Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 116 (2018) 386–391

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Chaos, Solitons and Fractals

Nonlinear Science, and Nonequilibrium and Complex Phenomena
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/chaos

Fractional unstable patterns of energy in α − helix proteins with

long-range interactions
Conrad Bertrand Tabi∗
a
Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Private Mail Bag 16 Palapye, Botswana
b
Laboratoire de Biophysique, Département de Physique, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Yaoundé I, B.P. 812 Yaoundé, Cameroun

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Energy transport and storage in α − helix proteins, in the presence of long-range intermolecular interac-
Received 25 July 2018 tions, is addressed. The modified discrete Davydov model is first reduced to a space-fractional nonlinear
Revised 19 September 2018
Schrödinger (NLS) equation, followed by the stability analysis of its plane wave solution. The phenomenon
Accepted 19 September 2018
is also known as modulational instability and relies on the appropriate balance between nonlinearity and
dispersion. The fractional-order parameter (σ ), related to the long-range coupling strength, is found to re-
Keywords: duce the instability domain, especially in the case 1 ≤ σ < 2. Beyond that interval, i.e., σ > 2, the fractional
α − helix NLS reduces to the classical cubic NLS equation, whose dispersion coefficient depends on σ . Rogue waves
Fractional dispersion solution for the later are proposed and the biological implications of the account of fractional effects are
Solitons
discussed in the context of energy transport and storage in α − helix proteins.
Energy
© 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction inter-spine coupling among three hydrogen-bonded protein chains.

Understanding the biological processes related to energy trans-
port and storage in biomolecules remains one of the biggest
challenges in molecular biophysics. A broad range of biological
metabolisms need that energy, which is in general transported
via proteins, initially released through the hydrolysis of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) [1]. Namely, considering the structure of α −
helix proteins, Davydov and Kislukha [2,3] used the exciton for-
malism to explain the self-trapping of the amide-I oscillations as
the consequence of the interaction between the vibrational exciton
and the distortion in the protein structure resulting from the pres-
ence of the exciton. They established that as a result of the inter-
play between nonlinearity and dispersion, the self-trapped vibra-
tional amide-I energy, coupled to the protein structure deforma-
tion, may travel as a soliton in the protein strand [4,5]. Many stud-
ies followed that seminal approach, looking for its detailed con-
firmation both numerically and analytically [5–7]. Therefore, dif-
ferent aspects of the Davydov model were investigated by Daniel
and Deepamala [8] in the presence of higher-order molecular ex-
citations, including competitive effects between first and second-
neighbor interactions. Confirmation of solitons propagating in the
α − helix chain has also been regarded recently by Tabi and co-
workers [9–15], following Daniel and Latha [16] formulation of
∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: conrad@aims.ac.za, tabic@biust.ac.bw
Some other interactions, such as diagonal and off-diagonal cou-
pling of spines, were considered where the authors discussed the
process of energy redistribution among adjacent spines [13]. The
Davydov model, in presence of long-range (LR) intermolecular in-
teractions, has also been the concern of Aboringong and Dikandé
[17] recently. They came to the conclusion that the finiteness of
the interactions range was appropriate to predict efficient energy
storage and transport in α − helix proteins. Based on the works of
Tarasov and Zaslavsky [18,19], it is also possible to reduce lattice
models to their fractional formulation, especially when power-law
LR interactions are considered. One of our main objectives in this
work is to apply such formulation to the Davydov model. We in-
tend to show that the discrete nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equa-
tion of the Davydov model for α − helix proteins can be reduced
to its space-fractional continuum version without loosing origi-
nality. In this context, the theory of modulational instability (MI)
[20–24] is used to predict the emergence of molecular solitonic
structures, with insistence on their response to fractional-order ef-
fect. The suitable balance between nonlinear and dispersive effects
can lead to a broad range of solitonic waves, including envelope,
breathers and Rogue waves (RWs). In plasma and optical physics
[25], investigating the close relationship between the occurrence of
RWs and MI has been active research direction that remains fully
unexploited when it comes to biological systems. In this paper, we
show that beyond a threshold value of the fractional-order param-
eter, the fractional NLS equation reduces to the cubic NLS equation
whose dispersion coefficient depends on the fractional-order pa-

