THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

MINISTRY OF HEALTH, COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, GENDER, ELDERLY AND

CHILDREN

DIRECTORATE OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

FACILITATOR’S GUIDE FOR BASIC TECHNICIAN CERTIFICATE

IN NURSING AND MIDWIFERY
NTA LEVEL 4

NMT 04212: Entrepreneurship

© Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, Department of Human Resources
Development Nursing Training Section 2018, Dodoma, Tanzania

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 Table of Contents

Acronyms ..................................................................................................................................... iv
Preamble ...................................................................................................................................... v
Acknowledgement....................................................................................................................................vi
1.0. Background ................................................................................................................................... viii
2.0. Rationale ................................................................................................................................... viii
3.0. Goals and Objectives of the Training Manual..................................................................................ix
3.1. Overall Goal for Training Manual.....................................................................................................ix
3.2. Objectives for Training Manual........................................................................................................ix
4.0. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... ix
4.1. Module Overview............................................................................................................................. ix
4.2. Who is the Module For?...................................................................................................................ix
4.3. How is the Module Organized?........................................................................................................ix
4.4. How Should the Module be Used?...................................................................................................x
SESSION 01: CONCEPTS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS USED IN HEALTH CARE SERVICES....11
SESSION 02: BUSINESS REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF TANZANIA IN RELATION TO HEALTH
CARE SERVICE............................................................................................................ 13
SESSION 03: PRINCIPLES OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN FORMULATING BUSINESS IDEA.........15
SESSION 04: BUSINESS PLAN FOR HEALTH SERVICES USING SKILLS OF
ENTREPRENEURSHIP.................................................................................................17
SESSION 05: PLAN FOR COST SHARING IN RELATION TO HEALTH SERVICES.........................19

NMT 04212: Entrepreneurship iii

Acronyms

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Preamble
The Ministry of Health Community Development Gender Elderly and Children among other roles
ensures that Tanzanians receive quality health care and service. This can be achieved through
production of competent nurses and midwives amongst other health cadres. The training of competent
nurses and midwives can be achieved through various teaching and learning materials; one of them being
facilitator’s guides and student’s manual.

The challenges of today in nursing profession include among others, the preparation of the competent
nurses and midwives to meet the current and future complex clients ’ needs. Therefore, the provision of
quality training to learners in nursing and midwifery is crucial in achieving the intended exit outcomes.
Therefore monitoring of the learners acquisition of practical competences is the cornerstone for judging
effectiveness of the programme. A logbook serves as a key instrument for monitoring the ability of the
learner towards deliberation of the expected quality of care to all clients in all areas of health care
services. The current logbook has taken into consideration the competencies stipulated in the revised
curriculum in order to meet the current societal, institutional and professional needs.

This Practical Experience Logbook is deemed to be an important tool to verify learners ’ acquisition of
the necessary competences needed for the provision of quality health care services. Furthermore, it is
anticipated to also be used by other stakeholders of health care delivery industry in verifying the ability
of the graduate to deliver respected health care.

Dr. Otilia F. Gowelle

Director for Human Resource Development
Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children

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Acknowledgement
Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children through the Directorate of
Human Resource Development, Nursing training section Developed Facilitator ’s guides for Nursing and
Midwifery training program. The development was informed by revised curriculum of the same. The
successfully completion of these facilitator’s guides have been made possible by the commitment of the
technical team through a series of writers’ workshops. Understanding the crucial role of the team, the
Ministry would like to express sincere appreciation to all those who involved in the completion of this
task.

