Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY

Don Severino de las Alas Campus
Indang, Cavite

GNED 04: MGA BABASAHIN HINGGIL SA KASAYSAYAN NG PILIPINAS

UNANG TALAKAYAN: KASAYSAYAN

● Tradisyunal na Kahulugan
- Mga tala ng nakalipas
- Mga tala ng nakalipas ng mga tao na nagsimula nang lumitaw ang mga nasusulat na
mga tala.
- Base/Batay sa nasusulat na mga tala (mahinang depinisyon)
- Ang mga panayam, kasaysayang oral, tradisyong oral at pangkasaysayang artepakto ay
hindi itinuturing na mga tala.
- NO WRITTEN RECORDS, NO HISTORY

“a common definition of history is that it is the past of mankind” - Louis Gottschalk,

Undertanding History

● Modernong Kahulugan
- Ang REKUNSTRUKSYON ng nakalipas ay batay sa:
- makukuha/magagamit na mga talang nasusulat,
- kasaysayang oral,
- pangkasaysayang artipakto, at
- mga katutubong tradisyon
- Pag-aaral ng mga pangyayari at pag-unlad ng mga tao sa nakalipas.
- Kabilang dito ang: pangangalap, pagsusuri, pagbubuo ng mga batis.
- Ang mga HISTORYADOR ay kinakailangang gawin ang mahalagang tungkulin:
- bigyang kahulugan at muling likhain ang mga katotohanan sa maayos at matalinong paraan.
KASAYSAYAN

● SAYSAY; “halaga”
- paglalahad ng mga pangyayaring may saysay o halaga. - Augusto V. de Viana, PhD: Ang
Pagsulat ng Kasaysayan.
- “SANAYSAY na NAGSASAYSAY, na isinasaysay dahil may KABULUHAN ito para sa
NAGSASAYSAY” - Gil D. Ramos, MA History: Babasahin Hinggil sa Kasaysayan ng
Pilipinas

● Bilang Sangay ng Agham Panlipunan

- SISTEMATIKONG PAG-AARAL ng mga nasusulat at ‘di-nasusulat na mga tala/ulat
patungkol sa mga pangyayaring naganap sa nakalipas.

HISTORY
● Historia
- The act of seeking knowledge, as well as the knowledge that results from inquiry. - Katy
Steinmetz, 2017: TIME

KAHALAGAHAN NG KASAYSAYAN
● Ang mga estudyante ng kasaysayan ay dapat gumugugol ng oras upang masusing
maunawaan ang mga pangyayari sa nakalipas. Kapag nabatid na ito ng estudyante, maiuugnay
na niya sa iba pang pangyayari ang isang pangyayari na bahagi ng pangkalahatang kasaysayan.
- Fr, Jose S. Arcilla, SJ ayon sa sipi ni de Viana, n.d.
● Kasangkapan sa pagsulong ng nasyonalismo.
- “Ano ka sa hinaharap, ang taong walang personalidad, ang bayang walang Kalayaan,
ang lahat sa iyo ay hiram, kahit na ang iyong kahinaan?” - Dr. Jose Rizal ayon sa sipi ni de
Viana, n.d.
● Pagkakakilanlan sa sarili at sa bansa ang halaga ng kasaysayan. - Teodoro Agoncillo
ayon sa sipi ni de Viana, n.d.
● Nagsisilbing tulay sa puwang sa pagitan ng kasalukuyang panahon at sa nakalipas.
● Ipinaliliwanang ang mga kadahilanan ng mga bagay at mga pangyayari.
● Nababanaag ang hinaharap
● Binibigyang kahulugan ang mga kalagayan ng espesipikong puwang at oras.
● Nagtataguyod ng nasyonalismo at patriotismo/pagiging makabansa.
● Kasangkapan sa pag-unawa ng pambansang pagkakakilanlan
 Republic of the Philippines
CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY
Don Severino de las Alas Campus
Indang, Cavite

GNED 04: MGA BABASAHIN HINGGIL SA KASAYSAYAN NG PILIPINAS

TALAKAYAN 5: “First Voyage Around The World” by Antonio Pigafetta

Background of the Author:

