Asme 1 Probad Manual PDF

SIGMA PROBAD
Manual
Ingenieurgesellschaft
20
Code-based Strength Calcualtions of Pressure
Parts , 20
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ar
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2020-1
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SIGMA Ingenieurgesellscha mbH

2020
Contents of this document are subject to change without notice. The manual is protected by copyright. No
part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, for any purpose, without permission.
All of the mentioned products and brand names are trademarks or indexed trademarks of the respective
manufacturers.
SIGMA Ingenieurgesellscha mbH

Bertha-von-Suttner-Allee 19
59423 Unna, Germany
www.ROHR2.com +49 (0) 2303 332 33-0
Contents
I Part I 1
I PROBAD Program details 3

I.1 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
I.2 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
I.3 User support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
I.4 Contact details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
II Part II 5
1 General 7
1.1 How to begin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1.1 Menu bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.1.1.1 Menu - File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.1.1.2 The command bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.1.2 Overview project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.1.3 Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.1.3.1 Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.1.3.2 Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.1.3.3 Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.2 Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.2.1 Settings - General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.2.1.1 Settings - General - View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.2.1.2 Settings - Gerneral - Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.2.1.3 Settings - General - Backup settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.2.2 Settings - Kernel output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.2.2.1 Settings - Kernel output - Report templates . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.2.3 Settings - Advanced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.2.3.1 Settings - Advanced - Systems of measurement . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.3 Model / positioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2 Calculation standards 29
2.1 ASME B31.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.1.1 Component group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.1.2 Supplements to the rules and regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.1.3 Load Case definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.1.3.1 Load case operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.1.3.2 Load case test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.1.4 Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.1.4.1 Input - Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.1.4.2 Input - Branch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.1.4.3 Input - Bend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
i
PROBAD 2020-1 Manual SIGMA Ingenieurgesellscha mbH
Contents www.rohr2.com
Contents
2.2 ASME B31.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

2.2.1 Component group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.2.2 Supplements to the rules and regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.2.3 Load case definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.2.3.2 Load case test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.2.4 Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.2.4.1 Input - Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.2.4.2 Input - Branch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.2.4.3 Input - Bend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.3 ASME Sect. I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.3.1 Component group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.3.2 Editions, addendas and erratas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.3.3 Load case definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.3.3.2 Load case test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.3.4 Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2.3.4.1 Input - Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2.3.4.2 Input - Nozzle / Branch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
2.3.4.3 Input - Nipple Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
2.3.4.4 Input - Dished Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
2.3.4.5 Input - Flat Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
3 Databases 105
3.1 Material Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.2 Pipe / Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.3 Elbow / Bend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4 Calculation examples 109

4.1 ASME B31.1:2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
4.1.1 ASME B31.1 - Tube with branch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
4.1.2 ASME B31.1 - Bend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
4.2 ASME B31.3:2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.2.1 ASME B31.1 - Tube with branch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.2.2 ASME B31.3 - Bend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
4.3 Control calculation ASME I : 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4.3.1 ASME I - Tube with branch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4.3.2 ASME I - Tube with nipple field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
4.3.3 ASME I -Tube with Arched ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
4.3.4 Hand calculation ASME I cylinder with flat ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
5 Licenses for 3rd-Party components 147

5.1 .NET RTF Writer Library in C# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
5.2 WPFTaskDialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
5.3 ControlzEx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
5.4 DiffPlex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
5.5 Extended.Wpf.Toolkit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
5.6 Fluent.Ribbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
5.7 IllusoryStudios.Wpf.LostControls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
5.8 JetBrains.Annotations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
5.9 WpfMath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
5.10 PDFSharp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
ii
SIGMA Ingenieurgesellscha mbH PROBAD 2020-1 Manual
www.rohr2.com Contents
Contents
5.11 devDept Eyeshot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

5.12 MoreLinq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
5.13 OxyPlot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
5.14 PeNet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
5.15 DocX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
iii
I
Part I
1
I PROBAD Program details
I.1. General Information

Programm name: PROBAD
PROBAD is the standard solution for code-based
Program release: PROBAD Release 2020-1
strength calculations of pressure parts. PROBAD is successfully used for years worldwide by
leading companies of the boilers and vessels industry, in plant design and in piping construction.
The latest status of standards in PROBAD and a continuously technical development is guaranteed
by PROBAD maintenance agreements.
PROBAD offers solutions for the effective use of calculation modules in accordance with the stan-
dards:
• AD 2000-sheets, TRD-sheets
• EN 12952, EN 13480, EN 13445, EN 1591
• ASME Sect. I., ASME Sect. VIII./1, ASME B31.1, ASME B31.3
• WRC 107, WRC 297
I.2. Installation
For instructions please refer to the PROBAD installation manual PROBADinstall_e.pdf
For license activation please refer to the PROBAD licensing manual PROBADlicense_e.pdf.
I.3. User support

All so ware features and functions are documented in the integraded help and on the following
sections of this document.
Additional information sources are available
• the internet: ROHR2 Forum including the PROBAD -FAQ (Frequently asked questions)
• the user support providing advice on installation and application of the program (hotlineser-
vice) on workdays (Mondays to Fridays) from 9.00 - 16.00 (Central European Time).
zur Verfügung.
I.4. Contact details

User support adress SIGMA Ingenieurgesellscha mbH
Program-Support
Bertha-von-Suttner-Allee 19
59423 Unna
Germany
3
I. PROBAD Program details www.rohr2.com
I.4. Contact details
Telephone and Email So ware-Support: ++49 (0) 2303 332 33 45

support.probad@rohr2.de So ware-sales: +49 (0) 2303 332 33 0
sales.probad@rohr2.de
Internet www.rohr2.de
www.rohr2.com
4
II
Part II
5
1 General
The PROBAD program system is used to solve strength calculations of vessels, apparatus and
pressure parts of steam generators. The strength calculations correspond to the corresponding
technical regulations. Calculations according to the following rules are possible:
• EN 12952
• EN 13445
• EN 13480
• EN 1591
• ASME B31.1
• ASME B31.3
• ASME Sect. I
• ASME Sect.VIII, Div. 1
• AD2000 incl. DIN 2505
• TRD
• WRC 109 (3/79)
• WRC 297 (9/85)
PROBAD should only be used by persons, who are instructed in the appropriate standard and
also in the Program system PROBAD .
The calculations are based on the specification (input) of
• Load conditions
• Dimensions of the pressure parts
• Description of the construction
• Material data
A PROBAD -calculation is called ’design check’ if the measures of all components are completely
defined by the user. A PROBAD -calculation is called ’dimensioning’ i he measures of at least
one component are not completely entered. In case of dimensioning the work of the module can
be influenced by defining minimum or maximum wall thicknesses and by choosing special strate-
gies. The calculations are supported by data bases and tables for material data and geometrical
specification.
1.1. How to begin

A er starting PROBAD , the initial screen appears. It is divided into 3 areas.
The menu entries are located on the far le of the green area. In the middle are the last used
projects and on the right sight are the templates. Below the templates are the validation examples
for manual calculation.
7
1. General www.rohr2.com
1.1. How to begin
If you select a template or create a new project, the input mask is displayed:
This mask is divided into five sections.
1. the menu bar.

2. the command bar. Function buttons allow input and add components.
3. the project overview, here you can see all orders and the contained drawings/data sets in a tree
structure.
4. the details, here entries can be made or the calculation results can be checked. There is a tooltip
8
www.rohr2.com 1. General
1.1. How to begin
function for most buttons and input fields.

5. the help, which can be displayed via the button ”Help” or via F1.
1.1.1. Menu bar
Here you can choose between the menu items ”File”,”Start”,”Display” and ”Documentation/Re-
port”.
9
1.1. How to begin
1.1.1.1. Menu - File
The following functions are listed under the menu item File
New Project Open a new project

Save save the current project
Save as... Save the current project with a new name
Recent file A list of the recent projects is shown
Import Order of the last releases be imported
License Manager - Overview of available licenses
Settings general settings
Exit Exit PROBAD
Function Import
10
1.1. How to begin
You can use the ”Import” function to import requests from the last release ( PROBAD Classic).
First select the directory in which the order data is stored. A er this has been selected, the directory
must be updated. The contained jobs appear on the right side of the user interface. The requests,
drawings and data records to be imported must be selected.
A er clicking on ”Import” the selected data will be saved in a new PROBAD project.
License-Manager
11
1.1. How to begin
In the menu item ”License-Manager” all licenses available for the program are administered. Here,
licenses for the processing of projects can be used and released again. All free and thus available
licenses are marked in yellow. If no more licenses are available, the license is marked in red. If
a license is grayed out, there is no license for this module. If a license is currently in use on this
computer, it is marked green.
By checking the button of the respective licenses, the licenses are used for the user. If all licenses
are in use, it is only possible to process a project in this module a er the license has been released
by a second user.
1.1.1.2. The command bar
The command bar is organized in several tabs. The tabs ”Start”,”Reports” and ”View” are always
available.
The Tab ”Start” includes the follwing Button groups:
12
1.1. How to begin
Button group ”New”
New Order
With this button you may create a new order inside the current open file. One file may
contain multiple independent orders.
Corresponds to: ”Navigator > Order > New”
New Drawing
With this button you may add a new drawing to the current order. A single drawing is
Standard-specific and may only contain Files from the chosen standard.
The lower part of the Button allows to choose from the available standards.
The upper part of the Button will add a new drawing of the same type as the last one.
Corresponds to: ”Navigator > Drawing > New”
New File-entry
Use this button to display a selection of available files for the currently selected draw-
ing.
A file can then be added to the current drawing.
New component
Use this button to display a selection of available components for the currently se-
lected file.
A component can then be added to the current file.
Button group ”Edit”
13
1.1. How to begin
Back
One level back in the project overview
Next
One level forward in the project overview
delete entry
Deletes the current selected item.
open material database

Shows the global material database and manages material references.
Order settings...
Opens the Settings panel for the Order settings of the current selected entry.
Defaults may be specified using File > Settings
Safety factors...
Opens the Settings panel for the Order settings of the current selected entry.
Defaults may be specified using File > Settings
Duplicate component
Creates a duplicate of the selected File and adds it
at the end of the current selected drawing.
Button group ”Calculate/MatDat”
Calculation
Calculates the current component
Calculate drawing
Calculates all components of the current drawing.
Components which are missing input data are not calculated.
14
1.1. How to begin
Button group ”Documentation”
Save component report as PDF

Creates a calculation report of the selected part in PDF format.
Further reports and formats can be found in the tab ”Reports”.
Save Drawing-Report as PDF

Creates a calculation report of all calculated parts of the selected drawing in PDF
format.
Button group ”Help”
Show help
Request support
Create an email to PROBAD support support.probad@rohr2.de.
The currently opened project is attached to the email and can be removed.
For this function, an email client must be installed and configured on the sys-
tem.
Open project folder

Opens the location of the currently opened project file.
The Tab ”Reports” includes the following Buttons:

Button group ”component report”
15
1.1. How to begin
Save component report as PDF

Creates a calculation report of the selected part in PDF format.
Save component report as Docx

Creates a calculation report of the selected part in RTF (Word) format.
Save component report as CSV

Creates a calculation report of the selected part in CSV (Excel) format.
Button group ”full report”
Save Drawing-Report as PDF

Creates a calculation report of all calculated parts of the selected drawing in PDF
format.
Save Drawing-Report as Docx

Creates a calculation report of all calculated parts of the selected drawing in Docx
(Word) format.
Save Drawing-Report as CSV

Creates a calculation report of all calculated parts of the selected drawing in CSV (Excel)
format.
Button group ”pressure part list”
16
1.1. How to begin
Save pressure Part list of Drawing as PDF

Creates a list of pressure-bearing parts in PDF format.
Save pressure Part list of Drawing as Docx

Creates a list of pressure-bearing parts in Docx (Word) format.
Save pressure Part list of Drawing as CSV

Creates a list of pressure-bearing parts in CSV (Excel) format.
The Tab ”View” includes the following Button:

Button group ”Project overview”
File-No. ascending
Sort files ascending by position number
File-No. descending Sort files descending by position number
Name ascending
Sort files ascending by name
Name descending
Sort files descending by name
Button group ”Display Units”
17
1.1. How to begin
SI-Units are shown
US Units are shown
The Tab ”Model/Positioning” is displayed when a 3D model is selected for nozzle positioning. It
contains the following buttons:
Button group ”Views”
A defined view of the 3D model can be selected in the selection box.
Add view...
Creates a new view. A title and a description can be assigned to the view. Views can
be printed in the report.
Save view
Saves the current view.
Delte view
Deletes the current view.
Print with report

Determines whether the selected view should be printed in the component report.
Button group ”Section planes”
In the selection box, one of 6 cutting planes can be selected for editing. By selecting the ”Activate”
option, the model is cut according to the plane.
18
1.1. How to begin
Edit
Activating this option puts the section plane into edit mode. Position and orientation
of the section plane can be changed in this way.
Apply changes
Edit Mode changes are applied and saved with the currently selected view.
he ”New File-entry” button is context-sensitive. Depending on which set of rules is currently

selected, different data records can be created.
The following data records are possible for the individual sets of standards:
pipe
bend / elbow
branch / tee
toruspherical head
flat head
If a File-Entry is selected, a component can be added. The following buttons are included:
A new branch can be added to the selected file entry.
A new nipple field can be added to the selected file entry.
1.1.2. Overview project

The le -hand area of the ”Project overview” entry screen is structured hierarchically. First of all,
we have the assignment. This is to be provided with general information for the current order.
Underneath is the drawing. Specific data for the drawing must be assigned here, including the
operating data. Any number of load case data records can be generated. The next and last instance
is the record. The object to be calculated is defined here. Materials and geometry must be assigned.
A selection of load cases to be calculated must also be made. Objects can be added to the dataset
19
1.1. How to begin
via the menu item ”Add”. Any number of entries can be used in the project overview. The user can
decide whether he wants to process several orders in one project or whether a single project should
be created for each order. All three levels must be represented in each project. The hierarchy ”Order
- Drawing - Data record” must be maintained.
1.1.3. Details
In the middle area is the input area for details. This area is divided into three tabs. These three tabs
describe the input, result and documentation modes.
1.1.3.1. Input
The information of the order, drawing or data set can be entered here. All data which must be
available for the calculation are marked in red. The input options for ”Order” and ”Drawing” are
identical for all calculation standards. When creating a new ”drawing”, it must be decided according
to which standard the calculation shall be made. The input to the ”Data Set” is context-dependent
and varies from component to component.
Input - Order At order level, general information can be added to the order. ”Order name”, ”order
number” and ”comment” are documented in the calculation report. ”Description” is a project
internal information and is not documented. The ”order name” and the ”order number” are currently
limited to 28 punctuation marks by the length of the calculation core. However, it is possible to
enter any number of punctuation marks in the user interface, if the 28 punctuation marks of the
calculation core are exceeded, the input window is marked ”yellow-orange”.
20
1.1. How to begin
Input - Drawing On the drawing layer, general information can be added to the drawing. ”Drawing
name”,”Drawing number”,”Name of the editor”,”Phone” and ”Design manager” are currently limited
to 28 punctuation marks by the computer core. ”Department” is currently limited to 8 punctuation
marks by the computer core. However, it is possible to enter any number of punctuation marks
in the user interface, if the 28 punctuation marks of the calculation core are exceeded, the input
window is marked ”yellow-orange”. ”Comment” and ”Description” are not limited in the input
length. Except for ”Description”, all entered information will be documented.
Name of revisor - Department To identify the person responsible for the job section, this input
data appears in the header of the print output. They are taken from the general drawing data.
Design Manager If data is keyed in here, a check box will appear on the first page of the individual
print output. This box shows the name entered in this field, providing the possibility of hand-written
confirmation. In case no data is entered, the check box will not appear on the print output.
Calculation acc. to If several revisions are implemented for the currently selected code, you can
select the revision a er which the analysis is to be carried out and documented.
Loadcases On the drawing level, the reference load cases are defined for all data records repre-
sented in the drawing level. New load cases are created via the ”PLUS” button:
21
1.1. How to begin
Any number of load case references can be generated. You can choose between the load types
”operating load case” and ”test conditions” during creation. If a load case has already been created,
you can edit the data a erwards by double-clicking on the load case. The ”X” button deletes the se-
lected load case. All calculation-relevant information will be elaborated in the chapter ”Calculation
22
1.2. Settings
- Load Case”.
Input - Entry At the level of the data record, context-dependent information must be specified for
the respective data record. The following components can be selected for the respective calculation
rules:
ASME B31.1 Pipe

