The Twelfth International Convention of Asia Scholars (ICAS 12)

https://doi.org/10.5117/9789048557820/ICAS.2022.064

Eidetic Mapping
An Exploration for Sustainability and Resilience of Historic
Urban Landscapes
Komal Potdar1*, Els Verbakel2
1 Early-Stage Researcher at Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design, Israel; Doctoral candidate at
TU Delft, Netherlands; HERILAND ITN
2 Professor, Head of Department of Architecture, Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design,

Jerusalem, Israel
*Corresponding author. Email: ar.komalpotdar@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
The Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) recommendations adopted by UNESCO in 2011 serve as an instrument to
respond to challenges to cultural heritage in urban environments faced by rapid urbanization, climate change,
and urban conflict. It outlines the knowledge and planning tool emphasizing on the documentation and mapping
of landscape characteristics to facilitate decision-making processes within a framework of sustainable
development. Mapping typically precedes planning and design processes and methods of visually representing
risks and vulnerabilities of the territory and formulating them in light of sustainable development of the area,
can offer different perspectives to stakeholders and institutions albeit is practiced in limited capacities and
innovation. The article explores eidetic mapping as a tool for visually representing diachronicity and socio-
spatial configurations HULs to aid the decision-making process. The case study of the ancient port town of Jaffa,
Israel serves as a testing ground for the proposed method, documenting the diachronous evolution, spatial and
socio-economic attributes, and testing its relevance for a new sustainable urban design approach to complex
historic urban environments. As this research is based on historical information, the article is categorized as
qualitative research with a descriptive-analytic approach while the combination with digital tools takes a
heuristic approach. The paper will discuss how the research processed data from primary sources of old maps,
photographs, and other information and explorations through visualizations. The above experiment using
archival records and integrating them with GIS tools as an integral part of the HUL approach, reveals the potential
of what can be termed as eidetic mapping method in the process of sustainable and resilient urban design and
planning for historic urban environments. The potential of this hybrid form of geo-spatial analysis of a historic
urban landscape, documenting and reconstructing its palimpsest of information, of spatial configurations and
their diachronic social and cultural evolution is presented.

Keywords: Historic Urban Landscape Recommendations, Visualization and mapping, Archives, Resilience

1. INTRODUCTION
Historic cities are embodiments of large, complex, and dynamic spatial systems. The spatial
complexity of historic urban landscapes is evident from the diachronous evolution and influence of
myriad social, economic, environmental, and cultural forces and their interaction over centuries on the