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2018.09.037
0960-0779/© 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 C.B. Tabi / Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 116 (2018) 386–391 387

rameter. RW solutions are presented and discussed for this partic- where the parameter k is a wavenumber, d is the lattice spacing
ular case, including some biological implications. Some concluding and Jn is given by Eq. (2). Inversely, the function un (t) is related to
remarks end the paper. φ (k, t) through the formula
 π
2. Model and dynamical equation un (t ) = eiknd φ (k , t )dk . (7)
−π

2.1. Model In the continuum approximation, i.e., un (t) → u(x, t), with x = nd,
when k → 0, relations (6) and (7) become
The generalized Hamiltonian for a linear chain of amide-I units  +∞
that make an α − helix has been proposed by Davydov [1,2]. It con- φ (k, t ) = e−ikx u(x, t )dx and
−∞
siders the coupling between amide-I vibration, and displacements  +∞
of amino-acid residues, and all the interactions are summarized in 1
u(x, t ) = eikx φ (k , t )dk . (8)
the following Hamiltonian [1,2,9,17]: 2π −∞
 
  Applying all the above to Eq. (5) in the continuum approximation
H= h̄ω0 βn† βn − Jn−m (βn† βm + βn βm
†
) − Dβn βn† βn†+1 βn+1 , (1) leads to
n m =n 
∂ u(x, t ) +∞
∂ u(x, t )
i = −J (0 )u(x, t ) − dydxK (x − y )
with the subscript n referring to the lattice index along a strand (or ∂t −∞ ∂x
chain). The expression of H suggests that an individual amino acid
− 2D|u(x, t )|2 u(x, t ), (9)
will be identified by the index pair n, such that β n (βn ) are bo-
†

son creation (annihilation) operators associated with intramolecu- where the Kernel K(x) is given by
lar vibrations of the nth peptide group. These operators satisfy the 
1 +∞
G (k )
usual commutation relations for bosons, i.e., [βn , βm ] = δm,n and
†
K (x ) = eikx dk, (10)
π k2
[βn , βm ] = 0 . ω0 is the local amide-I vibrational energy, and the −∞

term h̄ω0 βn βn is the vibrational energy at the site n. The term

† with G(k ) = J (0 ) − J (k ), J = ζ (s )−1 , with the ζ − function be-
 
∞
m=n Jn−m (βn βm + βn βm ) is the energy related to the LR interac-
† †
ing given by ζ = n−s . For the specific case, where 2 ≤ s < 3, the
tions between molecular excitations on sites n and m, belonging 1=1
function G(k) is in the form
to the same chain. The coupling parameter Jn−m is the LR transfer
integral between sites n and m, here considered of the form Etémé π J0
G (k ) =  |k|σ , (11)
et al. [26–29]: (σ + 1 ) sin π2σ
Jn−m = J0 |n − m|−s , (2) where where (σ ) is the − function, with σ = s − 1 and (σ +
with J0 being the strength of the transfer integral and s a parame- 1 ) = σ (σ ) . Therefore, given the possible values of s, the values
ter range whose values are in the interval [1, +∞[ . However s cov- of σ will be found between 1 and 2. Under such considerations,
ers different physical contexts, depending on its value. For example the continuum Eq. (9) takes the form
if s → ∞, the LR interaction reduces to nearest-neighbor couplings.
∂ u(x, t ) ∂σ
For s = 5, the LR interaction is of a dipole-dipole type, while for i = −J (0 )u(x, t ) − Pσ u(x, t ) − 2D|u(x, t )|2 u(x, t ),
s = 3, the LR interaction is of the Coulomb type. We should stress
∂t ∂|x|σ
that the strongest interaction effects are due to smaller values of s. (12)
We make use of the Heisenberg formulation and obtain the ex- where the coefficient Pσ is given by
citon equation in the form
π J0
∂βn  Pσ =  . (13)
i h̄ = h̄ω0 βn − Jn−m βm − D(βn+1 βn†+1 + βn†−1 βn−1 )βn . (3) (σ + 1 ) sin π2σ
∂t m=n
The Riesz fractional derivative is given by Uchaikin [32,33]
In order to study coherent states, it will be useful to rewrite 
∂σ 1 +∞
Eq. (3) in terms of eigenfunctions of the operators β n and βn so
†
u(x, t ) = − |k|σ φ (k, t )dk. (14)
 ∂|x|σ 2π −∞
that, if the Glauber coherent states |{γn } = n |γn  and bn |γn  =
γn |γn  are introduced [30], Eq. (3) becomes By making use of the gauge transfomation u(x, t ) → u(x, t )eiJ0 t , we
 finally find the equation
∂γn
i h̄ = h̄ω0 γn − Jn−m γm − D(|γn+1 |2 + |γn−1 |2 )γn , (4) ∂ u(x, t ) ∂σ
∂t m=n i = −Pσ u(x, t ) − Q |u(x, t )|2 u(x, t ), (15)
∂t ∂|x|σ
which is a discrete nonlinear Schrödinger (DNLS) equation. We can
which is the NLS equation with space fractional derivative term.
get rid of the term in ω0 γ n via the gauge transformation γn (t ) =
We have also fixed Q = 2D, which is the nonlinearity parameter.
un (t )e−iω0 t . This yields the DNLS equation
Obviously, the dispersion term Pσ is a function of the fractional-
∂ un  order parameter σ . However, the Riesz fractional derivative is also
i =− Jn−m um − D(|un+1 |2 + |un−1 |2 )un , (5)
∂t m=n
expressed as [32,33]
σ /2
where we have further made the change of variable t → t/. ∂σ ∂2
u(x, t ) = − − u(x, t )
∂|x|σ ∂|x|2
2.2. The NLS equation with fractional derivative 1
=−  σ u (x, t ) + D σ u (x, t ) ,
D+ (16)
−
2 cos π2α
In order to derive the fractional-derivative version of Eq. (5), we
introduce the functions [18,19,31] where D+ σ u (x, t ) and D σ u (x, t ), are the left- and right-side
−