Pipe with branch
Bend
ASME B31.3 Pipe
Pipe with branch
Bend
ASME Sect. I Pipe
Pipe with branch
Pipe with nipple field
Dished head with and without nozzles
Flat head with and without nozzle
All calculation-relevant information on the data sets will be eöaborated in the chapter ”Calcula-
tion”.
1.1.3.2. Result
The calculation results are displayed in the ”Result” mode. The results are summarized briefly in
the upper section. This is followed by the complete calculation report. If a calculation has just
been carried out for a data set or at any time before, the result data is stored in the project file. This
enables the user to generate the result output in any desired form at any time without having to
perform a new calculation.
1.1.3.3. Documentation
The completed calculation report is displayed in the documentation. This can be provided with
individual headers and footers.
1.2. Settings
Via ”File|Settings” a window can be opend in which all settings can be made. This window is divided
into the following topics:
23
1.2. Settings
• General
• Cernel output
• Documentation
1.2.1. Settings - General
1.2.1.1. Settings - General - View
In the View section one is able to change the language of the user interface. A restart of the Applica-
tion is required for the changes to take effect.
1.2.1.2. Settings - Gerneral - Data
With Settings - Data one may specify if it is possible to save an additional CSV-File containing results.
One may change the company name printed on the result reports using the given input boxes.
1.2.1.3. Settings - General - Backup settings
If the option ”Save before calculation” is selected, the current project is saved before each calcula-
tion run.
Selecting the option ”create duplicate” asks the Application to create a duplicate of the saved project
file and save it to the chosen location.
The duplicate will get a unique timestamp added to its filename. The application does not check
for existing files, those will be overwritten.
One may choose the options to create subfolders for the current machine name and for the current
Windows-Useraccount name.
24
1.2. Settings
1.2.2. Settings - Kernel output
The general program settings are divided into three areas. In the upper area you can make settings
for the print output. Settings for the display can be made in the middle area. In the lower area, you
can make settings for the report template. The following settings can be selected:
Printed output:
25
1.2. Settings
Lines per Page standard 66 rows

Page-Numbering separate (protocol, messages, results)
continuous numbering
continuous without numbering of message page
Output language german
english
Units Same as input
SI
US
Head No - results without head
Yes - long head, short head on following pages
long - long head on all pages
include cover sheet Yes / No
Type of output Short output
Long output
Protocol of input and long output
Hide messages and warnings Yes / No
View:
The same selection options are available for the output language, units, header and type of
Output as for ”Print output”.
1.2.2.1. Settings - Kernel output - Report templates
One may use user defined templates for the PFD and Docx reports.
The templates must obey the following restrictions:
Around the report text of a PDF text there should be a margin of

Le : 25mm
Up: 40mm
Right: 15mm
Bottom: 20mm.
Inside this margin there should be no objects on the template document.
The document used as a Docx-template must contain the text

#R2DOC/FILE$PROBADReport.docx$#
incl. all special characters. This text will be completely replaced by the calculation report.
In addition, you can select whether the corresponding material data sheet should be added to the
calculation report. This only applies to documentation in PDF format.
26
1.3. Model / positioning
1.2.3. Settings - Advanced
1.2.3.1. Settings - Advanced - Systems of measurement
Using this options one may activate the toggle of different systems of measurement for the view of
the input and result pages.
Using a system of measurement for display other than for calculation the displayed values will be
converted accordingly. Calculation and documentation will still be done using the defined system
of measurement for calculation.
This function is for informational purposes only! Please read the warning below.
The use of this Setting may deviate from the specifications in the calculation standards an
may lead to the loss or refusal of acceptance of the calculation by a named body! Use for
informational purposes only!

The last entry of a File-entry in the project directory is the ”model / positioning”. If necessary, the
nozzles can and must be positioned here. The system can also be visually checked here with the
aid of a 3D model to scale. The scale of the model refers only to the components shown, there is no
claim to completeness. This model does not serve as a technical drawing.
The components of the model may differ in color.
Components whose wall thicknesses have been specified by the user are shown in gray.
Components whose wall thicknesses have been designed by the program are shown in beige.
Positioning: On the le side, the available components can be positioned using the ”Add” func-
tion. If an entry of the available components is selected, all already positioned components of
27
this type are highlighted in blue. If an entry of the already positioned components is selected, it is
highlighted in red.
Handling model / positioning:
The buttons shown above can be used to change the view of the 3D model.
The functions are as follows (from le to right).
- Create standard view.
- Magnifying glass function on a special area.
- Zoom function to a special area.
- Zoom function to the center of the display.
- Move by holding the le mouse button.
- Rotate by holding the le mouse button.
- Maximize model within zoom limits.
- the current view will be save.
You can also zoom using the scroll wheel.

Further pre-defined views can be obtained by clicking on the cube with the mouse.
28
2 Calculation standards
2.1. ASME B31.1

”ASME B31.1 - Power Piping” covers rules for construction of piping typically in electric power
generating stations, in industrial and institutional plants, geotherm heating systems and central
and district heating and cooling systems.
2.1.1. Component group

The calculation of pressure vessels by PROBAD according to Code ASME B31.1 is seperated in
different parts - in the following called ’Pressure parts’. A pressure part is the useful summary of
several single components, which cannot be considerated independantly during the calculation.
For example the pressure part ’Cylindric shell with nozzles’ allows to register a cylindrical shell with
up to ten nozzles incl. reinforcement pads in one single input file. This complete input file makes it
possible to calculate not only the single components against internal pressure, but also to take into
consideration the influence of adjacent components.
This influences may be the wall thickness- or diameter relations of connected components, but
also the efficiency of the main body caused by isolated or adjacent openings.
During one calculation all defined components are designed or checked taking into consideration
all influences and code conditions.
2.1.2. Supplements to the rules and regulations

For all sections of ASME (’The American Society of Mechanical Engineers’) there is a new edition of
’ASME Pressure piping’ every three years. Within this turn of three years the ASME committee issues
annual corrections of the code. The requirements of these addendas must be met by all pipings
for which a production contract has been made later than half a year a er the issue date of the
addenda. The ASME program of PROBAD will be updated according to the issue of edditions and
addendas. Half a year a er the issue date the pragram will meet the newest regulations as far as
the calculations done by PROBAD are concerned.
In the header of each output report sheet the latest edition/ addenda met by the program is docu-
mented together with a release number, for example ’Cylindrical shell acc. to ASME B31.1 Edition
2016’
2.1.3. Load Case definition

2.1.3.1. Load case operation
Necessary declarations for design pressure and design temperature may optionally be done in
SI-units or US-units. Internal calculation pressure Pi: The calculation pressure must be entered
either in MPa or psi. It shall be not less than the maximum sustained operating pressure within the
piping system including the effects of static head.
Calculation temperature inside T: One of the calculation temperatures has to be given. The
calculation temperature shall be assumed to be the same as the fluid temperature acc. to B31.1,
29
2. Calculation standards www.rohr2.com
2.1. ASME B31.1
101.3, unless calculations or tests support the use of other data. In this case the design temperature
shall not be less than the average of the fluid temperature and the outside temperature.
The following fluids can be choicen:
• water
• steam
• special
The type of the medium serves for documentation only.
2.1.3.2. Load case test

Necessary declarations for test pressure may optionally be done in SI-units or US-units.
Determine required test pressure Pt:
• No
• according to ASME B31.1
• according to PED - Minimum of all components
• according to PED - only main body
• according to PED - Maximum of all components
If no test pressure is entered, the minimum required test pressure Pt is determined by the program,
with P = calculation pressure.
Required test pressure according to ASME B31.1:
According to 137.4.5:
(2.1.1)
Required test pressure Pt according to PED:

Acc. to the european ”PED”, section 7.4 :
(2.1.2)
Allowable stress at room temperature

Allowable stress at design temperature
In case of several components with different strength values depending on the selection the
minimum or the maximum may be relevant for the determination. Since for the determination of
the minimum test pressure only the ’basic pressure parts’ have to be regarded, in case of selecting
’only main component’ the attached components are ignored during determination of the ratio
S,20 / S,temp. S,20 / S,temp. Additionally according to 137.4.5 a minimum value 1.5 * P is taken
into account for Pt. Safety factor against yield strength: By default according to 102.3.3 (B) the
allowable test pressure ptmax is internally determined via the allowable stress S.
(2.1.3)
(2.1.4)
0.2-yield strength value at test temperature. Test pressure inside PT: The test pressure must be
entered either in MPa or psi. If no value is entered, the test pressure is set 1.5 times the calculation
pressure acc. to ASME B31.1, 137.4.5. Acc. to 102.3.3(B) the circumferential stress shall not exceed
90 % of the yield strength. Test temperature inside TT: By default a test temperature of 73 °F
(22,78 °C) is set internally.
30
www.rohr2.com 2. Calculation standards
2.1. ASME B31.1
2.1.4. Input
2.1.4.1. Input - Pipe
Type of component Type of component can be chosen. For cylindrical components ”pipe” and
”tube” can be selected.Tube / Pipe this differentiation serves only for documentation.
Position Number The position number of the component must be given for a clear identification
of the component when messages are to be printed.
Designation Any text may be given as a more exact description of the component.
Material tables According to ASME B31.1, 123.1 alternative to materials acc. to ASME B31.1,
Appendix A also materials confirming to ASME SA or SB specifications are acceptable, provided its
use is not specifically prohibeted by the Code. Via this switch also the material data can be selected,
which is documented in ASME II-D for ASME I or ASME VIII-1 respectively. For calculations with
materials according to ASME II-D a correspondent hint is displayed. For more information about
”Material Data base” see chapter ”Data base”.
Free choice of material
31
2.1. ASME B31.1
Input of allowable stresses:

If no PROBAD -material-number is given the allowable stresses can be given for materials not
corresponding to ASME. The entered values must include a probably relevant joint efficiency factor
E resp. casting quality factor F. This factor must be documented in the corresponding input field.
The ’Material group’ must always be given if cylindrical parts are to be computed. Depending on
the material group the factor y is determined acc. to ASME B31.1, Table 104.1.2.
Tensile strength at room temperature

Tensile strength at design temperature
Yield strength at room temperature
Average creep rupture strength value for 100.000h
Additionally may be entered STen - Yield strength at design temperature. According to ASME
B31.1, 102.3.1 (C) and ASME II-D, Appendix 1 and 2
the following allowable design stress is determined.
(2.1.5)
This value is reduced accordingly when a welding seam factor E or quality factor F is specified. It
should also be noted that when calculating tubes, the material family must generally be entered.
Depending on the substance family, the coefficient y is determined in accordance with ASME B31.1,
Table 104.1.2.
The following material families can be selected:
• Ferritic
32
2.1. ASME B31.1
• Austenitic
• Alloy N06690
• Alloy N06617
• Alloy N08800
• Alloy N08810
• Alloy N08825
• cast iron
• other ductile metals
Maximum usage ratio of components In case of designing a usage ratio less than 100 % can be
entered to obtained an additional reserve to take the weight of the pipe, valves, insulation, fluid
and further loads into account.According to ASME B31.1, section 102.2.4 for occasional loads the
allowable design stresses my be exceeded by 15% (for event duration not more than 800 hours/year)
or by 20% (for event duration not more than 80 hours/year) respectively. To calculate such occasional
loads the maximum usage ratio can be increased to 115% or 120% respectively. In this case the
calculation is performed with corresponding increased design stresses.
Product Standards The PROBAD system has access to large tables of standards both during
data input and evaluation. In the design phase, the system can not only define the necessary
dimensions, but at the same time determine the standard component that meets the requirements
best. The component - either evaluated or pre-defined - is checked in consideration of the
tolerances. For more information see chapter ”Data base”.
Dimensions Standard By specifying the input parameter ”Norm Dimensional Series”, the user
can determine the series according to which the component is to be dimensioned. Once the
measurement series has been defined, when the cursor is positioned on an input field for which
corresponding standard data exists, the fields are selected accordingly. A complete description of
the component can then be provided in other standard sizes. For example, a list of the standard
33
2.1. ASME B31.1
wall thicknesses available for the selected diameter is provided in the ”Wall thickness” input field.
In the case of design, dimensions of the standard series are always used in the course of the iteration.
Diameter For cylindrical components the inside or outside diameter must be enterde. Care has
to be taken that the given diameter suits the dimension code. For pipes acc. to ANSI B 36.10 always
the outside diameter must be given. Depending on the given diameter the wall thickness is added
inside or outside. The given diameter remains fixed.
Wall Thicknesses For each component in case of a design check the wall thickness can be entered.
In case of dimensionings limit measures can be entered. Allowances are taken into account to proof
the thickness under unfavorible tolerances and in corroded condition. If no thickness is defined,
the program evaluates a thickness on the basis of the dimensions standard and in consideration of
all the allowances. A er a dimensions standard has been defined, the nominal wall thickness can
be selected from a list, depending on the selected nominal diameter. On the basis of an entered
thickness the net thickness is internally evaluated with the allowances being taken into account. The
net thickness is then re-calculated. If the minimum wall thickness is not specified, the program uses
the code-specific one as initial wall thickness. A minimum value - either pre-defined or evaluated -
is usually conformed to the dimensions standard.
The maximum wall thickness is an upper limit for the determined wall thickness. The program
proves only nominal thicknesses, which are less or equal to the entered maximum value.
34
2.1. ASME B31.1
Joint efficiency factor Acc. to 102.4. for welded pipes the joint efficiency factors E of table
102.4.3, acc. to 102.4.6 for casting a quality factor 0.8 is included in the allowable stress values
documented in the tables of ASME B31.1, Appendix A. If a differing reduction factor is entered, the
allowable desig stresses are internally modified. A corresponding hint is displayed. Especially
if the weld has passed a 100 % volumetric examination (RT or UT), the reduction factor E = 1.0
can be entered according to 123.4. An additional reduction factor may be entered in case of the
determination of the material strength values via ASME II-D.
For a free material input an entered efficiency resp. quality factor less than 1.0 results in a reduced
allowable stress in case of input of the strength values. In case of entering the allowable stresses it
sercves for documentation only.
For special parts of the calculaton the allowable stresses may be used without taking into account
the joint efficiency factor E. At this points the documented factor results in an internal increasing of
the relevant allowable stress.
Longitodinal weld in creep range: According to ASME B31.1, 102.4.7 seam welds on longitudinal-
welded or spiralwelded pipe can have lower creep strength than the base material. Thus for cal-
culations in creep range in formula (11)-(12) the strength values are reduced via a weld strength
reduction factor W. If the component is in creep range, the user is asked to enter the steel group
according to Table 102.4.7. Depending on the calculation temperature the program determines the
reduction factor W internally.
• seamless
• Carbon - normalized
• Carbon - subcritical PWHT
• CrMo
• CSEF (N+T) - normalized a. tempered
• CSEF - subcritical PWHT
• Austenitic, stainless (incl. 800H & 800HT)
• Autogenously welded austenitic, stainless
Tolerances Standard If no value is set for the wall thickness allowance, the ”Tolerances Standard”
field defines the standard used by the program for evaluating the respective minus tolerance.
tolerance wall thicknesses By default, the thickness allowance (minus tolerance) ct is internally
evaluated on the basis of the tolerance standard. In case the outside diameter is given, the allowance
is applied for the inner side; if the inside diameter is given, it is applied for the outer side. It can also
be defined as a proportional or absolute value.
35
2.1. ASME B31.1
Mechanical allowance Mechanical allowances as thread or groove depth or corrosion and ero-
sion respectively must be entered according ASME B31.1, 104.1.2 (A6) . The total allowance c enters
into the determination of the required wall thickness tm.
Lenght of shell L The construction length of the cylinder must be given. It is used to calculate
the weight and the volume.
Flexibility factors By default the flexibility factors h and k, the stress factor i and the section mod-
ulus z are determined according to ASME B31.1, Appendix D and are documented in the results.In
case of nozzles this is done for the nozzle and for the opening in the shell.
2.1.4.2. Input - Branch