Copyright 2022 the Authors / This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 license.
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landscape, the built environment, and their communities. The adoption of the 2011 UNESCO
Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) (UNESCO 2011) was a significant move
towards attestation to the role that landscapes and geographies play in the diachronic evolution of
historic cities and urban environments. The significance of HUL in addressing the social, economic, and
ecological configurations of a given city cannot be undermined. Urban planners and conservation
professionals show little appreciation of how the form taken by the urban landscape is connected to
the historical grain of the city (Whitehand and Gu 2010). Since most contemporary processes of
urbanization and development pose a challenge to the resilience of historic urban environments, the
conservation and at the same time sustainable development of these areas requires the integration of
the HUL approach in urban design, planning, and decision making. As per the Vienna Memorandum
2005,
The future of our historic urban landscape calls for mutual understanding between policymakers,
urban planners, city developers, architects, conservationists, property owners, investors, and
concerned citizens, working together to preserve the urban heritage while considering the
modernization and development of society in a culturally and historic sensitive manner, strengthening
identity and social cohesion (UNESCO 2005)
This mutual understanding can be facilitated by a common ground of mapping the complexity of
spatial layers of the urban landscape. In spite of increasing explorations in recent years of methods of
mapping, surveying, and documenting the diachronicity of urban morphology, there is a lacuna in
application of innovative tools for the graphical representation of knowledge and information for
design and decision-making frameworks.
In the developed world, we often have far more data than we can ever use. In most cases, what is
lacking is not data but an understanding of what is important and the resolve to act. (Lawrence 1997)
In inter-sectorial decision-making, design and planning processes, maps are standard tools
(Duxbury 2005) for quantitative and qualitative analysis and assessments to identify, characterized
and geographically locate spatial attributes and qualities of the city. While geographers usually
approach these mapping methods as precise and objective tools of representing complex spatialities,
mapping methods are often driven by concepts of scale, patterns and perspectives embedded in
political, cultural and social agendas, and thereby operate as a strategic enterprise to unfold new
realities out of existing constraints, quantities and conditions (Corner 1999). Eidetic mapping can be
termed as a process which differs from the quantitative maps of conventional planning; they are
visualized not only to reveal spatial effects of influential elements of regulations, economic, legal
frameworks, but document the space-time continuum and present an argument for further
consideration.
The article aims to explore the research question to how to apply methods of eidetic mapping for
visually representing the diachronicity and socio-spatial configurations of HULs to aid in urban design
and planning decision-making processes toward more resilient and sustainable versions of urban
development and urbanization. The case study of the ancient port town of Jaffa, Israel will serve as an
empirical context for developing this method. This text will present the eidetic mapping of Jaffa as way
to document the diachronous evolution of a complex historic urban landscape, and to test its
applicability for the sustainable development of historic urban environments.
Eidetic mapping is explored as a method which collects archival information and overlays these
layers on present day layers of information using GIS as a platform for georeferencing and spatial
analysis. The article will categorize and illustrate various layers of information and attributes based
on the parameters outlined by UNESCO’s HUL approach and UN Habitat’s New Urban Agenda (UN
Habitat 2017). The research will evaluate the need for overlaying layers to provide a better
understanding of more specific spatial elements such as geological features, topography, vegetation,
heritage and historic buildings. By identifying, and visually representing these spatial elements the
research aims to emphasise the need for identifying physical attributes, which are essential for the
design and planning of historic cities. Using archival materials, such as historic maps and photographs,
and applying image analysis methods, the article discusses how eidetic mapping can combine archival

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information data set explorations in GIS and thereby be a potential tool for illustrating the framework
for decision making in the sustainable development of historic urban environments.

1.1. Case of Jaffa: A fragmented historic urban environment

This research explores the case study of the culturally heterogeneous ancient port town of Jaffa,
today part of Tel Aviv-Yafo municipality, Israel, in an effort to highlight the spatial complexity resulting
from historic events and contemporary design and planning decisions. Jaffa, the ancient commercial
port of the Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman Empires, can be seen as a case of a culturally
heterogeneous urban landscape. The more than 3800-year-old city, was joined in 1906 by the newly
founded Jewish city of Tel Aviv, first envisaged as a modern and advanced neighbourhood of Jaffa and
later as a fully independent city. The addition of Tel Aviv to Jaffa’s urban landscape perpetuated the
social, cultural, economic, and political divide which is experienced until today. Although Jaffa was
eventually annexed to Tel Aviv (1950) the erasure of the city boundaries was not synonymous with
the merging of their social fabrics. The combined urban area of Jaffa and Tel Aviv can be regarded as a
‘partitioned urban zone’ as the past events of conflict primarily between Muslim and the Jewish
communities, the acts of generating a sense of belonging of the Jewish Nation-State, and the erasure of
memory resulted in a fragmented urban fabric in Jaffa. The demographics of Jaffa after the
establishment of the state of Israel, and the tensions between contested identities of shifting
communities have led to a socially fragmented, marginalized, and spatially heterogeneous city. This
has become even more pronounced after UNESCO’s inscription of the Modern White City in Tel Aviv
as World Heritage, which led to the focus of preservation efforts mostly on the modern heritage of the
city.
Describing the cultural significance of Jaffa is incomplete without highlighting its broader
landscape. The geology of this coastal area, the presence of dunes, and the hydrology of the land formed
a unique ecosystem with great implications on the cultural and economic development of the city and
its region. The socio-spatial mechanisms of Jaffa’s town center were interwoven with the history and
narrative of its landscape and greatly influenced the evolution of the city’s land uses (Levine 2005).
The historic magnificence of the port town thanks to its long-standing economic vitality can still be
recognized by grand palatial houses characterized by their highly elaborate and detailed architecture
and materials, surrounded by elaborate enclosures, orange groves, well structures, water channels,
and pump systems developed by their wealthy residents. A study of the atlas Survey of Israel reveals a
large forest, agricultural land and swamp areas surrounding Jaffa’s built up area (Kark and Levine
2012). The historic well-houses were a significant feature of this port town’s-built environment
surrounded by marshlands. Due to the presence of calcareous sandstone and red sand and loam along
the coast, locally called kurkars provided aquifers that were beneficial for local agriculture. The
agricultural hinterland of Jaffa, one of the largest in the country, was at the forefront of the commercial
activity of citrus production and export and gained prominence by the end of the 19th century as a
major economic center and port (Goren 2015). However, during the mid-1930s, the development of
the Jewish city of Tel Aviv had implications on the historic urban landscape of Jaffa to a great extent.
Originally planned as a modern suburb with the garden city concept, Tel Aviv witnessed dramatic
process of urbanization and shifting demographics owing to waves of Jewish immigration.

