INTODUCTION :

Accident can be defined as "an unanticipated and detrimental event, a misfortune unexpected and
with no obvious cause." Pakistan is a middle-income country with a considerably high rate of
road traffic casualties. (Nazir 2016). Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are observed as a leading
cause of human and economic loss (Atubi and Gbadamosi 2015; Wang et al. 2017). The World
Health Organization’s (WHO) Global Status Report on Road Safety indicates that road traffic
accidents cause between 20 and 50 million non-fatal injuries and close to 1.35 million fatal
accidents annually, with significant economic impacts. Over the next decade or so, it is expected
that the number of traffic accidents will increase even more. Road traffic crashes will become the
seventh leading cause of mortality by the year 2030 unless many accident mitigation measures
are taken. As a result of road traffic accidents, society as a whole has experienced a significant
decrease in productivity, and the families of those who have been victimized have been subjected
to significantly increased levels of financial hardship, physical stress, and mental anguish.
(Khattak et al). Road traffic accidents on Pakistani roads are increasing exponentially, which can
be attributed to the country’s rapidly expanding automobile industry. In 2017, the Punjab
Emergency Services (PES) received reports of 9648 traffic accidents, including 1753 fatalities.
Because these numbers are frequently understated, it is possible that the actual numbers are
higher (Batool et al). In order to reduce the number of traffic accidents, it is essential to identify
their root causes. Economic development of any country is depended on safe road traffic system
and transportations of goods. (Hammad et al 2019). Pakistan is a developing country with a joint
family system where one or two earning members usually carries all of their families
expenses.Mostly active member/s of the families move outside from their homes, so they are
more prone to injuries, disabilities, and even death due to RTAs. Thus, such events become the
public health issue and economic losses (Hammad et al). Weather conditions are also one of the
main factors of increasing number of RTAs, injuries, and casualties. Changes in different
weather conditions are considered a major cause of variations in RTAs, injuries, and casualties.
(Hammad et al). Globally the death rate is much higher in Pedestrians, motorcyclists, cyclists
and the passenger use public transport including Asia. (World Health Organization). The
increasing tendency to the road transportation is maximizing the chances of traffic road crashes.
The poor road condition, traffic infrastructure of Pakistan, government policies, lack of
education and irresponsible behavior of citizens are some major causes of road traffic accidents
in Pakistan which needs to be discussed.