Describes the different entries for the branch area. If entries are not explicitly explained, these
descriptions can be found in chapter 2.1.4.1 - Cylinders. The general nozzle information is located
on the le side of the surface. The more detailed information can be found on the right-hand side.
Type of component Type of component can be chosen . For branches are ”pipe”, ”tube” and
”opening” possible.
Type of connection Acc. to ASME B31.1 one of the types of connection between main pipe and
nozzle described in Fig. 104.3.1 and Fig. 127.4.8 must be selected:
• set on, fully welded
36
2.1. ASME B31.1
• set through, fully welded

• threaded in (not realized for the moment)
• extruded
Depending on the type of connection the required and actual reinforcement areas are determined.
The different connections influence the required welding thicknesses because of their different
weldings. This welding thicknesses are determined internally.
Type of Reinforcement The following types of reinforcement can be chosen:
• Main body increasing

• Tubular reinforcement
• Pad type reinforcement
• Tubular reinforcement at nozzle and additional pad
Depending on the selected type of reinforcement the program will do the following:
Main body reinforcement:

By default in case of dimensioning (missing input of main body wall thickness) openings are com-
pensated by increasing the thickness of the main body. Thus nozzles in case of missing thickness
are dimensioned only for calulation pressure.
Tubular reinforcement:
Only the wall thickness of the nozzle is increased to reinforce the opening. Surplus material of the
basic shell and a possibly given pad reinforcement are regarded.
Pad type reinforcement:

Regarding surplus material of the cylindrical basic shell and the nozzle a pad is computed as a
37
2.1. ASME B31.1
reinforcement of the hole.
Tubular reinforcement at nozzle and additional pad reinforcement:

First a tubular reinforcement is computed until the wall thickness of the nozzle reaches the twice of
the thickness of the basic shell or a given maximum nozzle thickness. If that is not sufficient the
program determines an additional pad to compense the opening.
For each individual connection piece, a reinforcement washer can be entered for width and/or
thickness. In the case of a disc-shaped reinforcement without specifying the width and/or thickness
of the disc, the reinforcement limits of the control system are taken as a basis.
Tubular reinforcement at the connection piece plus disc-shaped reinforcement:

First of all, a tubular reinforcement is calculated until a nozzle wall thickness of twice the basic
body wall thickness is reached, or until a given maximum nozzle wall thickness is reached. If the
amplification is still not sufficient, the calculation of a required disk will attempt to compensate for
the uncompensated attenuation within the program.
38
2.1. ASME B31.1
Direction of tubular reinforcement: If the nozzle wall thickness must be increased on the basis
of the compensation calculation, the entered diameter of the branch is fix by default. The tubular
reinforcement is added on the opposite side. It is also possible to add the reinforcement at the
outside, the inside or symmetrical at the inside and outside.
• Inside contour fix, tubular reinforcement at the outside

• Outside contour fix, tubular reinforcement at the inside
• Mean wall fix, tubular reinforcement at outside and inside
39
2.1. ASME B31.1
Nozzle - Position on the Main body These four parameters determine the position of a nozzle
on the outside surface of the shell definitely.
• l1 - Distance from Reference Point

• phi - Circumferential position
• alfa - Angle to cylinder axis (long.)
• beta - Angle to circumfer. tangent
Starting at one end of the basic shell the distance from this reference point to each nozzle must
be given. The angle phi from 0°to 360°defines the position at the circumference of the cylinder. The
angles alfa and beta define the inclination and deviation of the nozzle against the basic shell wall
counted in axial and circumferential directions. It has to be considered that acc. to ASME B31.1,
104.3.1 values between 45°and 90°are valid for the angle alfa. For angles less than 45°or for nozzles
inclined in circumferential direction additional analyses are necessary.
40
2.1. ASME B31.1
Nozzle - Influence length of main body r1 and D2 The influence length of the main body, mea-
sured from the intersection of the socket axis with the inner surface of the main body, is determined
and taken into account within the program in accordance with ASME B31.1,104.3. If an influence
length is specified in the main body which is smaller than that permitted according to the code,
the reinforcement surfaces to be calculated are determined on the basis of this limiting influence
length.
Properties of weld Nozzle intersects longitudinal weld of main body:

If a longitudinal weld in the main body is not intersected by the nozzle, the required thickness of
the main body used in the reinforcement calulation can be determined with the allowables stress
of the corresponding seamless material acc. to ASME B31.1, 104.3.1(D.2.1). Fillet weld thickness:
By default the fillet welds thicknesses are internally determined as the minimum thicknesses acc.
to ASME B31.1, 127.4.8. Differing values can be defined by the user. Especially for a missing fillet
weld the value 0. must be entered. The fillet welds thicknesses enter into the determination of the
reinforcement areas.
41
2.1. ASME B31.1
On the right-hand side of the surface, detailed entries can be made on the geometry of the nozzle.
This display is context-dependent and differs according to the connection type. Welded Nozzle
42
2.1. ASME B31.1
Wall thickness - reinforcement For that part of the nozzle which is involved into the reinfoce-
ment a separate wall thickness TvN can be given which differs from the thickness TbN of the pipe
connection.
Nozzle projection outside The outer nozzle projection is used to determine the weight and to
proof the reinforcement length of the nozzle. An entry is only taken into account, if the input value
is less than the influence length according to ASME B31.1, 104.3.
43
2.1. ASME B31.1
Lenght / Height The reinforcement length of the main body, measured from the point of inter-
section of the nozzle axis with the inner surface of the main body, and the height of the nozzle
neck, measured from the outer surface of the main body parallel to the nozzle axis, are determined
internally acc. to ASME B31.1, 104.3 and are taken into account. If an reinforcement length of
the main body or a height of the nozzle neck smaller than the determined value acc. to ASME
Code is entered, the areas of reinforcement are computed using the limited lenghts. Especially
the limitation of the reinforcement length of the main body can be used to proof the influence of
adjacent openings. Geometry - Nozzle - Extruded outlet
For the Extruded outlet a separate wall thickness ”t0” measured in height of the radius ”r0” of the
outlet above outside contour of the main body can be entered fixly, differing from the thickness at
the pipe connection. Tolerances are not taken into account in this case. Alternativly the thickness
”t0” can be defined as proportional part of the main body thickness. If no value is entered, ”t0” is
set internally equal to the thickness ”tb” of the pipe connection. In case of missing input for the
inside diameter ”d0” of the extruded outlet (measured at the outside contour of the main body) it
is determined via the pipe diameter and the wall thickness ”t0” of the extruded outlet. In case of
44
2.1. ASME B31.1
missing input for the radius ”r0” of the outlet the minimum value acc. to ASME B31.1, 104.3.1.(G4) is
set internally. The height ”h0” of the lip must be at least equal to the radius ”r0”.
Opening
45
2.1. ASME B31.1
Information on the tubular connecting part is not required for openings. A possibly necessary
reinforcement of the cutout can be achieved by a disc or by raising the base tube. The input of the
bore diameter is a must.
2.1.4.3. Input - Bend
Elbow or measured pipe bend: Elbow are castings without straight tube part, where the wall
thicknesses on the intrados and extrados side of the bending can be either entered or be selected
by choosing a correspondend dimensions standard.
46
2.1. ASME B31.1
Pipe Bends With this input data the pipe can be described in not bended condition. Via the
bending factors defined by the production method the resulting wall thicknesses at the intrados
and extrados of the elbow are determined and proved.
Calculation method Acc. to ASME B31.1, 102.4.5 the elbow resp. pipe bend can be proved
via two alternative aclculation methods.
Method (a): The minimum wall thickness at any point in the completed shell not be less than
required by 104.1.2, formula (7)-(8) for straight pipes.
Method (b) The minimum wall thickness at the intrados and extrados are determined via via
formula (3)-(4).
If no calculation method is chosen, PROBAD determines the required wall thicknesses and
allowable pressures of elbows and pipe bends at the intrados and extrados.
in case of equal thicknesses ti = to acc. to 104.1.2, (7)-(8)
in case of different thicknesses ti > to acc. to 102.4.5, (3)-(4)
Embodiment you can choice the following embodiments for bends:
• ti > t > to via EN-coefficients Bi, Bo

• ti > t > to via Mannesmann bending coefficients, 1995
• ti = t > to via B31.1, Table 102.4.5 bending coefficients
• ti, t, to via specified production methods
For more information on bend embodiments see chapter ”Database”.
47
2.2. ASME B31.3
Additional input Elbow Curvature radius:

For corresponding dimensions standards the mean curvature radius is determined internally from
the standard tables. For all other cases the mean curvature radius must be entered. Depending
from the entered diameter Di resp. Do the curvature radius is taken as Ri (in case of entered inside
diameter) resp. Ro (in case of entered outside diameter).
Angle phi of elbow:

The angle phi of the elbow is measured at the transition of the radius into the straight tube part. It
serves for the determination of mass and inside volume of the elbow.
Bending safety factor x:

If the chosen bending method is known as not precise with respect to the expected bending results,
the user can influence the determination of the intrados and extrados wall tickness via entering a
bending safety factor x < 1.0. The expected intrados and extrados net thicknesses are then deter-
mined via:
(2.1.6)
(2.1.7)
Length of component Lt:

The input of the length Lt of the pipe before bending serves for documentation and for determination
of the mass and inside volume.
2.2. ASME B31.3

ASME B31.3 - Process Piping covers rules for construction of piping typically found in petroleum
rafineries; chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, paper, semiconductor, and cryogenic plants; and
48
2.2. ASME B31.3
related processing plants and terminals.
The calculation of pressure vessels by PROBAD according to Code ASME B31.3 is seperated in
For example the pressure part ’Cylindric shell with nozzles’ allows to register a cylindrical shell with
up to ten nozzles incl. reinforcement pads in one single input file. This complete input file makes it
possible to calculate not only the single components against internal pressure, but also to take into
consideration the influence of adjacent components.
This influences may be the wall thickness- or diameter relations of connected components, but
also the efficiency of the main body caused by isolated or adjacent openings.
During one calculation all defined components are designed or checked taking into consideration
all influences and code conditions.
2.2.2. Supplements to the rules and regulations
’ASME Process piping’ every three years. Within this turn of three years the ASME committee issues
annual corrections of the code. The requirements of these addendas must be met by all pipings
for which a production contract has been made later than half a year a er the issue date of the
addenda. The ASME program of PROBAD will be updated according to the issue of edditions and
addendas. Half a year a er the issue date the pragram will meet the newest regulations as far as
the calculations done by PROBAD are concerned. In the header of each output report sheet the
latest edition/ addenda met by the program is documented together with a release number, for
example ’Cylindrical shell acc. to ASME B31.3 Edition 2016’
2.2.3. Load case definition
SI-units or US-units. Internal calculation pressure Pi: The calculation pressure must be entered
either in MPa or psi. According to B31.3, 301.2 it shall be not less than the pressure at the most
severe condition during service. The most severe condition is that which results in the greatest
component thickness.
Calculation temperature inside T: One of the calculation temperatures has to be given. The
same system of units as used for design pressure has to be chosen. According to B31.3, 301.2 the
calculation temperature shall be the temperature at the most severe condition during service.Here
at least the fluid temperatures, ambient temperatures, solar radiatin, heating or cooling medium
temperatures shall be considered.
• water
• steam
• special
The type of the medium serves for documentation only.
49
2.2. ASME B31.3
Necessary declarations for test pressure may optionally be done in SI-units or US-units.
Determine required test pressure Pt:
• No
• ASME B31.3
with P = calculation pressure. Required test pressure according to ASME B31.3: According to
345.4.2:
(2.2.1)
(2.2.2)
If different materials are used in a drawing, the maximum of the quotients ST/S over all materials
of the drawing, but limited to 6.5, is included in the determination. Required test pressure Pt
according to PED: Acc. to the european ”PED”, section 7.4 :
(2.2.3)

minimum or the maximum is relevant for the determination.
Safety factor against yield strength: According to ASME B31.3, 345.4.2(c) the allowable test
pressure is internally determined via the allowable stress S :
(2.2.4)
(2.2.5)
0.2-yield strength value at test temperature.

Test pressure inside PT: The test pressure must be entered either in MPa or psi. If no value is
entered, the test case is calculated for the required test pressure, if this value was determined.
According to ASME B31.3, 345.4.2(c) the pressure stress shall not exceed the yield strength.
Test temperature inside TT: By default a test temperature of 73 °F (22,78 °C) is set internally.
50
2.2. ASME B31.3
2.2.4. Input
Type of component Type of component can be chosen. For cylindrical components ”pipe” and
”tube” can be selected.Tube / Pipe this differentiation serves only for documentation.
Material tables By default the components are calculated according to ASME B31.3, Chapter II.
In this connection the material data according to ASME B31.3, Appendix A is available. According
to ASME B31.3, 323.1 in alternative to materials acc. to ASME B31.3, Appendix A also materials
confirming to ASME SA or SB specifications are acceptable, provided its use is not specifically
prohibeted by the Code. Thus via this switch also the material data can be selected, which is
documented in ASME II-D for ASME I or ASME VIII-1 respectively. For calculations with materials
according to ASME II-D a correspondent hint is displayed. For high pressures in excess of that
allowed by the ASME B16.5, Claas 2500 rating the calculation must be done according to ASME
B31.3, Kapitel IX, High Pressure Piping. In this connection the material data determined according
to ASME B31.3, Appendix K.
51
2.2. ASME B31.3


According to ASME B31.3, 302.3.2 the following allowable design stress is determined:
(2.2.6)
Depending on the substance family, the coefficient y is determined in accordance with ASME B31.3,
Table 304.1.1.
The following material families can be selected:
• Ferritic
• Austenitic
52
2.2. ASME B31.3
• Alloy N06690
• Alloy N06617
• Alloy N08800
• Alloy N08810
• Alloy N08825
• cast iron
• other ductile metals
Maximum usage ratio of components By specifying a utilisation factor of less than 100 %, an
additional, flat-rate reserve can be achieved in the design case to take into account the weights of
the pipe, valves, insulation, fluid and other loads on the components. According to ASME B31.3,
Section 302.2.4 (f), the calculated stresses may be exceeded by 33% for short-term loads. To prove
such short-term overloads, the maximum utilization can be increased to 133%. In this case, the
calculation is carried out with correspondingly increased calculation stresses.
53
2.2. ASME B31.3
54
2.2. ASME B31.3
Joint efficiency factor According to 302.3.4 for welded pipes the joint efficiency factors E of
table 102.4.3, for casting the quality factor Ec according to 302.3.3C must be entered. An entered
efficiency or quality factor respectively less than 1.0 results in a reduced allowable stress.
Longitodinal weld in creep range: According to ASME B31.3, 302.3.5(e) seam welds on longitudinal-
welded or spiralwelded pipe can have lower creep strength than the base material. Thus for calcula-
tions in creep range in the calculation formulas the strength values are reduced via a weld strength
reduction factor W. If the component is in creep range, the user is asked to enter the steel group
according to Table 302.3.5. Depending on the calculation temperature the program determines the
reduction factor W internally.
• seamless
• Carbon - normalized
• Carbon - subcritical PWHT
• CrMo
• CSEF (N+T) - normalized a. tempered
• CSEF - subcritical PWHT
• Austenitic, stainless (incl. 800H & 800HT)
• Autogenously welded austenitic, stainless
Tolerances Standard If no value is set for the wall thickness allowance, the ”Tolerances Standard”
field defines the standard used by the program for evaluating the respective minus tolerance.
tolerance wall thicknesses By default, the thickness allowance (minus tolerance) ct is internally
evaluated on the basis of the tolerance standard. In case the outside diameter is given, the allowance
is applied for the inner side; if the inside diameter is given, it is applied for the outer side. It can also
be defined as a proportional or absolute value.
Mechanical allowance Mechanical allowances as thread or groove depth or corrosion and ero-
sion respectively must be entered according ASME B31.1, 104.1.2 (A6) . The total allowance c enters
into the determination of the required wall thickness tm.
Lenght of shell L The construction length of the cylinder must be given. It is used to calculate
the weight and the volume.
Flexibility factors By default the flexibility factors h and k, the stress factor i and the section mod-
ulus z are determined according to ASME B31.3, Appendix D and are documented in the results.In
case of nozzles this is done for the nozzle and for the opening in the shell.
55
2.2. ASME B31.3
2.2.4.2. Input - Branch
Describes the different entries for the branch area. If entries are not explicitly explained, these
descriptions can be found in chapter 2.1.4.1 - Cylinders. The general nozzle information is located
on the le side of the surface. The more detailed information can be found on the right-hand side.
Type of component Type of component can be chosen . For branches are ”pipe”, ”tube” and
”opening” possible.
Type of connection Acc. to ASME B31.3 one of the types of connection between main pipe and
nozzle described in Fig. 304.3.3-304.3.4 and Fig. 328.5.4 must be selected:
• set on, fully welded