Today, Jaffa bears testimony to the disruptive and enormous shifts in construction and demolition,
in demographics, and collective memory. The remainder of Jaffa’s fortifications, the physical markers
of its urban memory, narrate the contrasting status and evolution of one of the oldest port towns in
Israel: from magnificence to decline, from thriving culturally diverse neighborhoods to segregated
immigrant communities over time, from a town center to a marginalized existence. This is also
reflected in the socio-economic structure of today’s city of Tel Aviv-Yafo, where the Jaffa
neighborhoods house the lowest Socio-Economic Status of the city (Figure 1). The average public area
per capita in Jaffa is 30.8 square meters, slightly lower than the municipal average. Additional
attributes such as employment, tourism, office space and public transportation point out the
discrepancies between Jaffa and the rest of the city. This polarized position of Jaffa has great

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implications for design and planning decisions along with other factors which contribute to
segregation of the existing communities of Jaffa, urban gentrification and the degradation of its historic
urban layers, further accelerated by international and local tourism and an explosive real estate
market. This case study will highlight these challenges to the future of Jaffa as mentioned above and
demonstrate their significance in light of UNESCO’s HUL recommendations and their applicability for
the sustainable development of heterogeneous historic urban environments(Bandarin and van Oers
2012).

Figure 1. Tel Aviv-Yafo’s Socio-Economic Status (SES) mapped as per Statistical Areas and Quarters.
The SES of Quarter 7 (Jaffa), the focus area for research, has the lowest score. Data source: www.tel-
aviv.gov.il. (Map prepared by Authors)

2. HISTORIC URBAN ENVIRONMENTS AND EIDETIC MAPPING

In general, and specifically in Jaffa, contemporary processes of urban development and
urbanization pose a challenge for the continuity of the city’s historical spatial configurations and often
render them obsolete. This emphasizes the need for identifying and recognizing the historic attributes
and socio-spatial configurations of urban layers to drive and support the imminent future design
processes; to ensure an effective and sustainable link between a society and its heritage (Bandarin and
van Oers 2012) which is the primary guideline of HUL recommendation.