● Antonio Pigafetta

○ born some time in the closing year of the 15th century

○ Parents: Giovanni Pigafetta and Angela Zoga
○ the eldest child among his siblings of 2
○ was a native of Vicenza, a town about a hundred kilometers west of Venice, Italy
○ geography, and cartography
○ served on board the ships of the Knights of Rhodes at the beginning of the 16th
century
○ accompanied Monsignor Chiericati to Spain in 1519
○ accompanied Ferdinand Magellan, together with Juan Sebatián Elcano in the
famous expedition to Moluccas which began in August 1519 and ended in
September 1522

Historical Context of the Document

● The First Voyage Around The World by Antonio Pigafetta was written on board one of
the 5 ships that was first to circumnavigate the world during an expedition that was led
by the Portuguese explorer, Ferdinand Magellan and after his death during the voyage,
by Juan Sebastián Elcano. The expedition started in 1519 and ended in Spain in 1522.
● Name of the Spanish fleet that was led by Ferdinand Magellan: Armada de Molucca. •
provided by King Charles V, • included 5 ships: the Trinidad (crew: 55) under Magellan's
command, the San Antonio (crew: 60) commanded by Juan de Cartageña, the
Concepcion (crew: 45) commanded by Gaspar de Quesada
● The Santiago (crew: 32) commanded by Juan Rodriguez Serrano and the Victoria (crew:
43) commanded by Luiz Mendoza, which carried supplies and provisions.
● The Santiago was a caravel, while the others were rated as carracks
● At the end of the voyage, Antonio Pigafetta, the author of the book, was on board the
Victoria; this was the only ship that was able to return to Spain.
● Upon arrival in Europe, Pigafetta presented copies of his account to several high
personages, including Pope Clement VII, mother of King Francis I of France, etc.
● His original diary was lost, and it is not known in what language it was written.
● Survives in 4 manuscript versions; one in Italian, 3 in French

Analysis of the Important Historical Information Found in the Document

● Since Magellan and his crew crossed the Iternational Dateline, there is one day added to
the original dates that Antonio Pigafetta wrote in his book for the better perspective of us
Filipinos.
● Throughout the expedition, there served a translator named Enrique
● Enrique was from Sumatra (present day Indonesia) and was a slave of Ferdinand
Magellan
● Magellan acquired Enrique as a slave at Malacca
March 17, 1521

● (originally March 16)

● Arrival in Zamal (Samar at present)
● The island was called Humunu (now Homonhon)
● Magellan and his men called it Acquada da li buoni Segnialli (“the Watering-place of
Good Signs”)
● There are many islands in that district, and therefore they called them the archipelago of
San Lazaro, as they were discovered on the Sunday of St. Lazarus

April 1, 1521

● (originally March 31)

● The first mass in the Philippines was held in Mazaua (Limasawa)
● It was attended by Magellan, Raia Colambu (Rajah Kolambu), Raia Siaui (Rajah Siagu),
Spanish voyagers, and the local islanders

April 8, 1521

● (originally April 7)
● Magellan and his men entered the port of Zubu
● Initially, Magellan and his men encountered some stuggle when first entering the port of
Zubu.
● The “king” of Zubu wanted Magellan and his men to pay tribute to them but, Magellan
refused and told the translator that they are working for the King of Spain and threatens
him with war.

April 15, 1521

● (originally April 14)

● A mass was held with Raia Humabon and his people attending the ceremony
● 800 souls were baptized • Pigafetta showed the queen an image of our Lady, a very
beautiful wooden child Jesus, and a cross
● She asked for the little child Jesus to keep in place of her idols and this image of child
Jesus is now known as the Sto. Niño found in Cebu .

April 27, 1521

● (originally April 26)

● According to Zula, the chief of Matan, Cilapulapu refused to obey the king of Spain
● Cilapulapu did not want to pay Magellan and his men the goat that they were promised
● Magellan was not pleased since they went to Matan to garner food for their expedition
● Zula requested the captain to send him only one boatload of men to fight against the
other chief. The captain- general decided to go thither with three boatloads
● “The captain did not wish to fight then, but sent a message to the natives to the effect
that if they would obey the king of Spain, recognize the Christian king as their sovereign,
and pay us our tribute, he would be their friend; but that if they wished otherwise, they
should wait to see how our lances wounded."