• set through, fully welded
• threaded in (not realized for the moment)
• extruded
Depending on the type of connection the required and actual reinforcement areas are determined.
weldings. This welding thicknesses are determined internally.
56
2.2. ASME B31.3
Type of Reinforcement The following types of reinforcement can be chosen:
• Main body increasing

• Tubular reinforcement
• Pad type reinforcement
• Tubular reinforcement at nozzle and additional pad
Depending on the selected type of reinforcement the program will do the following:
Main body reinforcement:

By default in case of dimensioning (missing input of main body wall thickness) openings are com-
pensated by increasing the thickness of the main body. Thus nozzles in case of missing thickness
are dimensioned only for calulation pressure.
basic shell and a possibly given pad reinforcement are regarded.


the thickness of the basic shell or a given maximum nozzle thickness. If that is not sufficient the
program determines an additional pad to compense the opening.
57
2.2. ASME B31.3
For each individual connection piece, a reinforcement washer can be entered for width and/or
thickness. In the case of a disc-shaped reinforcement without specifying the width and/or thickness
of the disc, the reinforcement limits of the control system are taken as a basis.
Tubular reinforcement at the connection piece plus disc-shaped reinforcement:
First of all, a tubular reinforcement is calculated until a nozzle wall thickness of twice the basic
body wall thickness is reached, or until a given maximum nozzle wall thickness is reached. If the
amplification is still not sufficient, the calculation of a required disk will attempt to compensate for
the uncompensated attenuation within the program.
Direction of tubular reinforcement: If the nozzle wall thickness must be increased on the basis
of the compensation calculation, the entered diameter of the branch is fix by default. The tubular
reinforcement is added on the opposite side. It is also possible to add the reinforcement at the
outside, the inside or symmetrical at the inside and outside.
58
2.2. ASME B31.3
• Inside contour fix, tubular reinforcement at the outside

• Outside contour fix, tubular reinforcement at the inside
• Mean wall fix, tubular reinforcement at outside and inside
Nozzle - Position on the Main body These four parameters determine the position of a nozzle
on the outside surface of the shell definitely.
• l1 - Distance from Reference Point

• phi - Circumferential position
• alfa - Angle to cylinder axis (long.)
• beta - Angle to circumfer. tangent
These four parameters determine the position of a nozzle on the outside surface of the shell
definitely. Starting at one end of the basic shell the distance from this reference point to each nozzle
must be given. The angle phi from 0°to 360°defines the position at the circumference of the cylinder.
The angles alfa and beta define the inclination and deviation of the nozzle against the basic shell
wall counted in axial and circumferential directions. It has to be considered that acc. to ASME B31.3,
304.3.1(b) values between 45°and 90°are valid for the angle beta. For angles less than 45°or for
nozzles inclined in circumferential direction additional analyses according to 304.7.2 are necessary.
59
2.2. ASME B31.3
Nozzle - Influence length of main body r1 and D2 The influence length of the main body, mea-
sured from the intersection of the socket axis with the inner surface of the main body, is determined
and taken into account within the program in accordance with ASME B31.3, 304.3.3(a). If an influ-
ence length is specified in the main body which is smaller than that permitted according to the code,
the reinforcement surfaces to be calculated are determined on the basis of this limiting influence
length.
Properties of weld Nozzle intersects longitudinal weld of main body:

If a longitudinal weld in the main body is not intersected by the nozzle, the required thickness of
the main body used in the reinforcement calulation can be determined with the allowables stress
of the corresponding seamless material acc. to B31.3, 304.3.3(a). Fillet weld thickness:
By default the fillet welds thicknesses are internally determined as the minimum thicknesses acc.
to ASME B31.3, 328.5.4. Differing values can be defined by the user. Especially for a missing fillet
weld the value 0. must be entered. The fillet welds thicknesses enter into the determination of the
reinforcement areas.
60
2.2. ASME B31.3
On the right-hand side of the surface, detailed entries can be made on the geometry of the nozzle.
This display is context-dependent and differs according to the connection type. Welded Nozzle
61
2.2. ASME B31.3
Wall thickness - reinforcement For that part of the nozzle which is involved into the reinfoce-
ment a separate wall thickness TvN can be given which differs from the thickness TbN of the pipe
connection.
Nozzle projection outside The outer nozzle projection is used to determine the weight and to
proof the reinforcement length of the nozzle. An entry is only taken into account, if the input value
is less than the influence length according to ASME B31.3, 304.3.3(a).
62
2.2. ASME B31.3
Lenght / Height The reinforcement radius d2 of the main body, measured from the point of
intersection of the nozzle axis with the inner surface of the main body, and the height of the nozzle
neck, measured from the outer surface of the main body parallel to the nozzle axis, are determined
internally acc. to ASME B31.3, 304.3.3(a) and are taken into account.If a reinforcement radius of
the main body or a height of the nozzle neck smaller than the determined value acc. to ASME
Code is entered, the areas of reinforcement are computed using the limited lenghts. Especially
the limitation of the reinforcement radius of the main body can be used to proof the influence of
adjacent openings. Geometry - Nozzle - Extruded outlet
For the Extruded outlet a separate wall thickness ”tx” measured in height of the radius ”rx” of the
outlet above outside contour of the main body can be entered fixly, differing from the thickness at
the pipe connection. Tolerances are not taken into account in this case. Alternativly the thickness
”tx” can be defined as proportional part of the main body thickness. If no value is entered, ”tx” is
set internally equal to the thickness ”tb” of the pipe connection. In case of missing input for the
inside diameter ”dx” of the extruded outlet (measured at the outside contour of the main body) it
is determined via the pipe diameter and the wall thickness ”tx” of the extruded outlet. In case of
63
2.2. ASME B31.3
missing input for the radius ”rx” of the outlet the minimum value acc. to ASME B31.3, 304.3.4.(d) is
set internally. The height ”hx” of the lip must be at least equal to the radius ”rx”.
Opening
64
2.2. ASME B31.3
Information on the tubular connecting part is not required for openings. A possibly necessary
reinforcement of the cutout can be achieved by a disc or by raising the base tube. The input of the
bore diameter is a must.
2.2.4.3. Input - Bend
Elbow or measured pipe bend: Elbow are castings without straight tube part, where the wall
thicknesses on the intrados and extrados side of the bending can be either entered or be selected
by choosing a correspondend dimensions standard.
65
2.2. ASME B31.3
Pipe Bends With this input data the pipe can be described in not bended condition. Via the
bending factors defined by the production method the resulting wall thicknesses at the intrados
and extrados of the elbow are determined and proved.
Embodiment you can choice the following embodiments for bends:
• ti > t > to via EN-coefficients Bi, Bo

• ti, t, to via specified production methods
For more information on bend embodiments see chapter ”Database”.
Additional input Elbow Curvature radius:

For corresponding dimensions standards the mean curvature radius is determined internally from
the standard tables. For all other cases the mean curvature radius must be entered. Depending
from the entered diameter Di resp. Do the curvature radius is taken as Ri (in case of entered inside
diameter) resp. Ro (in case of entered outside diameter).
Angle phi of elbow:

The angle phi of the elbow is measured at the transition of the radius into the straight tube part. It
serves for the determination of mass and inside volume of the elbow.
Bending safety factor x:
66
2.3. ASME Sect. I
If the chosen bending method is known as not precise with respect to the expected bending results,
the user can influence the determination of the intrados and extrados wall tickness via entering a
bending safety factor x < 1.0. The expected intrados and extrados net thicknesses are then deter-
mined via:
(2.2.7)
(2.2.8)
Length of component Lt:

The input of the length Lt of the pipe before bending serves for documentation and for determination
of the mass and inside volume.
2.3. ASME Sect. I

ASME Sect.I covers rules for construction of power boilers, electric boilers,miniature boilers and
high-temperature water boilers to be uesed in stationary service and includes those power boilers
used in locomotive, portable, and traction service. The scope of ASME I applies to the boiler proper
and to the boiler external piping.
Superheaters, economizers, and other pressure parts connected directly to the boiler without
intervening valves shall be considered as parts of the boeler proper, and their construction shall
conform to ASME I rules.
Details about the different types of boilers and heatings can be found in the Preamble of ASME
Sect.I, S. XXIII.
67
2.3. ASME Sect. I

The calculation of pressure vessels by PROBAD according to Code ASME Sect.I is seperated in
For example the pressure part ’Cylindric shell with nozzles’ allowes to register a cylindrical shell with
up to ten nozzles incl. reinforcement pads and up to ten nipple fields in one single input file. This
complete input file makes it possible to calculate not only the single components against internal
pressure, but also to take into consideration the influence of adjacent components.
This influences may be the wall thickness- or diameter relations of connected components, but also
the efficiency of the main body caused by isolated or adjacent openings. During one calculation
all defined components are designed or checked taking into consideration all influences and code
conditions.
In PROBAD the components of Power Boilers acc. to ASME Sect.I are summarized to the fol-
lowing mpressure parts:
- Cylindrical shells with up to 20 nozzles and up to 10 nipple fields

- Dished heads with up to 10 nozzles
- Flat unstayed heads with a centred nozzle
2.3.2. Editions, addendas and erratas

’ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code’ every three years. Within this turn of three years the ASME
committee issues annual corrections of the code. The requirements of these addendas must be
met by all vessels for which a production contract has been made later than half a year a er the
issue date of the addenda.
The ASME program of PROBAD will be updated according to the issue of edditions and addendas.
Half a year a er the issue date the pragram will meet the newest regulations as far as the calculations
done by PROBAD are concerned.
In the header of each output report sheet the latest edition/ addenda met by the program is docu-
mented together with a release number, for example
’Dished heads acc. to ASME Section I Edition 1992 Add. 1994’
2.3.3. Load case definition

SI-units or US-units but merge of units is prohibited.
Internal calculation pressure Pi: Units of design pressure have to be MPa or psi. For cylindrical
components withouth nozzles an additional calculation against external pressure may be requested
according to ASME I, PG-28.
Calculation temperature inside T: One of the design temperatures has to be given. The same
system of units as used for design pressure has to be chosen.
M.A.W.P acc. to Stamping An input is docmented in the result output. The M.A.W.P. (maximum
allowable working pressure) is also used according to PG-99.1 to determine the required minimum
test pressure.
68
2.3. ASME Sect. I
If no test pressure is given, it will be determined internally via the chosen setting in the input field
’Determination of test pressure’. The following analysis are valid:
• No
• ASME I
with P = calculation pressure. Minimum test pressure acc. to ASME I / PG-99.1
(2.3.1)
(2.3.2)
Required test pressure Pt according to PED: Acc. to the european ”PED”, section 7.4 :
(2.3.3)

minimum or the maximum is relevant for the determination. Since for the determination of the
minimum test pressure only the ’basic pressure parts’ have to be regarded, in case of selecting
’only main component’ the attached components are ignored during determination of the ratio of
the allowable stresses cold/warm. Thus the allowable internal test pressure is determined via the
allowable stress acc. to PG-99.1.
Test temperature inside TT: By default a test temperature of 73 °F (22,78 °C) is set internally.
69
2.3. ASME Sect. I
2.3.4. Input
Type of component Type of component can be chosen. For cylindrical components ”pipe”, ”tube,
heat absorbing” and ”tube, not heat absorbing ” can be selected
File name and number: The File number is a mandatory entry. Both the File name and the
File number are used for administration and documentation. This information can be used to
differentiate between different Files within a drawing.
Calculation formula PG-27.2:
By default pipes, tubes, drums and headers are proved acc. to ASME I, PG-27.2: Here pipes, drums
and headers are calculated as pipes acc. formula PG-27.2.2. ASME Sect. I allowes to calculate
boiler tubes with an outside diameter up to 5 inches alternativly acc. PG-27.2.1. Normally this
results in smaller wall thicknesses. Acc. to PG.-27.4, Note 2 the allowable stress of heat absorbing
tubes is determined internally for the design temperature (not less than the expected mean wall
temperature). For not heat absorbing tubes the design temperature, but not less than the saturation
temperature is relevant.
Appendix A-317:
As alternative to PG-27 it is also possible to calculate pipes, tubes, drums and headers according to
Appendix A-317. Acc. to A-317, Note 2 the allowable stress of heat absorbing tubes is determined
internally for the design temperature (not less than the expected mean wall temperature). For
70
2.3. ASME Sect. I
not heat absorbing tubes the design temperature, but not less than the saturation temperature is
relevant.
Compensation calculation: For compensation calculation for small openings the following anal-
ysis can choice::
- Compensation calculation for opening diameter d > dmax nominal
- Compensation calculation for opening diameter d > dmax netto
- Compensation calculation for all openings
According to ASME I, PG-32.1 no compensation calculation need to be made for openings with
finished diameter d < dmax. The maximum diameter dmax, which needs no compensation, de-
pends on the wall thickness t of the main body. By default dmax is determined via the nominal
thickness t according to PG-32.1.1. For the correpondent setting dmax can also be determined via
the net wall thickness of the main body. This results in a smaller limit diameter dmax for openings
without compensation calculation. It is also possible to demand a compensation calculation for all
openings, independent of the opening diameter d.
Maximum inside diameter of cylindrical shells: In the Drawing for ASME I standard it is possi-
ble to infuence the determination of the maximum inside diameter of cylindrical shells, because
different interpretations of the code exist. If desired, in case of an entered outside diameter a
probably existing minus tolerance of the wall thickness is taken into acount inside. This yields
disadvantageous results e.g. for the calculation of the maximum allowable pressure and for the
calculation of of openings.
Maximum inside diameter of cylindrical shells In the PROBAD -component ASME I it is possi-
ble to infuence the determination of the maximum inside diameter of cylindrical shells, because
different interpretations of the code exist. If desired, in case of an entered outside diameter a
probably existing minus tolerance of the wall thickness is taken into acount inside. This yields
disadvantageous results e.g. for the calculation of the maximum allowable pressure and for the
calculation of of openings.
Undertolerance for nozzle reinforcement area: According to ASME I, PG-33.3 the minus toler-
ance on wall thickness must not be taken into account for nozzle reinforcement area requirements.
This yields advantageous results.
Description of nozzle position: No positioning:

Single branches are defined independend from their position on the main body. A proof of interac-
tion of branches is omitted.
Relative position:
In the first place single branches are defined independend from their position on the main body.
In further input panels for two branches at a time the relative position of these branches can be
entered, to prove their interaction.
Absolute positon:
The position of each nozzle must be entered absolute measured to a fixed reference point on the
main body. The program determines the relative position of each two adjacent branches and the
interaction of each such combination is proved.
Material tables Materials from the database with values according to ASME Sect. II, Part D can
be selected for calculations according to ASME I.
71
2.3. ASME Sect. I


According to ASME II-D, Appendix 1 and 2 the following allowable design stress is determined:
(2.3.4)
Depending on the substance family, the coefficient y is determined in accordance with PG-24.4,
Note 6.
External pressure chart:

In case of non- PROBAD -materials the external pressure chart must be selected for calculations
egainst external pressure. It is also taken to evaluate the modulus of elasticity, if not entered by the
72
2.3. ASME Sect. I
user.The external pressure chart can be selected from the list according to ASME Section II, Part D,
Subpart 3.
Reduction factors: Casting Quality Factor according to PG-25:
If castings are used, the conditions of the code must be regarded. One of this conditions is the
quality of the casting, which depends on the inspections during manufactoring. In ASME Sect.I,
PG-25 quality factors are mentioned which may be given here. As a standard the quality factor
is preset with 1.0; so it has not to be regarded for plates, tubes and forgings. A casting quality
factor < 1.0 reduces the allowable stress for both, PROBAD -materials and free material input. The
reduction is independend of the material group.
Creep range: Steel group according to PG-26:

According to ASME I, PG-26 the long-term strength of weld joints can be lower than the long term
strength of the base material. For cylinders with longitudinal or spiral butt welds and for spherical
sections that comprise segments a weld joint strength reduction factor w is used to account for this.
If the program determines the design stress in creep range, the user is ordered to select the steel
group according to Table PG-26. Depending on the calculation temperature the program takes the
internally determined reduction factor w into account.
Efficiency factor E: For pipes acc. to PG-27.2.2 a nipple field is taken into account by the efficiency
factor E acc. to PG-52 and PG-53. Additionally to the explicit description of a nipple field the user can
also enter simply the efficiency factor. In case of more than one factor the minimum value is relevant.
Comment: Here you can add comments to the record. These comments are documented.
73
2.3. ASME Sect. I
If the minimum corroded net thickness of the component does not meet the conditions according to
ASME I, PG-16.3, a determined nominal thickness is internally increased, in case of a re-calculation
a warning is displayed.
74
2.3. ASME Sect. I
Lenght L: The construction length of the cylinder must be given. It is used to calculate the weight
and the volume.
Distance between lines of suport LS: In case of external pressure an unstiffened length different
from the length of shell may be entered here, for example the maximum distance between two lines
of support.
Wall Thickness Minus Tolerance ct: For the wall thickness allowance (minus tolerance), an
absolute or percentage value can be specified for a design. The wall thickness tolerance can also be
determined in accordance with the standard. In a recalculation, the wall thickness tolerance is a
required specification.
Corrosion allowance: The inside and/or outside corrosion allowance is optional and results in a
smaller netto wall thickness.
Minimum corroded wall thickness acc. to Code:

If the minimum corroded net thickness of the component does not meet the conditions according to
ASME I, PG-16.3, a determined nominal thickness is internally increased, in case of a re-calculation
a warning is displayed. A desired minimum corroded net thickness differing from PG-16.3 can be
entered here.
Allowance for threading and structural stability C: According to PG-27.2.2 resp. A-317.2 an
allowance for threading and structural stability C other than 0.0 mm can be entered. In case of
threaded nozzles the allowance C is internally determined according to PG-27.4.3 , if corresponding
data is entered:
D <= 19 mm C = 1.65 mm
D > 19 mm C = Depth of thread 20 mm / number of threads per 25 mm
or
D <= 3/4 inch C = 0.065 inch
75
2.3. ASME Sect. I
D > 3/4 inch C = Depth of thread 0.8 inch / number of threads per inch
By default in all other cases C = 0.0 is taken.
Number of Threads per inch: For threaded nozzles the user has the possibility to enter the
number of threads per inch. According to PG-27.4, Note 3(c) the minimum allowance ’C’ for threading
stability is determined internally.
2.3.4.2. Input - Nozzle / Branch
The general geometric dimensions are entered in the same way as the cylinder. Inputs for wall
thickness, diameter, tolerances and corrosion are described in the chapter ”Input - Cylinder”. This
also applies to the postion number and designation.
Type of component: The following nozzle types can be selected as component types:
- Pipe
- Tube, heat absorbing
- Access opening
- Tube, not heat absorbing
- Inspection opening
Access and inspection openings:
Access openings are closed inside. For the compensation of the opening, an outer projection of the
nozzle is used with its total thickness, because this part is unpressurized. For access and inspection
nozzles no additional increase of the nozzle neck thickness takes place acc. to PG-43.
Flanged-in openings:
For flanged-in access openings acc. to PG-29.7 resp. PG-29.12 the head thickness is always calcu-
lated acc. to PG-29.1. For flanged-in access openings with maximum inside diameter greater 6.
inch the thickness of the head is increased according to PG-29.3 and for more than one such access
openings the distance is proved
76
2.3. ASME Sect. I
Type of Connection: Possible connections between main body and nozzle are shown in figure
PG-33.2 and figure PW-16.1. One of these connection types must be chosen.
- set-on, fully welded

- set-in, welded
- set-through, fully welded
- set-through, welded
- set-through, attached
- set-through, attached with fully welded pad
- set-through, welded with fully welded pad
- set-through, fully welded with attached pad
- set-through, fully welded with fully welded pad
- set on, fully welded with attached pad
- set on, fully welded with fully welded pad
- cutout (opening) with or without pad
- set-through, expanded
- threaded
- flanged-out
- flanged in
weldings. The welding thicknesses are determined internally. On that occasion the right type of
connection is chosen according to ASME Sect.I, UW-16 while checking the loaded cross section.
Threaded nozzles are only valid for pipes. The tolerance C is internally determined acc. PG-27.4,
Note 3 by the number of threads per inch. Expanded nozzles are only valid for tubes. The factor e is
internally determined acc. to PG-27.4.
In case of a outside or inside offset bore acc. to ASME I, Fig. PW-16.1 (y),(z) the bore diameter dB
77
2.3. ASME Sect. I
and the bore depth h1 must be additionally entered. The equivalent diameter dequiv is internally
determined acc. to EN 12952-3, (8.2-7): dequiv = [dB * h1 + d * (t0 - h1)] / t0.
78
2.3. ASME Sect. I
Longitudinal weld penetrates opening By default the complete reinforcement area A1 of the
main body is taken into account. If the longitudinal weld of the main body penetrates the opening,
the reinforcement area of the main body is reduced via the weld reduction factor w in creep range.
Attachment weld thickness: By default the fillet welds thicknesses are internally determined
as the minimum thicknesses acc. , ASME I, PW-16. but different values can be defined by the user.
Especially for a missing fillet weld the value 0. must be entered.
The weld thicknesses influences the calculation of reinforcement areas and also the proof against
failure acc. to ASME I, PG-37.2 .
Weld thickness Main body -Nozzle tw4:

By default the weld thickness of set-through, partially welded nozzles is internally determined as
the minimum thicknesses acc. to ASME I, PW-16: set-through, welded: tw4 = min (1/4 inch; 0.7tmin)
set-through, welded with fully welded pad: tw4 = 0.7 tmin
Different values must be entered. An input is ignored for other than partially welded nozzles.
The weld thickness influence the proof against failure acc. to ASME I, PG-37.2.
Strength calculation for attachment welds acc. to PW-15:

By default the strength for the attachment welds between main body and nozzle and / or reinforce-
ment pad is internally proved acc. to ASME I, PW-15, PW-16 und PG-37.2 and is documented in the
results. Acc. to PW-15.1.6 the strength calculations are not required for fully welded connections.
79
2.3. ASME Sect. I
80
2.3. ASME Sect. I
Type of Reinforcement : These types of reinforcement can be chosen:

- Tubular reinforcement
- Pad type reinforcement
- Tubular reinforcement at nozzle and additional pad
- Nipple field (pitch > 4/3d)
- Head type reinforcement (only for flat head)
basic shell and a possibly given pad reinforcement are regarded. For that part of the nozzle which
is involved into the reinforcement a separate wall thickness can be given which diverges from the
thickness of the pipe connection.
If a maximum value is entered for the tubular reinforcement, an additional reinforcement pad
is designed, if the tubular reinforcement is insufficient.


the thickness of the basic shell or a given maximum nozzle thickness.
If that is not enough the program computes an additional pad to compense the weakness.
Nipple field (pitch > 4/3 d):

According to PG-38.4 nipple fields with pitch greater equal 4/3 d may be regarded like adjacent
81
2.3. ASME Sect. I
nozzles. In this cas the pitches in the nipple field must be described via the relative or absolute
position of the nozzles.
Taking into account the surplus material in the main body and probably in the nozzle the single
opening is analysed according to PG-33. For adjacent nozzles a common reinforcement analysis is
done according to PG-38.1.
Additionally the actual shell net thickness between the adjacent nozzles is determined according
to PG-38.4. Since this calculation is only valid for nipple fields with all pitches greater 4/3 d, a
correspondent warning is displayed in case of smaller center distances between the nozzles.
Head type reinforcement:

According to ASME Sect.I, PG-35 it is possible to increase the head thickness by increasing the factor
’c’; so the computation of an opening reinforcement may be omitted.
Direction of reinforcement: For tubular reinforcement the following directions can be choosen:
- Inside contour fix, tubular reinforcement at the outside

- Outside contour fix, tubular reinforcement at the inside
- Mean wall fix, tubular reinforcement at outside and inside
If the nozzle wall thickness must be increased on the basis of the compensation calculation, the
entered diameter of the branch is fix by default. The tubular reinforcement is added on the opposite
side. It is also possible to add the reinforcement at the outside, the inside or symmetrical at the
inside and outside.
82
2.3. ASME Sect. I
Calculation formula: PG-27.2:

By default nozzles are calculated according to PG-27.2. Here pipes, access and inspection openings
are proved via the formulas of PG-27.2.2. ASME Sect. I allowes to calculate boiler tubes with an
outside diameter up to 5 inches alternativly acc. PG-27.2.1. Normally this results in smaller wall
thicknesses. Acc. to PG.-27.4, Note 2 the allowable stress of heat absorbing tubes is determined
internally for the design temperature (not less than the expected mean wall temperature). For not
heat absorbing tubes the design temperature, but not less than the saturation temperature relevant
is relevant.
Appendix A-317:
As alternative to PG-27 it is also possible to calculate pipes, tubes, drums and headers according to
Appendix A-317. Acc. to A-317, Note 2 the allowable stress of heat absorbing tubes is determined
internally for the design temperature (not less than the expected mean wall temperature). For
not heat absorbing tubes the design temperature, but not less than the saturation temperature is
relevant.
Wall Thickness - Reinforcement: For that part of the nozzle which is involved into the rein-
forcement a separate wall thickness can be given which diverges from the thickness of the pipe
connection.
If a maximum value is entered for the tubular reinforcement, an additional reinforcement pad
is designed, if the tubular reinforcement is insufficient.
Bore diameter in main pipe:
83
2.3. ASME Sect. I
set-on d = di dB = di
set-in acc. to PW-16.6 d = do dB = di
set-through, fully welded d = di dB = do
set-through, welded d = do dB = do
threaded d = do dB = do
flanged-out, flanged-in d = di dB = di
Deviating values e.g. for partially used nozzles (Fig. PG-33.2 c) must be specified as bore diameter
dB.
Nozzle projection inside: The inner and outer nozzle projection are used to determine the
weight and to proof the reinforcement length of the nozzle. Here they are only taken into account,
if the input value is lower than the influence length according to ASME Sect.I PG-36. The inner
projection is preset with 0.0 mm. A differing input is only valid for set-through or flanged-in nozzles.
For partially set-in nozzles an negative input is possible. For set-in nozzles according to Fig. PW-16.1
(y) and (z) a set-in depth h1 can be entered. By default the set-in depth according to PW-16.6 is
internally set h1 = maximum (tn, 6.0 mm). A propably lower design stress of the nozzle material is
taken into account along the set-in depth. The wall thickness of expanded or threaded nozzles is
not taken into account for the reinforcement proof.
Reinforcement radius main body: Welded or flanged-out/flanged-in Nozzle:

The reinforcement radius lz of the main body, measured from the point of intersection of the nozzle
axis with the inner surface of the main body, and the height of the nozzle neck, measured from the
outer surface of the main body parallel to the nozzle axis, are determined internally acc. to ASME
Sect.I, PG-36 and are taken into account.
If an reinforcement radius lz of the main body or a height lva of the nozzle neck smaller than the
determined value acc. to ASME Sect.I is entered, the areas of reinforcement are computed using the
84
2.3. ASME Sect. I
limited length.
If for a small opening acc. to PG-32.1.4 no reinforcement is necessary, such a calculculation can be
requested by the input of a reinforcement diameter for the main body.
Especially the limitation of the reinforcement radius of the main body can be used to proof the
influence of adjacent openings.
For flanged-out resp. flanged-in nozzles, the compensation area of the main body is taken into
acount by only 90 % to regard the corner radius.
Openings, expanded or threaded nozzle:

The reinforcement radius lz of the main body, measured from the point of intersection of the open-
ing axis with the inner surface of the main body, is determined internally acc. to ASME Sect.I, PG-36
and taken into account.
If an reinforcement radius lz of the main body or a height lva of the nozzle neck smaller than the
determined value acc. to ASME Sect.I is entered, the areas of reinforcement are computed using the
limited length.
If for a small opening acc. to PG-32.1.4 no reinforcement is necessary, such a calculculation can be
requested by the input of a reinforcement diameter for the main body.
Especially the limitation of the reinforcement radius of the main body can be used to proof the
influence of adjacent openings.
85
2.3. ASME Sect. I
86
2.3. ASME Sect. I
Reinforcing pad: For every nozzle a reinforcing pad with diameter and/or thickness may be
given. For inclined nozzles dp is set equal to the smaller axis of the ellipse. For reinforcement
pads without given diameter and/or thickness the reinforcement limits of the code are taken into
account.
87
2.3. ASME Sect. I
Nozzle positioning: For non-radial nozzles the angle gamma defines the circumferential inclina-
tion of the nozzle against the radial. As alternative the offset x1 of the nozzle axis to the parallel
through the main body axis may be entered. For gamma < 0°a positive offset x1, for gamma > 0°a
negative offset x1 must be entered. It has to be considered that an elliptical hole will occur for a
sloping nozzle which mean axis ratio has a maximum allowance of 2.0 according to ASME Sect.I
PG-32.2.
2.3.4.3. Input - Nipple Field
A nipple field is a geometrically identical branch or socket, which is arranged in a regular geometry
on the base pipe. There can be up to 10 nipple fields on one base pipe. The input of a single nipple
is analogous to the input of a nozzle or branch.
88
2.3. ASME Sect. I
Calculation formula:
PG-27.2:
By default nipples are calculated according to PG-27.2. Here pipes are proved via the formulas of
PG-27.2.2. ASME Sect. I allowes to calculate boiler tubes with an outside diameter up to 5 inches
89
2.3. ASME Sect. I
alternativly acc. PG-27.2.1. Normally this results in smaller wall thicknesses. Acc. to PG.-27.4, Note
2 the allowable stress of heat absorbing tubes is determined internally for the design temperature
(not less than the expected mean wall temperature). For not heat absorbing tubes the design
temperature, but not less than the saturation temperature relevant is relevant.
Appendix A-317:
As alternative to PG-27 it is also possible to calculate pipes and tubes according to Appendix A-317.
Acc. to A-317, Note 2 the allowable stress of heat absorbing tubes is determined internally for the
design temperature (not less than the expected mean wall temperature). For not heat absorbing
tubes the design temperature, but not less than the saturation temperature is relevant.
Type of connection: The type of connection influences the calculation of the efficiency factors
E according to PG-52, PG-53. For fully welded connections the inside diameter of the nipple, for
welded, attached or expanded nipples the outside diameter is the relevant opening diameter to
calculate the efficiency factor E.
Expanded nipples are only valid for tubes. The factor e is internally determined acc. to PG-27.4.
Configuration of nipple field: The position of the nipple field is determined by the position of
the first nipple.
Starting at one end of the basic shell the distance to this reference point to each basic nipple
field must be given. The angle phi from 0 to 360 degrees defines the position at the circumference
of the cylinder.
According to PG-52.6 the pitches shall be determined at the mean radius of the cylinder.
The following examples describe the input for different nipple field configurations:
Example 1: Regular rectangular pattern

