are but little conspicuous. These appendages are
frequently erroneously called patagia, but have also been called
scapulae, pterygodes, paraptera, and shoulder-tufts, or shoulder-
lappets. The lower surface of the mesothorax is much concealed by
the large and prominent coxae, but the sternum and the two pleural
pieces on each side, episternum and epimeron, are easily detected.
The area for attachment of the anterior wing on each side is
considerable, and appears to be of rather complex structure; its
anatomy has been, however, but little studied.

The Metathorax is small in comparison with the preceding

segment, to which it is intimately co-adapted, though the two are
really connected only by delicate membrane, and can consequently
be separated with ease by dissection. The metanotum consists of (1)
the scutum, which usually appears externally as an anterior piece on
each side; (2) the scutellum, forming a median piece placed behind
the scutum, which it tends to separate into two parts by its own
extension forwards. In order to understand the structure of the
metathorax it is desirable to dissect it off from the larger anterior
segment, and it will then be found that its appearance when
undissected is deceptive, owing to its being greatly arched, or folded
in the antero-posterior direction. A broad, but short phragma
descends from the hind margin of the metascutellum into the interior
of the body. It should be noted that though the metanotum is forced,
as it were, backwards by the great extension of the mesonotum in
the middle line of the body, yet at the sides the metanotum creeps
forward so as to keep the points of attachment of the hind wings
near to those of the front wings. In many forms of Hesperiidae,
Sphingidae, Noctuidae, etc. the true structure of the metanotum is
further concealed by the back of the mesoscutellum reposing on,
and covering it.

Difference of opinion exists as to the thoracic Spiracles; there is one

conspicuous enough in the membrane behind the pronotum, and it is
thought by some writers that no other exists. Westwood and
Scudder, however, speak of a mesothoracic spiracle, and Dr.
Chapman considers that one exists. Minot describes[173] a structure
behind the anterior wing, and thinks it may be an imperfect spiracle,
and we have found a similar stigma in Saturnia pavonia. At the back
of the thorax there is on each side in some Lepidoptera (Noctuidae,
Arctia, etc.), a curious large cavity formed by a projection backwards
from the sides of the metasternum, and a corresponding
development of the pleura of the first abdominal segment. Minot and
others have suggested that this may be an organ of hearing.

The Abdomen differs according to the sex. In the female seven

segments are conspicuous dorsally, but only six ventrally, because
the first segment is entirely membranous beneath, and is concealed
between the second abdominal ventral plate and the posterior
coxae. Besides these segments there are at the hind end two others
smaller, more or less completely withdrawn into the body, and in
certain cases forming an ovipositor. These nine segments are
usually considered to constitute the abdomen; but according to
Peytoureau,[174] a tenth dorsal plate is represented on either side of
the anal orifice, though there is no trace of a corresponding ventral
plate. In the male the segments, externally conspicuous, are one
more than in the female. According to the authority quoted,[175] this
sex has also truly ten abdominal segments, the ninth segment being
withdrawn to a greater or less extent to the inside of the body, and
modified to form part of a copulatory apparatus; its dorsal portion
bears a process called the "uncus"; the anal orifice opens on the
inner face of this process, and below it there is another process—
developed to a greater or less extent—called the "scaphium." The
ventral portion of the ninth segment bears a lobe, the "saccus"
(Peytoureau, l.c.). On each side of the ninth abdominal segment
there is a process called the "valve," the internal wall of which bears
some hook-like or other processes called "harpes"; it is continued as
a membrane surrounding the "oedeagus," or penis, and—bearing
more or less distinct prominences—connects with the scaphium. In
many forms the parts alluded to, other than the valves, are
concealed by the latter, which come together when closed, and may
be covered externally with scales like the rest of the abdomen.
Peytoureau considers that the uncus is really the dorsal plate of a
tenth segment, and that the scaphium is the tenth ventral plate.
Thus, according to this view, the ninth segment is extensive and
complex, being very highly modified in all its parts: while the tenth
segment is greatly reduced. The structure of the male organs is
simpler in Lepidoptera, and less varied than it is in the other great
Orders of Insects. There are seven pairs of abdominal spiracles on
the upper parts of the membranous pleurae.

Fig. 160—Acherontia atropos. The termination of ♂ body, one side

removed. IX, Ninth dorsal plate; IX’, ninth ventral; s, lobe, saccus,
of ninth ventral plate; X, tenth dorsal plate, or uncus; sc,
scaphium, or tenth ventral plate; a, position of anus; b, chitinised
band of scaphium; V, valve or clasper; c, hooks, or harpes, of
clasper; p, penis (or oedeagus). (After Peytoureau.)