April 28, 1521

● (orignally April 27)

● At midnight, sixty of Magellan’s men set out armed with corselets and helmets, Christian
king, prince, some of the chief men, 20 or 30 balanghais
● The local islanders had lances of bamboo and stakes hardened with fire
● They shot the captain through the right leg with a poisoned arrow, knocked his helmet off
his head twice,
● An Indian hurled a bamboo spear in the captain’s face, but the latter immediately killed
him with his lance, which he left in the Indian’s body
● 8 of Magellan’s men were killed, 4 Indians were killed by mortars
 ● Of Cilapulapu’s men, only 15 were killed

Contribution of the Document in Understanding the Grand Narrative in Philippine History

● Elaborated the lifestyle back then and it described what the local islanders wore, what
they ate, how they communicated, and how they lived
● Pigafetta's journal is the only known document about Lapu-Lapu's life
● Considered the best source today of the customs and usages of the Filipinos in the early
16th century due to the daily notes Pigafetta took and details about the expedition that
he wrote about
● Contains the first vocabulary of Visayan words ever penned by a European.

Relevance of the Document

● August 10, 1519 = starting point of the first expedition around the world of Magellan.
● The book served as an evidence that the world is round and not flat
● This book aids the researchers and students of today in understanding the context of the
Magellan expedition and how the whole EuropePhilippines conflict commenced.
● Magellan discovered the Pacific Ocean
● Magellan proved that there was a way to the east by sailing west
● Growing up, we’ve understood this issue just simply as the start of the Spanish era and
Magellan being the Philippines’ villain without taking into debate the context and different
reasons of the expedition.
● The expedition that was held from 1519-1522: opened many doors for Spain together
with many other different countries around the world due to the different discoveries from
this expedition.
● led the world to be a more globalized society because of how other countries were
revealed to the European countries.
● businesses rose because of the discoveries that made up the different products.
Collaborations were also made that benefited the different sides.
● opened many doors for the Philippines
● helped us in knowing how the early Filipinos lived by the account of a primary source
who witnessed it firsthand.
● will help us understand how the Filipinos of the past lived and how they coped when
Magellan and his men came to the Philippines.
● We discover what religion Filipinos used to have and they became Christians.
● We also find out how the first Filipinos fought and delayed the Spanish occupation by
about 40 years
● Pigafetta’s journal is also a vital piece not only of Philippine history, but also of World
history. He narrated the events that transpired in a way that gives the readers of his
journal a clear picture of what it was like to be part of the first voyage around the world
 Republic of the Philippines
CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY
Don Severino de las Alas Campus
Indang, Cavite

GNED 04: MGA BABASAHIN HINGGIL SA KASAYSAYAN NG PILIPINAS

METODONG PANGKASAYSAYAN: Batis Pangkasaysayan; Kritikang

Pangkasaysayan

Balangkas ng Pagtalakay:
1. Kasaysayan Bilang Rekonstruksyon
2. Ang Metodong Pangkasaysayan
3. Mga Batis Pangkasaysayan [Nakasulat at ‘Di-Nakasulat; Primarya at Sekundarya]
4. Kritikang Pangkasaysayan [Panlabas and Panloob]

Panimula: Kasaysayan Bilang Rekonstruksyon.

- Ang historyador ay walang dudang napakalayo na mula sa kaganapang kanyang isinasalaysay.

- Umaasa ang historyador sa mga naiwang tala.
- “Only a part of what was observed in the past was remembered by those who observed it; only
a part of what was remembered was recorded; only a part of what was recorded has survived;
only a part of what has survived has come to the historian’s attention.. ” - Louis Gottschalk,
Understanding History.
- “Only a part of what is credible has been grasped, and only a part of what has been grasped
can be expounded or narrated by the historian.” - Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History

Ang Historyador

- Tao na posibleng makagawa ng pagkakamali

- May pagkiling o bias – personal, pulitikal, relihiyon, idiosyncracy
- Bawat historyador ay may sariling frame of reference -- halagahin, katapatan sa isang tao,
hinuha, interes at prinsipyo

Ang Kasaysayan ay Hindi Bunga ng Likhang Isip

- Ang mga salaysay pangkasasayan ay nararapat na nakabatay sa mga kaugnay at nariyan-pa

na mga ebidensya.
- Ang bersyon ng isang nakaraan na hindi sinusuportahan ng ebidensya ay walang katuturan.