+ ∞ 
+ ∞ Riemann–Liouville fractional derivatives of order σ , that are re-
φ (k, t ) = e−iknd un (t ) and J (k ) = e−iknd Jn , (6) spectively given by [32,33]
m=−∞ m=−∞
388 C.B. Tabi / Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 116 (2018) 386–391

Fig. 1. The panels show plots of the MI growth rate versus the wavenumber λ and the fractional-order parameter σ . For a fixed value of the transfer strength J0 = 0.08,
the instability regions arise with changing the exciton-exciton coupling parameter D: (a) D = 0.1, (b) D = 0.2 and (c) D = 0.3.


σ u (x, t ) = 1 ∂n x
u ( ξ , t )d ξ Table 1
D+ , Instability regions with changing σ and D as in Fig. 2.
( n − σ ) ∂ xn −∞ (x − ξ )σ −x+1
 Fractional-order(σ ) D = 0.1 D = 0.2 D = 0.3
σ u (x, t ) = (−1 )n ∂ n x
u ( ξ , t )d ξ
D− . (17)
( n − σ ) ∂ xn −∞ (ξ − x )σ −x+1 1.1 λ ∈ [0; 0.22π ] λ ∈ [0; 0.35π ] λ ∈ [0; 0.40π ]
1.4 λ ∈ [0; 0.48π ] λ ∈ [0; 0.65π ] λ ∈ [0; 0.78π ]
1.8 λ ∈ [0; 0.63π ] λ ∈ [0; 0.82π ] λ ∈ [0; 0.98π ]
3. Modulational instability analysis