Legs.—The legs are long, slender, covered with scales, and chiefly
remarkable from the fact that the tibiae sometimes bear articulated
spurs on their middle as well as at the tip. The front tibia usually
possesses on its inner aspect a peculiar mobile pad; this seems to
be in some cases a combing organ; it also often acts as a cover to
peculiar scales. The tarsi are five-jointed, with two small claws and a
small apparatus, the functional importance of which is unknown,
between the claws.

Wings.—The wings are the most remarkable feature of this Order; it

is to them that butterflies owe their beauty, the surfaces of the wings
being frequently adorned with colours and patterns of the most
charming and effective nature. These effects are due to minute
scales that are implanted in the wing-membrane in an overlapping
manner, somewhat similar to the arrangement of slates on the roof of
a house. The scales are very readily displaced, and have the
appearance of a silky dust. We shall describe their structure and
allude to their development subsequently. The wings are usually of
large size in comparison with the Insect's body: in the genus
Morpho, the most gorgeous of the butterflies, they are enormous,
though the body is small; so that when deprived of these floats the
Insect is insignificant. The great expanse of wing is not correlative
with great powers of flight, though it is perhaps indicative of flying
with little exertion; for the small-winged Lepidoptera, Sphingidae,
etc., have much greater powers of aërial evolution than the large-
winged forms. The area of the wing is increased somewhat by the
fact that the scales on the outer margin, and on a part or on the
whole of the inner margin, project beyond the edges of the
membrane that bears them: these projecting marginal scales are
called fringes. In many of the very small moths the actual size of the
wing-membranes is much reduced, but in such cases the fringes
may be very long, so as to form the larger part of the surface,
especially of that of the hind wings. Frequently the hind wings are of
remarkable shape, being prolonged into processes or tails, some of
which are almost as remarkable as those of Nemoptera in the Order
Neuroptera.
The wings are very rarely absent in Lepidoptera; this occurs only in
the female sex, no male Lepidopterous imago destitute of wings
having been discovered. Although but little is known of the
physiology of flight of Lepidoptera, yet it is clearly important that the
two wings of the same side should be perfectly coadapted or
correlated. This is effected largely by the front wing overlapping the
hind one to a considerable extent, and by the two contiguous
surfaces being pressed, as it were, together. This is the system
found in butterflies and in some of the large moths, such as
Lasiocampidae and Saturniidae; in these cases the hind wing always
has a large shoulder, or area, anterior to its point of insertion. In most
moths this shoulder is absent, but in its place there are one or more
stiff bristles projecting forwards and outwards, and passing under a
little membranous flap, or a tuft of thick scales on the under face of
the front wing; the bristle is called the "frenulum," the structure that
retains it a "retinaculum." In Castnia (Fig. 162) and in some
Sphingidae there is the unusual condition of a highly-developed
shoulder (s) coexisting with a perfect frenulum (f) and retinaculum
(r). The frenulum and retinaculum usually differ in structure, and the
retinaculum in position, in the two sexes of the same moth; the male,
which in moths has superior powers of flight, having the better
retaining organs. Hampson says "the form of the frenulum is of great
use in determining sex, as in the males of all the forms that possess
it, it consists of hairs firmly soldered together so as to form a single
bristle, whilst in nearly all females it consists of three or more bristles
which are shorter than that of the male; in one female Cossid I have
found as many as nine. Also in the large majority of moths the
retinaculum descends from the costal nervure in the male, while in
the female it ascends from the median nervure."[176] This sexual
difference in a structure for the discharge of a function common to
the two sexes is a very remarkable fact. There are a few—very few
—moths in which the bases of the hind wings are not well coadapted
with the front wings, and do not possess a frenulum, and these
species possess a small more or less free lobe at the base of the
front wing that droops towards the hind wing, and may thus help to
keep up an imperfect connexion between the pair; this lobe has been
named a jugum by Professor Comstock. Occasionally there is a
jugum on the hind as well as on the front wing. There is usually a
very great difference between the front and the hind wings; for
whereas in the front wing the anterior portion is doubtless of great
importance in the act of flight and is provided with numerous veins,
in the hind wing, on the other hand, the corresponding part has not a
similar function, being covered by the front wing; hence the hind
wing is provided with fewer nervures in the anterior region, the
divisions of the subcostal being less numerous than they are in the
front wing. In the moths possessing a jugum the two wings differ but
little from one another, and it is probable that they function almost as
four separate wings instead of as two pairs.