The number of nipples and the pitch in longitudinal and circumferential direction may be differ-
ent.The following values must be entered:
- the number nl of nipples in the first longitudinal row
- the longitudinal pitch pl (if nl > 0)
- the number nc of rows in circumferential direction
- the circumferential pitch pc (if nc > 1)
- the longitudinal offset for following rows al = 0
Example 2: Rectangular pattern with central 2nd row

- longitudinal offset for following rows al = 0.5 * longitudinal pitch pl
The nipples of each 2nd row are placed central between the base row in longitudinal direction.
The number nl2 of holes in each 2nd row can be defined via the input field ’Number nl2 of following
rows’.
Example 3: Rectangular pattern with displaced 2nd row

- longitudinal offset for following rows al 0.5 * longitudinal pitch pl
This configuration corresponds to example 2, but here each 2nd row is placed not central between
the base row in longitudinal direction.
For al < pl/2 the 2nd rowa are displaced to the le , for al > pl/2 to the right from the central position.
Example 4: Rhombus pattern

If ’Number nl2 of nipples in 2nd row = Rhombus pattern’ is selected, each following row is displaced
in longitudinal direction by the entered offset al.
Each following row contains the same number of nipples as the base row (longitudinal offset al 0.0).
90
2.3. ASME Sect. I
Number nl2 of nipples in 2nd row (longitudinal)
nl2 = nl:
The number of nipples in each 2nd row is equal to the number of nipples in the base row. The 2nd
rows exceed the base row on the right for offset al > 0. The 2nd rows exceed the base row on the le
for offset al < 0.
nl2 = nl-1:
Each 2nd row contains one nipple less than the base row. The base row exceeds on the le and
right in longitudinal direction.
nl2 = nl+1:
Each 2nd row contains on nipple more than the base row. The 2nd rows exceed on the le and right
in longitudinal direction.
Rhombus patter:
Each following row contains the same number of nipples as the base row. The following rows exceed
the base row on the right for offset al > 0. The following rows exceed the base row on the le for
offset al < 0.
91
2.3. ASME Sect. I
92
2.3. ASME Sect. I
Longitudinal weld penetrates openings of nipple field: By default for nipple fields on cylinders
with longitudinal weld in creep range the minimum of the efficiency E and the weld reduction factor
w is taken into account during the calculation. If the longitudinal weld of the main body penetrates
the openings of the nipple field, the efficiency E is internally multiplied with the weld reduction
factor w according to PG-27.4, Note 1.
Nipple projection: The inner and outer nipple projection are used to determine the weight and
for documentation. For set-in nozzles according to Fig. PW-16.1 (y) and (z) a set-in depth h1 can
be entered.. By default the set-in depth according to PW-16.6 is internally set h1 = maximum (tn,
6.0 mm). The equivalent diameter dequiv is internally determined acc. to EN 12952-3, (8.2-7).
93
2.3. ASME Sect. I
94
2.3. ASME Sect. I
Sectional area A of expand-grooves: In case of one or more expand-grooves in the main body
opening d, an effective opening diameter de is iternally determined by regarding the additional
opening area A:
(2.3.5)
Offset Bore In case of a outside or inside offset bore acc. to ASME I, Fig. PW-16.1 (y),(z) the bore
95
2.3. ASME Sect. I
diameter dB and the bore depth h1 must be additionally entered. The equivalent diameter dequiv
is internally determined acc. to EN 12952-3, (8.2-7): dequiv = [dB * h1 + d * (t0 - h1)] / t0.
2.3.4.4. Input - Dished Head
Type of Head: In this group the following types of heads may be calculated:
- Hemispherical head
- Ellipsoidal head
- Torispherical head
- Spherical segment
The fully hemispherical head is calculated acc. to PG-29.11. The other types are calculated acc.
to PG-29.1. A torispherical head consists of a spherical part and a knuckle with different radii. A
spherical segment head is a non fully hemispheriacl head (e.g. 160 degrees), which is connected to
the cylindrical shell without any knuckle.
Height of Cylindrical Collar: If a height hb > 0 is entered for the cylindrical collar, the skirt is
checked against inside pressure as cylinder. Furthermore the height of the cylindrical collar enters
in the calculation of the heads weight and volume.
2.3.4.5. Input - Flat Head
Type of Head: In this group the following types of heads may be calculated:
- flat head acc. to fig. PG-31(a), C = 0.17

- flat head acc. to fig. PG-31(a), C = 0.1
- flat head acc. to fig. PG-31(b-1), C = 0.17
96
2.3. ASME Sect. I
- flat head acc. to fig. PG-31(b-2), C = 0.33m, Cmin. = 0.2

- flat head acc. to fig. PG-31(c), C = 0.30
- flat head acc. to fig. PG-31(d), C = 0.13
- flat head acc. to fig. PG-31(e), C = 0.33m, Cmin. = 0.2
- flat head acc. to fig. PG-31(f), C = 0.33m, Cmin. = 0.2
- flat head acc. to fig. PG-31(g-1), C = 0.33m, Cmin. = 0.2
- flat head acc. to fig. PG-31(g-2), C = 0.33
- flat head acc. to fig. PG-31(i-1), C = 0.33m, Cmin. = 0.2
- flat head acc. to fig. PG-31(i-2), C = 0.33
- flat head acc. to fig. PG-31(j), C = 0.3
- flat head acc. to fig. PG-31(k), C = 0.3
- flat head acc. to fig. PG-31(m), C = 0.3
- flat head acc. to fig. PG-31(n), C = 0.3
- flat head acc. to fig. PG-31(o), C = 0.3
- flat head acc. to fig. PG-31(p), C = 0.25
- flat head acc. to fig. PG-31(q), C = 0.75
- flat head acc. to fig. PG-31(r), C = 0.33
- flat head acc. to fig. PG-31(s), C = 0.33
- flat head with stays acc. to PG-46
- tubesheet with supporting tubes acc. to PFT-31
The type of head must be given. It controls the input dialog.
97
2.3. ASME Sect. I
98
2.3. ASME Sect. I
99
2.3. ASME Sect. I
100
2.3. ASME Sect. I
101
2.3. ASME Sect. I
Shape of Head: The shape of the head must be given.

The program gives the possibility to design the circular and noncircular flat heads. Noncircular flat
heads are allowed only for head type
Fig. PG-31(a) (b-1) with C=0.17,

Fig. PG-31(e),(f),(g-1) with C=0.33,
Fig. PG-31(j),(k),(m) with C=0.30,
Fig. PG-31(p) with C=0.25
and for stayed flat heads according to PG-46 and PFT-31.
Wall thickness: For type (g-2) if the weld is not deposited at the inner face of the header, the
thickness of the head that remains unwelded may not be entered into the calculation. Thus in case
of a re-calculation the head must be entered without the unwelded thickness.
Neck length: For flat heads type Fig. PG-31(a) with C = 0.10 the flange length lf has to comply
with conditions according to ASME Sect.I, PG-31. An entered value will be proved against the code.
For forged flat heads according to Figure PG-31 (b-2) an entered flange length lf serves for docu-
mentation only.
Neck thickness: For flat heads type Fig. PG-31(b-1) the flange thickness tf has to comply with
conditions according to ASME Sect.I, PG-31. An entered value will be proved against the code.
Connected Cylinder: The outside diameter do of the cylinder must be given to determine the
calculation diameter of the head.
The wall thickness of an head must be given where connected cylinders reinforce the head or adap-
tations, radii or minimum weld seam thicknesses are to be regarded.
Type of component:
- Pipe
- Tube, heat absorbing
- Tube, not heat absorbing
102
2.3. ASME Sect. I
Calculation formula:
- PG-27.2
- Appendix A-317
For the head types acc. to ASME I, Fig. PG-31 (b-2),(e),(f),(g-1),(i-1) the factor C = 0.33m is de-
fined via the ratio m = required thickness / actual thickness of connected cylinder.
For the head types (g-1),(g-2) via the required thickness tr the required weld thickness tw is deter-
mined, for the head type (i-2) the condition ts >= 1.25 tr is proved.
PG-27.2:
By default the required thickness is determined for pipes acc. to formula PG-27.2.2. ASME Sect. I
allowes to calculate boiler tubes with an outside diameter up to 5 inches alternativly acc. PG-27.2.1.
Normally this results in smaller wall thicknesses. Acc. to PG.-27.4, Note 2 the allowable stress of heat
absorbing tubes is determined internally for the design temperature (not less than the expected
mean wall temperature). For not heat absorbing tubes the design temperature, but not less than
the saturation temperature is relevant.
Appendix A-317:
As alternative to PG-27 it is also possible the required thickness according to Appendix A-317. Acc.
to A-317, Note 2 the allowable stress of heat absorbing tubes is determined internally for the design
temperature (not less than the expected mean wall temperature). For not heat absorbing tubes the
design temperature, but not less than the saturation temperature is relevant.
Calculation factor C: By default the calculation factor C is internally determined depending on

the thickness of the flat head:
C = 2.1:
for plates not over 7/16 inch (11 mm) thick
C = 2.2:
for plates over 7/16 inch (11 mm) thick
This corresponds to the required factor for supporting tube according to PFT-31.2 and to the re-
quired factor for welded stays or stays screwed through the plates with ends riveted over according
to PG-46.1.
According to PG-46.1 for stays connected in a different way the following calculation factor C may
be entered:
C = 2.5:
for stays screwed through plates and fitted with nuts outside of plate, or with inside and outside
nuts, omitting washers.
C = 2.8:
for stays screwed through the plates with ends not riveted over with head diameter of stay >= 1.3
diameter of stay.
C = 3.2:
for stays fitted with inside and outside nuts and outside diameter of washers >= 0.4*pitch and
thickness of washers >= plate thickness.
Flanged Head: For flanged flat heads the bolt loads under assembly and operating conditions
and the lever arm hG must be given. The values are to be transfered from the flange calculation.
For noncircular head the perimeter of the bolt holes line L must be calculated and given.
103
2.3. ASME Sect. I
Calculation factor M: For the head types acc. to ASME I, Fig. PG-31 (b-2),(e),(f),(g-1),(i-1) the
factor C = 0.33m is defined via ratio m = required thickness / actual thickness of connected cylinder.
By default m is determined internally by the program.
But values m < 1.0 are only allowed under additional conditions. If these conditions are not met,
the user can start the calculation with C = 0.33, entering m = 1.0.
104
3 Databases
3.1. Material Database
As a standard, a material file maintained by SIGMA is available to the user. In addition, SIGMA also
offers a program system that allows the user to save materials in a customer file and then use them
for calculations.
Overview The material database is divided into three sections. The filter function is located in
the upper area. The list of filtered material data is in the middle area. The list of material references
is located in the lower area
Function filter The filter function offers various fields to reduce the list of displayed materials.
Simultaneous use of multiple filters is possible. The content of the fields is sorted by letters/numbers
they contain.
global list All materials are listed in the global material list. If a filter is selected, this list is reduced
according to the selected filter. If a material is selected, it can be added to the list of material
references using the ”Add” function. Double-clicking on the material opens the corresponding
material data sheet.
Material-References Under ”Material references” you can find all materials which have been
added by the user from the global list. If a material is to be specified in the calculation, only materials
from the material references can be selected in the corresponding dropdown windows. If a material
is not available, it must first be added to the material references.
105
3. Databases www.rohr2.com
3.2. Pipe / Tubes
3.2. Pipe / Tubes

Pipe PROBAD contains various standards which are accessed during the calculation. Each dimen-
sion standard is assigned a delivery tolerance by default. The assignment is listed below.
Dimensions Standard AssociatedToler. Standard

SA-20 Tbl.A2.1 1/1 mm-Plates acc. to American Std. SA 20,Tbl.A2.1
Wall thickness 1/1 mm steps EN 10029, Cl.A
ASME B36.10 Pipes acc. to American Standards SA 530
ASME B36.19 Pipes acc. to American Standards SA 530
ASME B32.6 Tubes acc. to American Standards SA 450
DIN 2391 Seamless precision steel tubes DIN 2391
DIN 2448 Seamless steel tubes DIN 17175
DIN 2462 Seamless tubes DIN 2462
DIN 2917 Seamless steel tubes for headers DIN 2917
DIN 28180 Seamless tubes DIN 28180
EN 10216-1 Seamless steel tubes, non-alloy EN 10216-1
EN 10216-2 Seamless tubes, spec. elevated temp. EN 10216-2
EN 10216-3 Seamless tubes, alloy fine grain EN 10216-3
EN 10216-4 Seamless tubes, spec. low temp. EN 10216-4
DIN 2458 Welded steel tubes DIN 17177
EN 10217-1 Welded steel tubes, non-alloy EN 10217-1
EN 10217-2 Welded steel tubes, spec. elev. temp. EN 10217-2
EN 10217-3,T.8 Electric welded tubes EN 10217-3
EN 10217-3,T.9 Submerged arc welded tubes EN 10217-3
EN 10217-4 Electric welded tubes,spec. low temp. EN 10217-4
EN 10217-5 Submerged arc welded tubes, el. temp. EN 10217-5
EN 10217-6 Submerged arc welded tubes, low temp. EN 10217-6
EN ISO 1127, Tol.-Cl.T3 Stainless steel tubes EN ISO 1127,T3
EN ISO 1127, Tol.-Cl.T1 Stainless steel tubes EN ISO 1127,T1
3.3. Elbow / Bend

Bending thicknesses via coefficients acc. to EN: The wall thicknesses on the intrados and extra-
dos side of the bending are determined internally via the coefficients Bi and Bo acc. to EN 12952-3,
Annex A (see also TRD 301, Annex 2) or EN 13480-3, Annex B and by the wall thickness of the straight
pipe.
Bending thicknesses via Mannesmann bending coefficients (1995) he wall thicknesses on the
entrodos and extrados side of the bending are determined internally via the Mannesmann bending
coefficients (depending on the bending relation r/di resp. rb/do) and by the wall thickness of the
straight tube. The values are taken from the current Mannesmann catalog ’Inductive bended steal
pipes’, Edition 1995.
According to Mannesmann they are valid for pipes with:
106
www.rohr2.com 3. Databases
3.3. Elbow / Bend
• outside diameter from 88.9 mm to 1626 mm

• wall thickness from 6.3 mm to 170 mm
• bending radius from 200.0 mm to 10000 mm
r/D 1,2 1,25 1,5 1,75 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0 9,0 10,0 12,0
eto (-%) 28,0 26,0 24,0 21,0 20,0 17,5 15,7 14,0 12,5 10,0 8,0 6,8 6,0 5,8 5,7 5,6
eti (+%) 85,0 80,0 60,0 44,0 38,0 29,0 23,0 18,5 15,0 10,0 7,0 5,0 4,1 4,0 4,0 4,0
Bending thicknesses via Mannesmann bending coefficients (1987) The wall thicknesses on
the entrodos and extrados side of the bending are determined internally via the Mannesmann
bending coefficients (depending on the bending relation r/di resp. rb/do) and by the wall thickness
of the straight tube. The values are taken from the outdated Mannesmann catalog ’Custom bend
steal pipes’, Edition 1987.
r/D 1,0 1,2 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0 9,0 10,0 12,0
eto (-%) 23,5 22,2 20,5 18,0 15,9 14,0 11,2 9,4 8,0 6,9 6,2 5,8 5,6 5,5 5,5
eti (+%) 40,0 35,0 25,0 17,0 12,5 10,0 7,3 5,5 4,5 3,8 3,3 2,9 2,6 2,3 2,2
Bending thicknesses via ASME B31.1, Table 102.4.5 bending coefficients n ASME B31.1, Table
102.4.5 factors depending on the bending ratio r/D are documented, which determine the minimum
wall thickness of a straight pipe that way, that the minimum wall thickness a er bending at no point
of the bend is less than the required thickness of a straight pipe according to 104.1.2, formula (7)-(8).
These factors correspond with bending coefficients, which define the corresponding maximum
allowable decrease of the wall thickness at the extrados a er bending. For the intrados the wall
thickness of the straight pipe is assumed. This production method is only valid for calculation
method (A):
The minimum wall thickness at any point in the completed shell not be less than required by 104.1.2,
formula (7)-(8) for straight pipes.
r/D 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0