The fractional NLS Eq. (16) admits the plane wave u(x, t ) =
(1 + χ (x, t ))eiQt as solution, where χ (x, t) is a small perturbation nonlinear effects that arise in the system are characterized by the
governed by the equation parameter D of the initial model. The above-described effect is also
well pictured by the panels of Fig. 2, where the growth rate of
∂ ∂σ
i χ (x, t ) = −Pσ χ (x, t ) − Q (χ (x, t ) + χ ∗ (x, t )). (18) MI is plotted versus the wavenumber λ, with changing σ and D.
∂t ∂|x|σ In general, the instability region enlarges with increasing D, and
Separating the real and imaginary parts of the solution χ = χ1 + get more larger when σ also increases. This can be observed by
iχ2 , Eq. (18) becomes comparing Fig 2(a), (b) and (c), where σ progressively increases.
The different regions of instability are summarized in Table 1. We
∂ ∂σ
χ (x, t ) = −Pσ χ (x, t ), should stress that the calculations made in this section are re-
∂t 1 ∂|x|σ 2 stricted to the case 2 ≤ s < 3, with σ = s − 1 . However, we can con-
∂ ∂σ sider some other cases, specifically when s > 3. The fractional-order
χ2 (x, t ) = Pσ χ (x, t ) + 2Q χ1 (x, t ). (19)
∂t ∂|x|σ 1 NLS Eq. (15) then becomes
Solutions for Eq. (19) can be considered in the form of the follow-
∂ u(x, t ) ∂2
ing Fourier transfroms: i = −Pσ 2 u(x, t ) − Q |u(x, t )|2 u(x, t ), (23)
  ∂t ∂x
+∞
χ˜ 1 (λ, ) = χ1 (x, t )ei(λx+t ) dxdt, with
−∞
  +∞ J0 ξ (σ − 1 )
χ˜ 2 (λ, ) = χ2 (x, t )ei(λx+t ) dxdt. (20)
P= , with σ = s − 1. (24)
2
−∞
Q keeps the same expression. ζ (x) is the Riemann zeta function.
Replacing the above solutions into Eq. (19) leads to a homogeneous
This form of the NLS equation is due to the fact that the spectrum
system for χ˜ 1 and χ˜ 2 . The condition for such a system to admit
function G, when s > 3 (σ > 2), tends to the limit [18,19,31]
non-trivial solutions is obtained by setting its determinant to zero,
which leads to the nonlinear dispersion relation J0 ξ (σ − 1 ) 2
  G (k ) = k . (25)
2Q 2
2 = Pσ2 |λ|σ |λ|σ + . (21)
Pσ This shows that for a certain critical value of the fractional-order
From the above, the growth rate of MI is given by parameter, the fractional derivative NLS equation behaves like the
   classical cubic-NLS equation, except that in this case, the disper-
 2Q sion coefficient still depends on s, i.e., σ .
G (σ , k ) = − 2 = |Pσ ||λ|σ /2 − |λ|σ + . (22)
Pσ
The corresponding growth rate of instability is computed in 4. Rogue wave solutions
Fig. 1 versus the wavenumber λ and the fractional-order parameter
σ . We should however stress that the fractional-order parameter The coefficients Pσ and Q of Eq. (23) are all positive, their prod-
also characterizes the effect of the LR dispersive coupling among uct Pσ × Q is consequently positive. This gives the possibility of
peptide groups. For instance, the regions of λ, where the plane finding the RW solutions for Eq. (23), and discuss their behav-
wave is expected to break-up into solitonic structures gets enlarged ior when nonlinear and dispersive effects are varied. We mainly
with increasing σ . Obviously, the fractional derivative brings about focus on solitons on finite background (SFB) consisting of a lo-
important changes in the dispersion of the system, and, when bal- calized nonlinear structure evolving upon a nonzero background
anced with the changes in D, trains of solitons can emerge from plane wave. A generalized SFB solution of the NLS equation is writ-
the studied system. The reader should however remember that the ten as [25]
 C.B. Tabi / Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 116 (2018) 386–391 389

Fig. 2. The panels show plots of the MI growth rate (22) versus the wavenumber λ and q, with changing the fractional-order parameter σ and the exciton-exciton coupling
parameter D. Panel (a) corresponds to σ = 1.1, (b) to σ = 1.4 and (c) to σ = 1.8, with J0 = 0.08.

Fig. 3. The panels show the spatiotemporal plots of the Akhmediev RW with changing the fractional-order parameter σ ( > 2): (a) σ = 2.1, (b) σ = 2.4 and (c) σ = 3, with
J0 = 0.08 and D = 0.2. The Akhmediev RW is obtained for a < 1/2, and we have considered a = 0.1 in this case.

  √ 
2Pσ (1 − 4a ) cosh(2bPσ t ) + 2a cos(cx ) + i sinh(2bPσ t )
u(x, t ) = √ exp(2iPσ t ). (26)
Q 2a cos(cx ) − cosh(2bPσ t )

Here, the single governing parameter a determines the physical be-

haviour of the solution through the arguments b = 8a(1 − 2a )
√
and c = 2Lπ = 2 1 − 2a, with L being the periodicity length of
the solution. It should be noted that the above solution (26) can
describe three different kinds of breather solution, depending on
the value of a. Particularly when a < 1/2, the Akhmediev breather
(AB) is found. This is a one parameter family of space-periodic so-
lutions with the property that they approach the plane wave so-
lutions when t → ± ∞. The corresponding solution is illustrated in
Fig. 3, where the different panels, from left to right, correspond re-
spectively to σ = 2.1, 2.4 and 3. This solution is periodic in space
and is localized in time, and its amplitude decreases with increas-
ing σ .
The Kuznetsov-Ma (KM) breather is obtained when a > 1/2
[25]. This particular case is possible only is the parameters c and
b are imaginary so that the hyperbolic trigonometric functions in
Eq. (26) become ordinary circular functions. This reduces solution
(26) to
 