Ano ang Metodong Pangkasaysayan?

- Mga panuntunan na nagsisilbing gabay sa pananaliksik at pagsusulat ng akademikong

pananaliksik o propesyunal na kasaysayan.
- Mga protokol na ginagamit ng historyador sa pagsusuri ng mga batis.
- Kailangan ibatay ng mga historyador ang kanilang salaysay sa mga batis pangkasaysayan.
- Kailangan masumpungan ng historyador ang mga kaugnay na batis na siyang magiging
batayan ng kanyang salaysay.
- Kailangan matiyak ng historyador ang sumusunod na impormasyon hinggil sa kanyang mga
nakalap na batis – petsa kung kailan ito isinulat o nilikha, pinagmulan nito at ang orihinal na
intensyon kung bakit ito naisulat o nilikha.
Samakatuwid, Ang Metodong Pangkasaysayan ay…
 - Ang masalimuot na proseso ng kritikal na pagsusuri at pagtatasa ng mga tala at iba pang mga
gamit at/o materyales na nagmula sa nakaraang panahon. - Louis Gottschalk, Understanding
History

Mga Batis Pangkasaysayan

- Batis - isang gamit mula sa nakaraan o testimonya na may kinalaman sa nakalipas kung saan
ibinabatay ng historyador ang kanyang sariling pagtatampok ng nakaraan - Howell and
Prevenier, From Reliable Sources an Introduction to Historical Method.
- Mga nakikita o nahahawakang labi mula sa nakaraan - Anthony Brundage, Going to
Sources.

Mga Batis na Nakasulat

1. Mga Materyales na Limbag

- Libro, magasin, jornal
- Travelogue
- transkripsyon ng isang talumpati
2. Manuskrito [nakasulat-kamay o naka-type subalit hindi pa nailimbag]
- Mga dokumento mula sa artsibo o sinupan
- Memoirs, talaarawan

Mga Batis na ‘Di Nakasulat

- Kasaysayang Pasalita
- Artifact
- Labi
- Fossil
- Gawang-sining
- Videorecording
- Audio Recording

Ano ang Primaryang Batis?

- Testimonya ng isang taong naka-saksi ng kaganapan

- “A primary source must have been produced by a contemporary of the event it narrates” - Louis
Gottschalk, Understanding History.
- “A primary source is a document or physical object which was written or created during the time
under study.”
- “These sources were present during an experience or time period and offer an inside view of a
particular event.”
- “Primary sources provide first-hand testimony or direct evidence concerning a topic under
investigation. They are created by witnesses or recorders who experienced the events or
conditions being documented.”
- “These sources are created at the time when the events or conditions are occurring, it can also
include autobiographies, memoirs, and oral histories recorded later.”
- “Primary sources are characterized by their content, regardless of whether they are available in
original format, in microfilm/microfiche, in digital format, or in published format.”

Apat na Kategorya ng Primaryang Batis

1. Mga Batis na Nakasulat

2. Imahen o Larawan
3. Artifact
4. (Oral/Pasalita na)Testimonya
Primaryang Batis: Testimonya/Salaysay na Oral

- “My first day was a scary one. There was a patient whose earlobes were so long…he had no
nose, only two holes on his face, and no fingers, only the palm of his hands…the other patients
were in different stages of deformity.”

Ano ang mga Sekundaryang Batis?

- “A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources. These sources are one or more
steps removed from the event.”
- “Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or graphics of primary sources in them.”

Mga Halimbawa:

- Teksbuk sa kasaysayan
- Mga nakalimbag na materyales (serial, periodical na nagi-interpreta ng pananaliksik na natapos
na).