Special gratitude goes to coordinators for Nursing and Midwifery training, technical expert from NACTE
and other facilitators who tirelessly supported the development of this guide whose names are listed
with appreciation:-
SN FULL NAME INSTITUON/ ORGANIZATION
1. Ndementria Vermand ADNT-MOHCDGEC-Dodoma
2. Nassania Shango CDNT -MOHCDGEC-Dodoma
3. Professor Eliezer Tumbwene Lecturer -Aga Khan University
4. Ramadhani Samainda NACTE-Dodoma
5. Dr. Patrick Mwidunda Program Manager-Amref Health Africa
6. Lupyana Kahemela Program Officer-Amref Health Africa
7. Joseph Pilot ICT Officer- Amref health Africa
8. Benison Muchunguzi Program Officer-Jhpiego-MBM-rtz
9. Harriet Hamis Program Officer-Jhpiego-MCSP
10. David Abincha Tutor –Sumve School of Nursing
11. Mary Kipaya Principal- Kahama School of Nursing
12. Paul Magessa Ag. Principal –Newala School of Nursing
13. Dominic Daudi Tutor –Newala School of Nursing
14. Dr. Beatrice Mwilike Lecturer-MUHAS
15. Lilian Wilfred Tutor KCMC School of Nursing
16. Upendo Mamchomy Tutor KCMC School of Nursing
17. Tito William Nurse Officer Muhimbili National Hospital
18. Sixtus Ruyumbu Nurse Officer- Mbeya Refferal
19. Dr Lenatus Kalolo Medical Specialist-Mbeya Refferal
20. Emmanuel Mwakapasa Principal Mbeya -OTM
21. Ruth Mkopi Senior Research Officer TFNC
22. Salma Karim Tutor- Mirembe School of Nursing
23. Athanas Paul Principal- Mirembe School of Nursing
24. Dr. Jiyenze Mwangu Kini Tutor -CEDHA
25. Joseph Mayunga Tutor- Kisare
26. Elizabeth Kijugu Principal-Kairuki School of Nursing
27. Charles Magwaza Principal Njombe School of Nursing
28. Meshaki Makojijo Tutor Bugando School of Nursing
29. Stellah Kiwale Tutor- PHN Morogoro
30. Evance Anderson Tutor Geita School of Nursing
31. Juliana Malingumu Tutor Mchukwi School of Nursing
32. Rehema Mtonga Tutor -
33. Masunga Isassero Assistant Lecturer -MUHAS
34. Mbaruku Luga Driver-Mirembe School of Nursing

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Lastly would like to thank the collaboration and financial support from Amref Health Africa who made
this task successfully completed.

Ndementria Arthur Vermand

Assistant Director Nursing Training Section, Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender,
Elderly and Children

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1.0. Background
In 2015 the Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children through the
Directorate of Human Resource Development, Nursing training section started the process of reviewing
the nursing curricula NTA level 4-6. The process completed in the year 2017 and its implementation
started in the same year. The rationale for review was to comply with the National Council for Technical
award (NACTE) Qualification framework which offers a climbing ladder for higher skills opportunity.
Amongst other rationale was to meet the demand of the current health care service delivery. The
demand is also aligned with human resource for health strategic plan and human resource for health
production plan which aims at increasing number of qualified human resource for health.

The process of producing qualified human resource for health especially nurses and midwives requires
the plentiful investment of resources in teaching at the classroom and practical setting and the
achievement of clinical competence is acquired in step wise starting from classroom teaching to skills
laboratory teaching. In addition, WHO advocates for skilled and motivated health workers in producing
good health services and increase performance of health systems (WHO World Health Report, 2006).
Moreover, Primary Health Care Development Program (PHCDP) (2007-15) needs the nation to
strengthen and expand health services at all levels. This can only be achieved when the Nation has
adequate, appropriately trained and competent work force who can be deployed in the health facilities
to facilitate the provisions of quality health care services.

In line with the revised curricula, the MOHCDGEC in collaboration with developing partners and team of
technical staff developed quality standardized training materials to support the implementation of
curricula. These training materials address the foreseen discrepancies in the implementation of the
curricula by training institutions.

This facilitator’s guide has been developed through a series of writers’ workshop (WW) approach. The
goals of Writer’s Workshops were to develop high-quality, standardized teaching materials and to build
the capacity of tutors to develop these materials. The new training package for NTA Level 4-6 includes
a Facilitator Guide and Student Manual. This module consists of 5 sessions which aimed at equipping
learners with entrepreneurship knowledge skills.

2.0. Rationale
The vision and mission of the National Health Policy in Tanzania focuses on establishing a health
system that is responsive to the needs of the people, and leads to improved health status for all.
Skilled and motivated health workers are crucially important for producing good health through
increasing the performance of health systems (WHO, 2006). With limited resources (human and non-
human resources), the MOHSW supported tutors by developing standardized training materials to
accompany the implementation of the developed CBET curricula. These training manuals address the
foreseen discrepancies in the implementation of the new curricula.