2Pσ 2(1 − 2a ) cos(2b1 Pσ t ) − ib1 sin(2b1 Pσ t )
uKM (x, t ) = 1+ √ exp(2iPσ t ),
Q 2a cosh(c1 x ) − cos(2b1 Pσ t )
 
where b1 = −ib = 8a(2a − 1 ) and c1 = −ic = 4(2a − 1 ) . The
KM solution is in fact localized in space and periodic in time as
depicted by Fig. 4. The latter has been represented using the same
parameter as in Fig. 3. One observes however that increasing the
fractional-order parameter has the effect of broadening the spatial
expansion of the solution, but reducing its amplitude. This has also
a drastic effect on reducing the temporal frequency of the wave.
More importantly, the specific value σ = 3 gives rise to the Pere-
grine solitons (see Fig. 4(c)) that has been described in a number
of physical systems. Moreover, compared to the AB, the KM so-
lution is more localized, with high amplitude. The importance of
highly localized waves in molecular biophysics has been a subject
of attraction in the recent years, because they are the pathway to
collect and transport the energy needed for specific processes like
transcription and replication, where hydrogen bond oscillations are
involved [34–39]. Recently, Tchinang et al. [40] numerically dis-
cussed the possibility of observing multi-RWs in protein lattices,
and concluded that they are in fact the outcome of the interplay
between nonlinear and dispersive effects. As already pointed out
in the previous section, the LR parameter that brings about frac-
tional and important dispersive effects contributes to balance the

(27)
competitive effects of nonlinearity and dispersion, leading to the
same conclusion. However, their lifetime in α − helix proteins re-
mains questionable and has also been discussed in Ref [40]. The
study has recently been extended to proteins models with inter-
390 C.B. Tabi / Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 116 (2018) 386–391
Fig. 4. The panels show the spatiotemporal plots of the Kuznetsov-Ma RW with changing the fractional-order parameter σ > 2: (a) σ = 2.1, (b) σ = 2.4 and (c) σ = 3,
with J0 = 0.08 and D = 0.2. The Kuznetsov-Ma RW is obtained for a > 1/2, and we have considered a = 0.95 to plot these panels.
spine coupling, where different classes of RWs were found using
Lax pairs [41,42].
5. Conclusion
The process of energy transport and storage in α − helix pro-
teins has been studied in this paper. Considering a lattice model of
amide-I in the presence of LR interactions, we have shown that the
model can be fully described by a fractional NLS equation. We have
addressed the MI of the latter. Regions of instability have been de-
tected, and we have found that their expansion was very sensitive
to the system parameter, especially the fractional-order parame-
ter. We have also discussed the effect of the nonlinearity param-
eter, which, in contrast to the fractional-order parameter σ , has
been found to broaden the instability domain. Under some addi-
tional consideration, we have shown that the fractional NLS equa-
tion may give rise to a cubic-NLS equation, when the LR parame-
ter s takes values beyond 3, but with dispersive effects still related
to the fractional-order parameter. Based on that, we have derived
RWs breather solitons and their response to the order parameter
has been discussed. We have, for example, observed that the effect
of increasing σ on the AB was to reduce both its amplitude and
spatial expansion. On the contrary, we found that under the same
condition, the temporal frequency and the amplitude of the KM
breather were drastically affected by the increase of σ . We should
nevertheless stress that increasing the value of the fractional-order
parameter also means increasing the LR strength as it is obvious in
Eq. (2). Therefore, under strong LR interactions, the fractional-order
parameter is small and this gives rise to the features observed in
the study of MI, where regions of instability are restrained to small
values of the wavenumber λ. The same effect is also ostensible in
the study of RWs, where highly localized structures are obtained
for small values of the range parameter, i.e., when LR interaction is
high.
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by the Botswana International
University of Science and Technology under the Grant no.
DVC/RDI/2/1/16I (25). I thank the Kavli Institute for Theoreti-
cal Physics (KITP), University of California Santa Barbara (USA),
where this work was supported in part by the National Sci-
ence Foundation Grant no. NSF PHY-1748958, NIH Grant no.
R25GM067110, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Grant
no. 2919.01.
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