Factor according to Table 102.4.5 1,25 1,14 1,08 1,06
Wall thickness decrease extrados to (-%) 20,0 12,28 7,41 5,66
Wall thickness increase intrados ti (+%) 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Bend thicknesses via other production methods The wall thicknesses on the intrados and
extrados side of the bending can either be explicitely entered or internally be determined via
entered bending coefficients Bint, Bext and by the wall thickness of the straight pipe.
If neither for the wall thicknesses on the intrados and extrados side nor for the bending coefficients
Bint, Bext values are entered, the thickness in the elbow is set internally equal to the thickness of
the straight part (Hamburger Bogen).
107
4 Calculation examples
4.1. ASME B31.1:2018
4.1.1. ASME B31.1 - Tube with branch
Example: ASME B31.1
Order: a_hand1
Drawing: z_hand1
File: B3handzy
Calculation pressure:
Calculation temperature:
Main body
Dimensions standard: DIN 2448
Tolerances standard: DIN 17175
(4.1.1)
(4.1.2)
(4.1.3)
(4.1.4)
(4.1.5)
(4.1.6)
(4.1.7)
Maximum inside diameter:
(4.1.8)
(4.1.9)
(4.1.10)
Material-Data:
Material number A-283 B

PROBAD Material nr.: 1
crystal structure Ferrit
factor E: 0,92
allowable stresses S: 94,7 MPa
allowable stresses SE: 87,12 MPa
factor y: 0,4
109
4. Calculation examples www.rohr2.com
4.1. ASME B31.1:2018
Required relative to outside diameter : For inside corrosion Ai, calculation is done with inside
diameter d + 2Ai,
for outside corrosion Ao, calculation is done with outside diameter Do - 2Ao,
In ASME B31.3, App. K, formula (34a) conatins Do-2Ao explicitely)
(4.1.11)
(4.1.12)
(4.1.13)
Required relative to inside diameter :
(4.1.14)
(4.1.15)
(4.1.16)
Allowable pressure acc. to 104.1.2 (10):
(4.1.17)
(4.1.18)
(4.1.19)
Nozzle 1:
Dimensions standard: DIN 2448
Tolerances standard: DIN 17175
(4.1.20)
(4.1.21)
(4.1.22)
(4.1.23)
(4.1.24)
(4.1.25)
(4.1.26)
(4.1.27)
(4.1.28)
(4.1.29)
(4.1.30)
Material-Data:
110
www.rohr2.com 4. Calculation examples
4.1. ASME B31.1:2018

factor E: 0,92
factor y: 0,4
Required relative to outside diameter :
(4.1.31)
(4.1.32)
(4.1.33)
Required relative to inside diameter : (Note: Formula (8) is only correct if A = Ai)
(4.1.34)
(4.1.35)
(4.1.36)
(4.1.37)
(4.1.38)
(4.1.39)
Reinforcement calculation Nozzle 1:
(4.1.40)
(4.1.41)
(4.1.42)
(4.1.43)
(4.1.44)
(4.1.45)
(4.1.46)
(4.1.47)
Max. opening diameter
(4.1.48)
(4.1.49)
(4.1.50)
111
4.1. ASME B31.1:2018
Reinforcement length
(4.1.51)
(4.1.52)
Reinforcement zone
(4.1.53)
(4.1.54)
Required wall thickness of main body relative to inside diameter. Since nozzle is not under
influence of the longit. weld –> allowable stress of main body is increased
(4.1.55)
(4.1.56)
(4.1.57)
Areas acc. to ASME B31.1, 104.3.1 (D.2.1):

Since the nozzle does not intersect a longitudinal weld of he main body, the desig stress of the main
body may be increased:
Main Body
Branch
Ratio
Required Area:
(4.1.58)
(4.1.59)
(4.1.60)
Area of main body:
(4.1.61)
(4.1.62)
(4.1.63)
Area of nozzle:
(4.1.64)
(4.1.65)
(4.1.66)
Area of weld:
(4.1.67)
(4.1.68)
(4.1.69)
112
4.1. ASME B31.1:2018
total:
(4.1.70)
(4.1.71)
(4.1.72)
The allowable pressure at the single opening is determined by iteration. With increasing P the
required wall thicknesses tmh and tmbi also increase. This yields greater required areas and smaller
available areas in main body and nozzle.
Welds: (see ASME B31.1, 127.4.8)
oder (4.1.73)
(4.1.74)
(4.1.75)
(Since 3.0 mm was entered a corresponding warning is displayed.)
Nozzle 2:
Nozzle type: Opening
(4.1.76)
(4.1.77)
Adjacent openings:
Actual centre distance in the mean wall:
(4.1.78)
(4.1.79)
(4.1.80)
(4.1.81)
(4.1.82)
(4.1.83)
(4.1.84)
(4.1.85)
(4.1.86)
(4.1.87)
(4.1.88)
Sum of reinforcement zones:
Nozzle 1:
Nozzle 2:
Sum:
113
4.1. ASME B31.1:2018
For sum of reinforcement areas is bigger than centre distance the combined reinforcement areas
are determined acc. to 104.3.1.
In case of 3 adjacent openings ASME B31.1, 104.3.1 (D.2.5) is checked additionally.
ASME B31.1, 104.8.4: Section modulus
ASME B31.1, App. D : Stress intensification factors
Main Body:
(4.1.89)
(4.1.90)
(4.1.91)
Nozzle 1:
(4.1.92)
(4.1.93)
(4.1.94)
Nozzle 1 at the opening:
(4.1.95)
(4.1.96)
(4.1.97)
(4.1.98)
(4.1.99)
(4.1.100)
(4.1.101)
(4.1.102)
(4.1.103)
(4.1.104)
(4.1.105)
(4.1.106)
(4.1.107)
4.1.2. ASME B31.1 - Bend

Example: ASME B31.1
Order: a_hand1
Drawing: z_hand1
File: B31_pipe_bend
114
4.1. ASME B31.1:2018
Straight pipe - Pipe connection
Dimensions standard: ASME B36.10

Tolerances standard: ASME SA-530
(4.1.108)
(4.1.109)
(4.1.110)
(4.1.111)
(4.1.112)
(4.1.113)
(4.1.114)
(4.1.115)
(4.1.116)
(4.1.117)
Material-Data:

factor E: 0,92
factor y: 0,4
(4.1.118)
(4.1.119)
(4.1.120)
(4.1.121)
(4.1.122)
(4.1.123)
115
4.1. ASME B31.1:2018
(4.1.124)
(4.1.125)
(4.1.126)
Allowable test pressure acc. to 104.1.2, (10):
(4.1.127)
(4.1.128)
(4.1.129)
(4.1.130)
(4.1.131)
(4.1.132)
Intrados and extrados:

The wall thicknesses at the intrados and extrados of the pipe bend are determined via the Mannes-
mann bending coefficients Edition 1987 depending on the bending ratio R/Do and the wall thickness
of the straight pipe:
(4.1.133)
Mannesmann bending coefficients
R1/Do 3,0 3,5

e ti (+%) 23,0 18,5
e to (-%) 23,0 18,5
(4.1.134)
(4.1.135)
(4.1.136)
(4.1.137)
116
4.1. ASME B31.1:2018
Wall thicknesses:
(4.1.138)
(4.1.139)
(4.1.140)
(4.1.141)
(4.1.142)
(4.1.143)
(4.1.144)
(4.1.145)
(4.1.146)
(4.1.147)
(4.1.148)
(4.1.149)
Intrados: Required wall thickness acc. to ASME B31.1, 102.4.5:
(4.1.150)
(4.1.151)
(4.1.152)
(4.1.153)
(4.1.154)
(4.1.155)
Allowable pressure according to 102.4.5, (3):
(4.1.156)
(4.1.157)
(4.1.158)
117
4.2. ASME B31.3:2018
Extrados: Required wall thickness acc. to ASME B31.1, 102.4.5:
(4.1.159)
(4.1.160)
(4.1.161)
(4.1.162)
(4.1.163)
(4.1.164)
Allowable pressure according to 102.4.5, (3):
(4.1.165)
(4.1.166)
(4.1.167)
(4.1.168)
(4.1.169)
(4.1.170)
(4.1.171)
(4.1.172)
(4.1.173)
(4.1.174)
(4.1.175)
(4.1.176)
(4.1.177)
(4.1.178)
4.2. ASME B31.3:2018

4.2.1. ASME B31.1 - Tube with branch
Example: ASME B31.3
Order: A_Hand1
118
4.2. ASME B31.3:2018
Drawing: Z_Hand1
File: B3handzy
Main body
Dimensions standard: EN 10216-2
Tolerances standard: EN 10216-2
(4.2.1)
(4.2.2)
(4.2.3)
(4.2.4)
(4.2.5)
(4.2.6)
(4.2.7)
(4.2.8)
(4.2.9)
(4.2.10)
Material-Data:
factor E: 1
factor y: 0,4
Calculated wallthickness according to 304.1.2 (3a):
(4.2.11)
(4.2.12)
(4.2.13)
(4.2.14)
(4.2.15)
(4.2.16)
119
4.2. ASME B31.3:2018
Allowable pressure acc. to 304.1.2 (3b):
(4.2.17)
(4.2.18)
(4.2.19)
Nozzle 1:
Dimensions standard: EN 10216-2
Tolerances standard: EN 10216-2
(4.2.20)
(4.2.21)
(4.2.22)
(4.2.23)
(4.2.24)
(4.2.25)
(4.2.26)
(4.2.27)
(4.2.28)
(4.2.29)
(4.2.30)
Material-Data:

factor E: 1
factor y: 0,4
(4.2.31)
(4.2.32)
(4.2.33)
120
4.2. ASME B31.3:2018
(4.2.34)
(4.2.35)
(4.2.36)
(4.2.37)
(4.2.38)
(4.2.39)
Reinforcement calculation Nozzle 1:
(4.2.40)
(4.2.41)
(4.2.42)
(4.2.43)
(4.2.44)
(4.2.45)
(4.2.46)
(4.2.47)
Max. opening diameter
(4.2.48)
(4.2.49)
(4.2.50)
Reinforcement length
(4.2.51)
(4.2.52)
Reinforcement zone
(4.2.53)
(4.2.54)
Required wall thickness of main body relative to inside diameter. Since nozzle is not under
influence of the longit. weld –> allowable stress of main body is increased
(4.2.55)
(4.2.56)
(4.2.57)
121
4.2. ASME B31.3:2018
Required Area:
(4.2.58)
(4.2.59)
(4.2.60)
Area of main body:
(4.2.61)
(4.2.62)
(4.2.63)
Area of nozzle:
(4.2.64)
(4.2.65)
(4.2.66)
Area of weld:
(4.2.67)
(4.2.68)
(4.2.69)
total:
(4.2.70)
(4.2.71)
(4.2.72)
Welds: (see ASME B31.3, 328.5.4)
oder (4.2.73)
(4.2.74)
(4.2.75)
(Since 3.0 mm was entered a corresponding warning is displayed.)
Nozzle 2:
Nozzle type: Opening
(4.2.76)
(4.2.77)
122
4.2. ASME B31.3:2018
Adjacent openings:
(4.2.78)
(4.2.79)
(4.2.80)
(4.2.81)
(4.2.82)
(4.2.83)
(4.2.84)
(4.2.85)
(4.2.86)
(4.2.87)
(4.2.88)
Sum of reinforcement zones:
Nozzle 1:
Nozzle 2:
Sum:
For sum of reinforcement areas is bigger than centre distance the combined reinforcement areas
are determined acc. to 304.3.3. (e).
Main Body:
(4.2.89)
(4.2.90)
(4.2.91)
Nozzle 1:
(4.2.92)
(4.2.93)
(4.2.94)
123
4.2. ASME B31.3:2018
Nozzle 1 at the opening:
(4.2.95)
(4.2.96)
(4.2.97)
(4.2.98)
(4.2.99)
(4.2.100)
(4.2.101)
(4.2.102)
(4.2.103)
(4.2.104)
(4.2.105)
(4.2.106)
(4.2.107)
(4.2.108)
(4.2.109)
4.2.2. ASME B31.3 - Bend

Example: ASME B31.3
Order: A_Hand1
Drawing: Z_Hand1
File: B33_pipe_bend
Straight pipe - Pipe connection
Dimensions standard: ASME B36.10

Tolerances standard: ASME SA-530
(4.2.110)
(4.2.111)
(4.2.112)
(4.2.113)
(4.2.114)
(4.2.115)
(4.2.116)
124
4.2. ASME B31.3:2018
(4.2.117)
(4.2.118)
(4.2.119)
Material-Data:

factor E: 1
factor y: 0,4
Calculated wallthickness according to 304.1.2 (3a):

(4.2.120)
(4.2.121)
(4.2.122)
(4.2.123)
(4.2.124)
(4.2.125)
(4.2.126)
(4.2.127)
(4.2.128)
Allowable test pressure acc. to 304.1.2, (3b):
(4.2.129)
(4.2.130)
(4.2.131)
(4.2.132)
(4.2.133)
(4.2.134)
125
4.2. ASME B31.3:2018
Intrados and extrados:

The wall thicknesses at the intrados and extrados of the pipe bend are determined via the Mannes-
mann bending coefficients Edition 1987 depending on the bending ratio R/Do and the wall thickness
of the straight pipe:
(4.2.135)
Mannesmann bending coefficients
R1/Do 3,0 3,5

e ti (+%) 23,0 18,5
e to (-%) 23,0 18,5
(4.2.136)
(4.2.137)
(4.2.138)
(4.2.139)
Wall thicknesses:
(4.2.140)
(4.2.141)
(4.2.142)
(4.2.143)
(4.2.144)
(4.2.145)
(4.2.146)
(4.2.147)
(4.2.148)
(4.2.149)
(4.2.150)
(4.2.151)
Intrados: Required wall thickness acc. to ASME B31.3, 304.2.1:
(4.2.152)
(4.2.153)
(4.2.154)
(4.2.155)
(4.2.156)
(4.2.157)
126
4.2. ASME B31.3:2018
Allowable pressure according to 304.1.2, (3c):
(4.2.158)
(4.2.159)
(4.2.160)
Extrados: Required wall thickness acc. to ASME B31.3, 304.2.1:
(4.2.161)
(4.2.162)
(4.2.163)
(4.2.164)
(4.2.165)
(4.2.166)
Allowable pressure according to 304.1.2, (3c):
(4.2.167)
(4.2.168)
(4.2.169)
127
4.3. Control calculation ASME I : 2019
(4.2.170)
(4.2.171)
(4.2.172)
(4.2.173)
(4.2.174)
(4.2.175)
(4.2.176)
(4.2.177)
(4.2.178)
(4.2.179)
(4.2.180)
(4.2.181)
(4.2.182)
4.3.1. ASME I - Tube with branch
Example: ASME I
Order: A_Hand1
Drawing: Z_Hand1
File: A1HANDRE
Required test pressure:
(PP = 1.5 * P acc. PG-99)
Main body
Dimensions standard: 1/1 mm-gradation
Tolerances standard: EN 10029
128
(4.3.1)
(4.3.2)
(4.3.3)
(4.3.4)
(4.3.5)
(4.3.6)
Maximum inside radius:
(4.3.7)
(4.3.8)
(4.3.9)
Material number: 22, SA-516 55

allowable stresses Sn: 108.0 MPa
Calculated wallthickness (pipe) acc.PG-27.2.2:
(4.3.10)
(acc. PG-27.4, Note 3, da D > 100 mm
(4.3.11)
(acc. PG-27.4, Note 6 für 250 degree C)
(4.3.12)
(4.3.13)
(4.3.14)
Required relative to inside radius :
(4.3.15)
(4.3.16)
(4.3.17)
Allowable pressure
(4.3.18)
(4.3.19)
(4.3.20)
129
Diameter of the maximum unreinforced section according to PG-32.1.4 :
(4.3.21)
(4.3.22)
(4.3.23)
(If K> 0.99, is according to PG-32.1.1 with K = 0.99 to count!)
(4.3.24)
(4.3.25)
(4.3.26)
Nozzle 1:

Tolerances standard: 0,5 mm
(4.3.27)
(4.3.28)
(4.3.29)
(4.3.30)
(acc. to delivery tolerance)
(4.3.31)
(Specification)
(4.3.32)
(Specification)
Maximum inside radius:
(4.3.33)
(4.3.34)
(4.3.35)
(By given inner diameter. ct is always considered outside)
Material number: 53, SA-105

130
(4.3.36)
(acc. to PG-27.4, note 3, since D> 4 inch)
(4.3.37)
(acc. PG-27.4, Note 6 für 482 degree F)
(4.3.38)
(4.3.39)
(4.3.40)
Allowable pressure
(4.3.41)
(4.3.42)
(4.3.43)
Nozzle Neck to PG-43

Standard wall for pipe according to ASME B36.10 for
(4.3.44)
Gross:
(4.3.45)
Minus tolerance acc. SA-530: 12.5 %

Net:
(4.3.46)
(4.3.47)
Required net wall = minimum (9.215 mm, 7.11 mm

Reinforcing bill Nozzle 1:
(4.3.48)
(4.3.49)
(4.3.50)
(4.3.51)
131
(4.3.52)
(Specification)
(4.3.53)
(Specification)
(4.3.54)
Max. inner diameter
(4.3.55)
(4.3.56)
Influence diameter (max):
(4.3.57)
or
(4.3.58)
(4.3.59)
Carrying height (min):
(4.3.60)
or
(4.3.61)
(4.3.62)
Height of reinforcement:
(4.3.63)
Height te:
(4.3.64)
Calculated wall thicknesses regarding inner diameter diversion: (s. PG-36.4.4)
(4.3.65)
(4.3.66)
(4.3.67)
Areas
Required:
(4.3.68)
(4.3.69)
(4.3.70)
132
Base body:
(4.3.71)
(4.3.72)
(4.3.73)
Nozzle outside:
(4.3.74)
(4.3.75)
(4.3.76)
Nozzle inside:
(4.3.77)
(4.3.78)
(4.3.79)
Weld seam:
(4.3.80)
(4.3.81)
available total:
(4.3.82)
(4.3.83)
With appropriate presetting, the tolerances are always taken into account externally. The result
for the basic body is then a smaller R and thus a smaller calculated wall thickness for the main pipe
in the reinforcement calculation.
With the appropriate presetting, the tolerance of the nozzle is not taken into account in the gain
calculation. In our example, the surfaces are then calculated with t0n = 7.00 mm and t0v = 56.00 mm.
Weld seams
Weld seam at the nozzle outside:
oder min oder (4.3.84)
(4.3.85)
Weld basic body / Nozzle:
(4.3.86)
(4.3.87)
Load-bearing routes to ASME I, PW-15 (see also ASME VIII, Fig. UG-41.1):
Half circumference at the nozzles:
(4.3.88)
(4.3.89)
(4.3.90)
(4.3.91)
(4.3.92)
133
Outer contour:
(4.3.93)
(4.3.94)
(4.3.95)
(4.3.96)
(4.3.97)
Mean diameter of the fillet weld:
(4.3.98)
(4.3.99)
(4.3.100)
(4.3.101)
(4.3.102)
Existing stress according to ASME I, PG-37.2:
(4.3.103)
(4.3.104)
(4.3.105)
W1-1 = parallel to the outer contour of the shell
(4.3.106)
(4.3.107)
(4.3.108)
W2-2 = parallel to the outer contour of the nozzle
(4.3.109)
(4.3.110)
(4.3.111)
W3-3 = Only for discs: line between shell and disc / nozzle
(4.3.112)
hier unrelevant (4.3.113)
W4-4 = Only for discs: outer disc seam
(4.3.114)
hier unrelevant (4.3.115)
134
Permissible stress according to ASME I, PW-15:
min (4.3.116)
(4.3.117)
(4.3.118)
(4.3.119)
(4.3.120)
(4.3.121)
(4.3.122)
(4.3.123)
(4.3.124)
(4.3.125)
(4.3.126)
(4.3.127)
Parallel to the cylinder axis:
(4.3.128)
(4.3.129)
(4.3.130)
Parallel to the nozzle axis:
(4.3.131)
(4.3.132)
(4.3.133)
Strength of connection sufficient:

Wz1-1> min (W, W1-1)
Wz2-2> min (W, W2-2)
Nozzle 2:
Dimensions standard: Tolerances standard: EN 10216-2

EN 10216-2
(4.3.134)
(4.3.135)
(4.3.136)
(4.3.137)
(4.3.138)
135
(Specification)
(4.3.139)
(Specification)
(4.3.140)
(4.3.141)
(4.3.142)
(By given outside diameter. ct is always considered inside)

Calculated wall thickness (tube) according to PG-27.2.1:
(4.3.143)
(according to PG-27.4, grade 4)

(4.3.144)
(4.3.145)
(4.3.146)
Calculated wall thickness based on the inside diameter (switch PG-27.2.1):
(4.3.147)
(4.3.148)
(4.3.149)
(4.3.150)
(4.3.151)
(4.3.152)
Nozzle Neck to PG-43

Standard wall for pipe according to ASME B36.10 for
(4.3.153)
Gross:
(4.3.154)
136
Minus tolerance acc. SA-530: 12.5 %

Net:
(4.3.155)
(4.3.156)
Required net wall = minimum (9.215 mm, 4.267 mm)

Reinforcement calculation nozzle 2:
(4.3.157)
(4.3.158)
(4.3.159)
(4.3.160)
(10% acc. specified)
(4.3.161)
(Specification)
(4.3.162)
(Specification)
(4.3.163)
(4.3.164)
(4.3.165)
Influence diameter:
(4.3.166)
or
(4.3.167)
(4.3.168)
height reinforcement:
(4.3.169)
(siehe Meldung vor Ergebnissen) (4.3.170)
Carrying height
oder (4.3.171)
(4.3.172)
137
Height te irrelevant, L> = 2.5 tnv if L <2.5 tnv according to. ASME I, Fig. PG-33.2
(4.3.173)
Calculated wall thickness in terms of inside diameter

Junction: Although it is a tube, the computed wall thickness in there Reinforcement according to
PG-36.4.4 always calculated as a pipe:
(4.3.174)
(4.3.175)
(4.3.176)
Area:
Required Area:
(4.3.177)
(4.3.178)
(4.3.179)
Area of main body:
(4.3.180)
(4.3.181)
(4.3.182)
Area of nozzle outside:
(4.3.183)
(4.3.184)
(4.3.185)
Area of nozzle inside:
(4.3.186)
(4.3.187)
(4.3.188)
Area of weld:
(4.3.189)
(4.3.190)
(tw1 = diagonal thickness of the weld seam)

total:
(4.3.191)
(4.3.192)
(4.3.193)
138
Influence each other:

(4.3.194)
(4.3.195)
(4.3.196)
(4.3.197)
(4.3.198)
(4.3.199)
(4.3.200)
(4.3.201)
(4.3.202)
(4.3.203)
(4.3.204)
Minimum distance:
According to PG-38.2, the minimum distance must be 4/3 of the middle open diameter
(4.3.205)
(4.3.206)
(4.3.207)
If xmin> dist, a corresponding warning is issued

Sum of the influence zones:
Nozzle 1:
Nozzle 2:
Sum:
If xtot> dist. It is follow a common area comparison acc. PG-33: Angle of the connecting line on
the neutral fiber:
(4.3.208)
(4.3.209)
Correction factor acc. Fig. PG-33:
(4.3.210)
(4.3.211)
(If the nozzles are inclined in the longitudinal or circumferential direction, so it will calculated
with the corresponding ellipse axes.)
139
4.3.2. ASME I - Tube with nipple field

Example: ASME I
Order: A_Hand1
Drawing: Z_Hand1
File: AS1ZYHB
(PP = 1.5 * P gem. PG-99)
Main body
Tolerances standard: EN 10029, class A
(4.3.212)
(4.3.213)
(acc. EN 10029, class A)

(Specification)
(Specification)
Maximaler Innenradius:
(4.3.214)
(4.3.215)
(4.3.216)

Allowable stresses Sn: 108.0 MPa
(4.3.217)
(acc. PG-27.4, Note 3, da D > 100 mm)
(4.3.218)
(acc. PG-27.4, Note 6 für 250 degree C)
Required relative to outside diameter (no nipple field) :
(4.3.219)
(4.3.220)
(4.3.221)
140
Required relative to inside radius (no nippel field) :
(4.3.222)
(4.3.223)
(4.3.224)
Allowable pressure (no nippel field)
(4.3.225)
(4.3.226)
(4.3.227)
Nipple field:
Dimensions standard: 1/1 mm-gradation DIN 2448

DIN 17175
(4.3.228)
(4.3.229)
(4.3.230)

(Specification)
(Specification)
(4.3.231)
(4.3.232)
(4.3.233)
(By given inner diameter. ct is always considered inside)
Material number: 153, SA-106 / B

Zulässige Spannung S: 118.0 MPa
Calculated wall thickness (tube) according to PG-27.2.1:
(4.3.234)
(according to PG-27.4, grade 4)
141
(4.3.235)
(4.3.236)
(4.3.237)
Calculated wall thickness based on the inside diameter (switch PG-27.2.1):
(4.3.238)
(4.3.239)
(4.3.240)
(4.3.241)
(4.3.242)
(4.3.243)
Allowable pressure
(4.3.244)
(4.3.245)
(4.3.246)
Cylinder shell incl. nippel field
longitudinal division pc= 6°
Reinforced factor E (longitudinal direction PG-52.2):
(Longitudinal division)
(4.3.247)
(4.3.248)
(4.3.249)
(4.3.250)
Reinforced factor E (circumferential direction PG-52.2):

pc = 6 °(Division the scope)
(4.3.251)
(4.3.252)
(4.3.253)
142
(4.3.254)
(4.3.255)
(4.3.256)
(Maximalwert) (4.3.257)
Required relative to outside diameter (whith nippel field) :
(4.3.258)
(4.3.259)
(4.3.260)
Required relative to inside radius (whith nippel field) :
(4.3.261)
(4.3.262)
(4.3.263)
Allowable pressure (whith nippel field)
(4.3.264)
(4.3.265)
(4.3.266)
Reinforcement acc. PG-38.4

Required:
(4.3.267)
(4.3.268)
(4.3.269)
available
(4.3.270)
(4.3.271)
(4.3.272)
4.3.3. ASME I -Tube with Arched ground

Example: ASME I
Order: A_Hand1
Drawing: Z_Hand1
File: AS1GBHB
143
(PP = 1.5 * P gem. PG-99)
Main body
Dimensions standard: 1/1 mm-gradatio
Tolerances standard: EN 10029, class A
(4.3.273)
(4.3.274)
(acc. EN 10029, class A)

(Specification)
(Specification)
Camber radius inside

(4.3.275)
Krempenradius inside
(4.3.276)

Allowable stresses S: 108.0 MPa
Calculated wall thickness calotte acc. to PG-29.1:
(4.3.277)
(4.3.278)
(4.3.279)
Permissible overpressure:
(4.3.280)
(4.3.281)
(4.3.282)
Diameter of the absolute unreinforced section acc. to PG-32.1.4
(4.3.283)
(4.3.284)
(4.3.285)
(4.3.286)
(4.3.287)
144
(If K> 0.99, is according to PG-32.1.1 with K = 0.99 to count!)
(4.3.288)
(4.3.289)
(4.3.290)
Reinforcement calculation nozzle Relevant calculated wall thickness: (siehe PG-33.3)
(4.3.291)
(4.3.292)
(4.3.293)
The further area calculation acc. to hand calculation ”cylinder branch off”
4.3.4. Hand calculation ASME I cylinder with flat ground

Example: ASME I
Order: A_Hand1
Drawing: Z_Hand1
File: AS1EBHB
(PP = 1.5 * P acc. PG-99)
Forged Head acc. to Fig. PG-31 (b-1)
Dimensions standard: 1/1 mm-gradatio

Tolerances standard: 0.5 mm (forging)
(4.3.294)
(4.3.295)
(Specification)
(Specification)
(Specification)
Flange thickness (see Fig. PG-31 (b-1))
(4.3.296)
(4.3.297)
Calculation diameter
(4.3.298)
(4.3.299)
Head thickness
(4.3.300)
145
(Specification)
(Specification)
(Specification)

Allowable stresses S: 101.0 MPa
Calculated wall thickness acc. to PG-31.3.2, formula (1):
(4.3.301)
(4.3.302)
(4.3.303)
Permissible overpressure
(4.3.304)
(4.3.305)
(4.3.306)
Surface calculation of central nozzles:

Required (see PG-35.2)
(4.3.307)
(4.3.308)
(4.3.309)
The further area calculation acc. to hand calculation ”cylinder branch off”
146
5 Licenses for 3rd-Party components
5.1. .NET RTF Writer Library in C#
147
5. Licenses for 3rd-Party components www.rohr2.com
5.1. .NET RTF Writer Library in C#
148
www.rohr2.com 5. Licenses for 3rd-Party components
5.2. WPFTaskDialog
5.2. WPFTaskDialog
149
5.2. WPFTaskDialog
150
5.3. ControlzEx
5.3. ControlzEx
151
5.4. DiffPlex
5.4. DiffPlex
152
5.4. DiffPlex
153
5.5. Extended.Wpf.Toolkit
5.5. Extended.Wpf.Toolkit
154
5.6. Fluent.Ribbon
5.6. Fluent.Ribbon
5.7. IllusoryStudios.Wpf.LostControls
5.8. JetBrains.Annotations
155
5.9. WpfMath
5.9. WpfMath
5.10. PDFSharp
156
5.11. devDept Eyeshot
5.11. devDept Eyeshot
5.12. MoreLinq
157
5.12. MoreLinq
158
5.13. OxyPlot
5.13. OxyPlot
159
5.14. PeNet
5.14. PeNet
160
5.14. PeNet
161
5.14. PeNet
162
5.15. DocX
5.15. DocX
163

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SIGMA PROBAD

SIGMA Ingenieurgesellscha mbH

SIGMA Ingenieurgesellscha mbH

I PROBAD Program details 3

2.2 ASME B31.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

4 Calculation examples 109

5 Licenses for 3rd-Party components 147

5.11 devDept Eyeshot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

I.1. General Information

I.3. User support

I.4. Contact details

Telephone and Email So ware-Support: ++49 (0) 2303 332 33 45

The calculations are based on the specification (input) of

1.1. How to begin

This mask is divided into five sections.

1. the menu bar.

function for most buttons and input fields.

1.1.1. Menu bar

1.1.1.1. Menu - File

New Project Open a new project

1.1.1.2. The command bar

Button group ”New”

Corresponds to: ”Navigator > Order > New”

Corresponds to: ”Navigator > Drawing > New”

Button group ”Edit”

open material database

Defaults may be specified using File > Settings

Defaults may be specified using File > Settings

Button group ”Calculate/MatDat”

Components which are missing input data are not calculated.

Button group ”Documentation”

Save component report as PDF

Further reports and formats can be found in the tab ”Reports”.

Save Drawing-Report as PDF

Further reports and formats can be found in the tab ”Reports”.

Button group ”Help”

Open project folder

The Tab ”Reports” includes the following Buttons:

Save component report as PDF

Further reports and formats can be found in the tab ”Reports”.

Save component report as Docx

Save component report as CSV

Button group ”full report”

Save Drawing-Report as PDF

Further reports and formats can be found in the tab ”Reports”.

Save Drawing-Report as Docx

Save Drawing-Report as CSV

Button group ”pressure part list”

Save pressure Part list of Drawing as PDF

Save pressure Part list of Drawing as Docx

Save pressure Part list of Drawing as CSV

The Tab ”View” includes the following Button:

File-No. descending Sort files descending by position number

Button group ”Display Units”

SI-Units are shown

US Units are shown

A defined view of the 3D model can be selected in the selection box.

Print with report

Button group ”Section planes”

he ”New File-entry” button is context-sensitive. Depending on which set of rules is currently

A new branch can be added to the selected file entry.

A new nipple field can be added to the selected file entry.

1.1.2. Overview project

ASME B31.1 Pipe