Praktikal na Halimbawa/Pagsagot ng Worksheet

- Paksa: Kumbensyon sa Tejeros

- Primaryang Batis: salaysay ni Santiago Alvarez
- Secondary Source: Teodoro Agoncillo, Revolt of the Masses

Ano ang Kritikang Pangkasaysayan?

- Upang magkaroon ng matibay na sandigan at magamit ito bilang ebidensya sa kasaysayan,

ilang mga bagay ang kailangan na itakda, sa anyo at nilalaman.
1. Kritikang Panlabas
2. Kritikang Panloob

Ano ang Kritikang Panlabas?

- Pagtatakda ng katotohanan
- Upang matukoy kung alin ang peke, huwad at gawa-gawa lamang

Pagsusuri kung awtentiko ang dokumento

1. Tiyakin ang petsa kung kailan nalikha ang dokumento upang malaman kung ito ay anachronistic
hal. Hindi pa ginagamit ang lapis bago ang dantaon 16
2. Tiyakin kung sino ang nagsulat ng dokumento .
hal. Sulat-kamay, lagda at selyo
3. Estilong anachronistic hal. idioma, ortograpiya, bantas
4. Anachronistic na pagpapatungkol sa kaganapan
hal. masyadong maaga o huli
5. Pinagmulan o galing kanino ang dokumento
hal. Upang itakda ang katotohanan ng dokumento
6. Semantics – pagtukoy sa kahulugan ng mga salita
7. Hermeneutics – pagtukoy sa tiyak na pagpapakahulugan ng salita

- Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History.

Ano ang Kritikong Panloob?

- Pagtatakda ng Kapaniwalaan
- Mahahalagang bahagi ng dokumento – kapani-paniwala ba ang mga ito?
- “Verisimilar – as close as what really happened from a critical examination of best available
sources.”- Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History.
Pagsusuri ng Kapaniwalaan

1. Pagtukoy at pagkilala sa awtor

hal. upang matanto kung kapani-paniwala ang kanyang sinasabi, ano ang takbo ng isip,
ano ang mga personal na aktitud
2. Pagtaya ng petsa kung kailan isinulat/nilikha ang dokumento
hal. Upang matanto kung naayon sa mga salaysay sa dokumento
3. Kakayahan na magpahayag ng katotohanan
hal. gaano siya kalapit sa kaganapan? gaano ang atensyon na kanyang ibinibigay sa ga
detalye ng pangyayari
4. Kagustuhan na magpahayag ng katotohanan
e.g. upang masuri kung “sinasadya” ng awtor na magpahayag ng katotohanan o
kamalian
5. Koroborasyon
i.e. ang katotohanan sa kasaysayan (historical facts) ay nakasandig sa
independiyenteng testimonya ng dalawa o higit pang mga saksi sa kaganapan

- Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History

Tatlong Mahahalagang Elemento ng Mabisang Kamalayan at Kaisipang Historikal

1. Pagsasaalang-alang sa iba’t ibang sanhi ng mga kaganapan

2. Pag-unawa sa kontekstong pangkasaysayan
3. Kamalayan hinggil sa tema ng “pagpapatuloy at pagbabago” sa kasaysayan

Iba’t ibang sanhi ng mga kaganapan

- May iba’t ibang sanhi o salik na dapat isaaalang-alang na nagbunsod sa mga kaganapan, ito
man ay sa loob ng maikli o mahabang panahon
- Pag-usisa sa lahat ng bagay o sirkumstansya na nagbigay-daan sa kaganapan o pangyayari

Pag-unawa sa Kontekstong Pangkasaysayan

- Kamalayan kung paano naiiba ang mga panahon sa daloy ng kasaysayan

- Pagtutulay sa cultural at temporal gap
- historical mindedness – paggamit ng mga halagahin, kategorya na umiral sa panahong
pinag-aaralan

Pagpapatuloy at Pagbabago

- O mas mainam, pagpapatuloy sa gitna ng pagbabago

- Magkakaroon lamang ng “kasaysayan” kung may makikitang mga pagbabago
 Republic of the Philippines
CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY
Don Severino de las Alas Campus
Indang, Cavite