2.1 The need for eidetic mapping

Mapping typically precedes planning and design, with the intention of objectively identifying and
representing the terms around which planning and design may then be rationally developed, evaluated
and built (Corner 1999). Nevertheless, representing risks, vulnerabilities, formulating sustainability
frameworks and developing operative tools (Paez 2019) are rarely adopted by stakeholders and

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decision makers. Though global frameworks have long established guidelines to recognize the
opportunities and strengths of historic urban environments, and enhance sustainable solutions for the
urban development of historic cities, the use of mapping in these processes has remained limited. To
become a more useful tool in the decision-making process, mapping will need to include the diachronic
analysis of the evolution of historic cities and the integration of various levels of data collection and
their assessment in the process of decision making. However, this re-definition of the significance of
tangible and intangible urban heritage based on HUL guidelines, which are beyond the traditional
conservation approaches, present many challenges of implementing the proposed methodology. Two
critical steps are needed: a sharper analysis of each layer of information and a greater integration of
the different layers of the urban landscape (Whitehand 2010).
Article 9 of the 2011 UNESCO’s HUL recommendation states:
This wider context includes notably the site’s topography, geomorphology, hydrology and natural
features, its built environment, both historic and contemporary, its infrastructures above and below
ground, its open spaces and gardens, its land use patterns and spatial organization, perceptions
and visual relationships, as well as all other elements of the urban structure. It also includes social
and cultural practices and values, economic processes and the intangible dimensions of heritage as
related to diversity and identity (UNESCO 2011).
The main objective of this study is to present an operational exploratory method to document the
spatial structures and attributes of the historic urban environment by using archives and digital tools
for overlaying and creating new forms of visualizing knowledge (Burkhard 2005). These overlays, here
after termed eidetic maps, are designed and developed to bring forth layers of information and their
inter-connectedness with the urban fabric and highlight the issues or gaps in contemporary design and
decision-making processes. Such process will aid envisioning, re-assessing and re-thinking the
dissemination and the intra-disciplinary actions from the view of design and planning practitioners
and decision makers. The use of GIS and digital tools in this process enables collecting, processing,
analysing, visualization and sharing of spatial data to support decision-making.

3. METHOD, CONCEPTUAL APPROACH AND EVALUATION

As this study is based on historical information, the article can be categorized as qualitative research
with the descriptive-analytic approach. Since throughout recorded history, cities have been studied,
planned, and imagined as places whose form and structure can be represented as models, maps, and
pictures of locations (Batty 2013), this study uses a heuristic approach, combining archival maps with
digital tools in an attempt to reach new understandings of complex historic urban landscapes. The
research included collecting primary sources of old maps, historic photographs, and mapping
information from various sources experimenting with new forms of visualizing different urban layers.
This section will explain a conceptual mapping model (Kraak and Ormeling 2020) and illustrate the
strengths of data integration into visualizing information and demonstrating its potential applicability
(Table 1).

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Table 1. The conceptual framework information visualization and spatial analysis adapted from Geographical
Information Science and maps (Kraak and Ormeling 2020) and illustrated application to the case of Jaffa, Israel.

CONCEPTUAL APPROACH CASE OF JAFFA

Define analysis objective and

Determine the role of HUL attributes in resilience planning
conditions to adhere to

Prepare data for spatial Digitize, georeference archival maps, images.

analysis Add ditigal data and layers on GIS and other softwares

Execute spatial analysis Georefernece with GCP, image correction, clip, manual raster

Evaluate and interpret results Evaluate the vulnerable area for flooding and assessment

Refine analysis Delete discripancies in georeferncing

Present results Final eidetic maps, images and tables

The area of focus is Jaffa, Quarter 7, which was historically an Arab port town as well as territories
demarcated for orchards, agriculture, swamps and residences. Recently, the area has undergone a
large influx of new residents, the construction of a new light rail, changes in land use patterns leading
to rising real estate prices and gentrification. In January 2020, Israel was hit by heavy rainfall breaking
records of over 50 years leading to large scale devastations. Among other parts of the city, the Givat
Herzl neighbourhood where the Bloomfield stadium was constructed on former marshland in 2005,
was inundated with storm water (See Figure 2). Though the area has a well-planned storm water
drainage system, it was intriguing to find the failure of infrastructure and the lack of planning for
extreme climate events. The SDG 11.5 emphasises to substantially decrease the direct economic losses
caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people
in vulnerable situations. The NUA sustainable development goal, focuses on reducing disaster risks by
mitigating and adapting to climate change (UN Habitat 2017). These can here be integrated with the
HUL approach in understanding the history of the area as a flood zone, and requiring further spatial
analysis and visualization, as detailed in the conceptual framework.