Wing-nervures.—The nervures or ribs of the wings are of great

importance in Lepidoptera, as at present they furnish the chief
characters for classification and for the discussions of phylogeny that
are so numerous in entomological literature. On looking at wings that
have been deprived of their scales it will be noticed (Fig. 161) that
the ribs are much more numerous at the outer margins than they are
near the points of attachment of the wings, and that there is usually
but one cell (or area completely enclosed by ribs). This latter point is
one of the chief peculiarities of the Lepidopterous wing; in Insect-
wings generally the number of cells in proportion to the area of the
wings and to the number of nervures is greater than it is in
Lepidoptera, for in the latter there are few or no cross-nervures.
Hence there is sometimes no closed cell at all on the wing (Fig. 161,
II. B). The maximum number of closed cells is six; this is found in
some species of Micropteryx, while in Hepialus there may be three
or four; but the rule is that there is only one cell in the Lepidopterous
wing. When the number of cells is increased this is not necessarily
due to an increase in the cross-nervures; and in fact it is generally
due to irregular forking or to the sinuous form of the longitudinal
nervures themselves (see wing of Castnia, Fig. 162, A.). Some
authorities consider that all transverse or cross-veins in Lepidoptera
are merely portions of longitudinal veins having diverted courses.
When a portion of a nervure beyond the basal or primary portion
serves as a common piece to two forked parts external to it, it is
called a stalk (Fig. 162, A, e). There are cases in which the furcation
takes place in the opposite direction, so that a nervure is double at
the base of the wing (Fig. 161, I, A, 1a, and B, 1b). This important
condition has not yet been adequately discussed.

Fig. 161.—Wing-nervuration of Lepidoptera. I, Diagram of moths' wings

(after Hampson); II, of a butterfly's wings (Morpho menelaus ♂ ,
after Staudinger and Schatz). A, front, B, hind wing. I.—c, costal;
sc, subcostal; m, median; 1a, 1b, 1c, internal nervures; f,
frenulum; 2, 3, 4, branches of median nervure; 5, lower radial; 6,
upper radial; 7-11, divisions of the subcostal; 12, termination of
costal; c, cell; d, discocellular nervure. II.—C, costal; SC,
subcostal; M, median; SM and SN, submedian nervures; 1A,
inner-margin nervure; UR, lower radial; OR, upper radial; SC1 to
SC5, divisions of subcostal; M1 to M3, divisions of median nervure;
C, cell; DC, discocellulars.

Turning to the mode of designation of the nervures,[177] we may

commence by remarking that no system satisfactory from a practical
as well as from a theoretical point of view has yet been devised. The
diagrams given in figure 161 will enable us to explain the methods
actually in vogue; I. representing the system, dating from the time of
Herrich-Schaeffer, chiefly used by British naturalists, and II. that
adopted by Staudinger and Schatz in their recent great work on the
Butterflies of the world. The three anterior nervures in both front and
hind wings correspond fairly well, and are called, looking at them
where they commence at the base of the wing, "costal," "subcostal,"
and "median" nervures. The nervures near the inner margin of the
wing (that is the lower part in our figures) differ much in the front and
hind wings, consisting either of two or of three separate portions not
joined even at the base. British entomologists call these "branches
or divisions of the internal nervure": the Germans call the more
anterior of them the "submedian," and the more internal the "inner-
margin nervure"; they are also frequently called anal nervures. The
cross-nervure that closes the cell is called discocellular; when
apparently composed of two or three parts joined so as to form
angles, the parts are called, according to position, upper, lower, and
middle discocellulars. One or more short spurs may exist on the front
part of the basal portion of the hind wing; these are called
praecostal. The branches or terminal divisions of the nervures
should be called nervules; they are usually mentioned by the
numbers shewn in the diagram (Fig. 161, I.). In addition to this, it is
only necessary to remember that number 2 is always assigned to the
posterior division of the median nervure, the nervules below this
being all called 1, and distinguished by the addition of a, b, c when
requisite. This course is necessary, because if it were not adopted
the corresponding nervules on the front and hind wings would bear
different numbers.

The use of this system of numbers for the nervules is becoming

general, and it answers fairly well for practical purposes. On the
other hand, extreme discrepancy exists as to the nomenclature of
the nervures and nervules, and there are almost as many systems
as there are authorities.

The normal number of nervules is, on the front wing, 11 + 1 or 2

inner marginal, and on the hind wing 7 + 2 or 3 inner marginal. In the
aberrant moths of the genus Castnia the nervuration is unusually
complex and irregular (Fig. 162), and an analogous condition occurs
in our common Goat-moth (Cossus ligniperda). In Hepialus and
Micropteryx (the jugate moths of Comstock) the hind wings are less
dissimilar in nervuration from the front wings than they are in other
Lepidoptera.[178]