GNED 04: MGA BABASAHIN HINGGIL SA KASAYSAYAN NG PILIPINAS

TALAKAYAN 2: Pagka-Obhetibo at Pagka-Subhetibo

● Testimonya
- Pinagmulan ng impormasyon/tala sa kasaysayan
- Maaring sumisimbolo o kinatawan ng isang bagay na minsan ay naging totoo.
- WALANG OBHETIBONG KATOTOHANAN
- Umiiral lamang sa isipan ng nakamasid o ng historyador
- SUBHETIBO
- “to be studied objectively a thing must first be an object; it must have an independent
existence outside the human mind” - Gottschalk, L.R.: Understanding History

● Recollections
- PAGGUNITA; pag-alala ng mga pangyayaring naganap na
- NASUSULAT O SINASALITA na testimonya.
- “A vulgar prejudice exists against “subjective” knowledge as inferior to “objective”
knowledge, largely because the word “subjective” has also come to mean “illusory” or
“based upon personal considerations” and hence either “untrue” or “biased” -
Gottschalk, L.R.: Understanding History
- “the word subjective is not used here to imply disparagement of any sort, but it does
imply the necessity for the application of special kinds of safeguards against error” -
Gottschalk, L.R.: Understanding History

Artifacts Bilang Batis ng Kasaysayan

● Artifacts
- “…include tools, clothing, and decorations made by the people. They provide essential
clues for researchers studying ancient cultures.” - National Geographic, n.d.
- kasama ang mga kasangkapan, pananamit, dekorasyon na ginawa ng mga tao.
Nagbibigay ang mga ito ng mga mahahalagang palatandaan para sa mga mananaliksik
na nag-aaral ng sinaunang mga kultura.

● Sadya ng Historyador:
1. Dynamic o Genetic (the becoming)
2. Static (the being or the become)

● Pakay din ng Historyador ang:

3. Pagpapakahulugan (interpretative)
4. Paglalarawan (descriptive)
- “such descriptive data as can be derived directly and immediately from surviving
artifacts are only a small part of the periods to which they belong” - Gottschalk, L.R.:
Understanding History

Limitadong Kaalamang Pangkasaysayan Dulot ng Kakulangan ng mga Tala

- “and only a part of what was observed in the past was remembered by those who
observed it; only a part of what was remembered was recorded; only a part of what was
recorded has survived; only a part of what has survived has come to the historian’s
attention; only a part of what has come to their attention is credible; only a part of what
 is credible has been grasped; and only a part of what has been grasped can be
expounded or narrated by the historian” - Gottschalk, L.R.: Understanding History.
- “the whole history of the past(what has been called history-asactuality) can be known to
him only through the surviving record of it (history-as-record)” - Gottschalk, L.R.:
Understanding History.
- Ang buong kasaysayan ng nakalipas (history-as-actuality) ay maaaring malaman ng
isang historyador sa pamamagitan ng nakaligtas na mga tala nito (history-as-record)
- “in other words the “*object” that the historian studies is not only incomplete; it is
markedly variable as records are lost or rediscovered” - Gottschalk, L.R.:
Understanding History.

Ang Kasaysayan Bilang Subhetibong Proseso ng Muling Paglikha (Re-creation)

- “… the historian’s aim is verisimilitude with regard to the perished past – subjective
process – rather than experimental certainty with regard to an objective reality”
Gottschalk, L.R.: Understanding History
- “…history becomes only that part of the human past which can be meaningfully
reconstructed from the available records and from inferences regarding their setting” -
Gottschalk, L.R.: Understanding History

Metodong Pangkasaysayan at Histograpiya

● Metodong Pangkasaysayan
- proseso ng kritikal na pagsusuri at pag-aaral ng mga tala at mga nakaligtas mula sa
nakalipas.

● Histograpiya
- imahinatibong rekunstruksyon ng nakalipas mula sa mga tala.
- pagsulat ng kasaysayan.

Ang mga Batis

- “the more precise his delimitations of persons, area, time, and function, the more
relevant his sources are likely to be” - Gottschalk, L.R.: Understanding History