Figure 2. L-The contemporary built fabric of the Givat Herzl neighborhood, Source: Google Street
view; R- Flooding and inundation in the area in 2020; (Source: https://www.timesofisrael.com/tel-
aviv-residents-blame-city-as-answers-sought-over-deaths-in-flooded-elevator/)

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The aim of visualizing the attributes of Jaffa’s HUL and its significance for contemporary design and
planning was pursued by performing multi-temporal visual analysis based on historical datasets and
extracted elements from various sources (Table 2)
• Second map of Jaffa and environs based on Jacotin, 1799. Service historique de l’armée de terre,
Armées. France: LII 332-2. (Shacham 2011)
• 1930 of Survey of Palestine, Scale 1:10,000, with highlighting showing urban boundaries of Jaffa
and Tel Aviv within the Jaffa Municipality. Image processing method: Geo-references with
nearest neighbour in GIS. Overlay and manual raster of georeferenced image and base image
with Photoshop and Illustrator was used for the shape and line-work of the drawing.
• 1943 Survey of Palestine map, Scale 1:20,000, Sheet 12-16
• 1932 Low oblique grey scale aerial photographs and land use map derived from visual
assessment (Source: (LOC 1978))
Table 2. Types of data according to HUL attributes used for spatial overlay and analysis
No. HUL Attribute Detailed element Source

1 Topography Contours Digital Elevation Model in QGIS, Google

Earth

2 Geomorphology Geology Geological Map of Israel, Survey of

Israel 1

3 Hydrology and natural features Rivers, streams, lakes SRTM (Space shuttle-based radar
interferometric data set) in QGIS

4 Built environment, both historic and Well houses, villages Tel Aviv GIS;
contemporary
Archival maps

5 Infrastructures above and below Historic port town Archival maps

ground

6 Open spaces and gardens Gardens, playgrounds, reserve nature parks Tel Aviv GIS, Google OSM

7 Land use patterns
Historic land use of orchards, agriculture,
villages, Fort, port.
Contemporary land use of residential,
commercial, public, open space.
Topography maps, Survey of Israel;
Archival maps, lithographs;
Aerial images; Tel Aviv GIS

8 Intangible dimensions of heritage as Community gardens Tel Aviv GIS 2

related to diversity and identity

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Figure 3. Georeferenced maps on Photoshop and QGIS, with the quarter borders (L-1799; R-1930).
(Source: Authors)

The maps were geometrically corrected, georeferenced though ground control points (GCPs) and in
the Quantum GIS environment, three maps were compared through an overlay image processing
operation and manual rasterization (Figure 3). Also, through comparison of archival photographs, the
transformation could be easily identified and correlated to the georeferenced maps. This method of
comparison is more effective and reliable if the images in time are taken and reproduced with the same
technique and angle (Bosselmann 1998). After this process it was possible to identify the
transformations in a study area over time, to make comparisons, or to seek answers to questions
regarding the territory, as described here.

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Figure 4. An eidetic map prepared by extracting layers from historic maps, in accordance to the HUL
approach. The circled area is the focus of analysis, which identifies the low-lying areas due to contour
levels and the traditional uses allocated for agricultural and orange orchards. Maps also document the
layer of geology and presence of calcareous sandstone, which is a conducive material for aquifers,
locally known as kurkars. (Prepared by Author)

The potential of such an overlay and image analysis is the possibility to analyse and document spatial
relationships between attributes from several layers, e.g., coinciding layers of historic well houses and
water bodies which indicate the aquifers and geological qualities of the landform (Figure 4). On further
evaluation and interpreting results, the flooding of the neighbourhood highlights the lacunae in
current urban design and planning methods for urban resilience. The presence of the al-bassa or
swamp as seen in the archival map, coincides with the present-day residential area, highlighting the
absence of study of valleys, contours and the incorporation of design features to address a resilient
and well-planned infrastructure.

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Figure 5. Area of discussion highlighted in dotted yellow circle. Top: A 1932 aerial photograph of
Jaffa extents; Source: Library of Congress, PICRYL.com; Bottom- A present day aerial image of North
Jaffa with similar visual field extracted from the Tel Aviv municipality 3D software. (Source:
https://simplex-smart3d.com/ces/tlv/app/)

Another exploration of a visual approach to observe changes and transformations was carried out with
a set of archival photographs and comparing it to the present-day 3D city map (Figure 5). Within the
theory of eclectic atlases (Boeri 2004), the lateral or oblique gaze allows the viewer to see the
transformations occurring in spaces, which is a departure from the traditional zenithal paradigm. The
method of comparison is more effective and reliable if the images in time are taken and reproduced
with the same technique or same visual field and angle (Bosselmann 1998). The comparison reveals
large swathes of open area, agricultural fields transformed into a dense urban fabric, which altered
historic spatial configurations and morphology. This step can be further combined with Machine
Learning to quantitatively document the change in land use or spatial attributes at neighbourhood or
city scales (UNESCO 2020).

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4. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSION

Maps and plans are fundamental for any form of land navigation, demarcation or organization
(Corner 1992). Similarly, the visualization and assessment of information are significant in influencing
change and frameworks in decision making for planning and design. Besides spatial planning informed
by eidetic mapping, it is imperative to address issue of spatial justice in heterogeneous urban
environments. By mapping and assessing socio-economics, demographics and their spatial aspects, the
vulnerability of certain communities can be addressed and the manifestation of a just spatial planning
and design process can be targeted. To reach this more integrated approach of mapping and cross-
disciplinary planning there is a need for strengthening the co-ordination of national, regional and local
governments and for the provision of social and basic services for all, especially in communities that
are most vulnerable to disasters (NUA Article 29) which can be supported by a more complex
representation of the challenges at stake

The above experiment with use of archival records and aggregation of GIS tools to interpret the
complex spatialities of the heterogeneous historic urban landscape, reveals the potential of eidetic
mapping in the process of sustainable and resilient planning for complex historic urban environments.
The multi-layered geo-spatial analysis of a historic urban landscape has the potential to document and
reconstruct a palimpsest of information of the spatial configurations and their diachronic social and
cultural evolution. Precision in mapping the geography, hydrology and other attributes of the HUL is
thus important to capture all attributes of the landscape and to provide a base for assessment through
visualization of information. It is crucial to note here that the different layers and attributes of
landscape change at different pace; e.g.: the geology changes over millennia whereas the land uses
change over decades. The process of layering and eidetic mapping enables us to collate information
and present the undocumented, unperceived spatial attributes which may appear incongruous or
untimely but harbour enormous potential for the unfolding of alternative forms of information for
supporting design decisions. Since a variety of digital tools are currently available for urban studies
and present a vast canvas for analysis and evaluations, carrying out an in-depth analysis based on
knowledge of the current spatial condition and its requirement for future polices and plans, innovation,
documentation and interdisciplinary collaboration is of fundamental importance.

From the above explorations it can be concluded that eidetic mapping and complex visualization
methods of heterogeneous historic urban landscapes can be a suitable approach for an enhanced
sustainable and resilient urban strategy. Digital tools such as GIS along with machine learning and
artificial intelligence in urban and spatial planning undoubtedly facilitate the work of urban planners
and designers in an attempt to approach complex urban environments with more care.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This article is a product of research conducted by the author within the framework of the
HERILAND-Consortium, funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation
programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 813883.

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ENDNOTES

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303918963_Geological_maps_of_Israel_150000_Sheet_7-
II_Tel_Aviv_-_Sneh_Amihai_Rosensaft_Marcelo_2008/link/575d720b08aed884621646ec/download
2 https://gisn.tel-aviv.gov.il/iview2js4/index.aspx

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