Therefore, this training manual for Certificate and Diploma program in Nursing (NTA Levels 4-6) aims at
providing a room for Nurses to continue achieving skills which will enable them to perform competently.
These manuals will establish conducive and sustainable training environment that will allow students
and graduates to perform efficiently at their relevant levels. Moreover, this will enable them to aspire for
attainment of higher knowledge, skills and attitudes in promoting excellence in nursing practice.

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3.0. Goals and Objectives of the Training Manual
3.1. Overall Goal for Training Manual
The overall goal of these training manuals is to provide high quality, standardized and
Competence-based training materials for Diploma in nursing (NTA level 4 to 6) program.

3.2. Objectives for Training Manual

• To provide high quality, standardized and competence-based training materials.
• To provide a guide for tutors to deliver high quality training materials.
• To enable students to learn more effectively.

4.0. Introduction
4.1. Module Overview
This module content has been prepared as a guide for tutors of NTA Level 4 for training students. The
session contents are based on the sub-enabling outcomes of the curriculum of NTA Level 4 Basic
technician Certificate in Nursing and Midwifery.

The module sub-enabling outcome as follows:

2.4.1 Explain concepts of entrepreneurship as used in health care services
2.4.2 Describe business regulatory framework of Tanzania in relation to health care service
2.4.3 Utilize the principles of entrepreneurship to formulate business idea
2.4.4 Develop business plan for health services using skills of entrepreneurship
2.4.5 Design plan for cost sharing in relation to health services

4.2. Who is the Module For?

This module is intended for use primarily by tutors of NTA Level 4 certificate and diploma in nursing
schools.
The module’ sessions give guidance on the time and activities of the session and provide information
on how to teach the session to students. The sessions include different activities which focus on
increasing students’ knowledge, skills and attitudes.

4.3. How is the Module Organized?

The module is divided into 5 sessions; each session is divided into sections. The following are the
sections of each session:
 Session Title: The name of the session.
 Learning Tasks – Statements which indicate what the student is expected to learn at the end of the
session.
 Session Content – All the session contents are divided into steps. Each step has a heading and an
estimated time to teach that step. Also, this section includes instructions for the tutor and activities
with their instructions to be done during teaching of the contents.
 Key Points – Each session has a step which concludes the session contents near the end of a
session. This step summarizes the main points and ideas from the session.
 Evaluation – The last section of the session consists of short questions based on the learning
objectives to check the understanding of students.
 Handouts and Worksheets are additional information which can be used in the classroom while
teaching or later for students’ further learning and doing assignment. Handouts are used to provide
extra information related to the session topic that cannot fit into the session time. Handouts can be
used by the participants to study material on their own and to reference after the session.

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 Sometimes, a handout will have questions or an exercise for the participants. The answers to the
questions are in the Facilitator Guide Handout, and not in the Student Manual Handout.

4.4. How Should the Module be Used?

Students are expected to use the module in the classroom and clinical settings and during self-study.
The contents of the modules are the basis for learning Entrepreneurship. Students are therefore
advised to learn each session and the relevant handouts and worksheets during class hours, clinical
hours and self-study time. Tutors are there to provide guidance and to respond to all difficulty
encountered by students.

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SESSION 01:CONCEPTS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS USED IN HEALTH
CARE SERVICES

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Learning Tasks

At the end of this session a leaner is expected to be able:

Define the terms entrepreneurship, entrepreneur
Explain the haracteristics of entrepreneurship
Explain the roles of nursing in entrepreneurship
Explain the mportance of entrepreneurship in health care services

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 LCD Projector and computer
 Note Book and Pen

Step Time (min) Activity/ Content

Method
1 05 Presentation
Presentation of session title and learning tasks
2 10 Presentation, Definition of the terms entrepreneurship,
/Brainstorming entrepreneur
3 15 Lecture Discussion Characteristics of entrepreneurship

4 05 Presentation, Buzzing Roles of nursing in entrepreneurship

5 15 Presentation/Lecture Importance of entrepreneurship in health care

Discussion services
6 05
Presentation Key Points
7 05
Presentation Session Evaluation

SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Objectives (5 minutes)

READ or ASK participants to read the learning objectives

ASK participants if they have any questions before continuing

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STEP 2: Definition of the Terms Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneur (10 Minutes)
Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

ASK students to brainstorm on the definitions of entrepreneurship, entrepreneur.

ALLOW time for them to respond

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

Entrepreneurship can be defined as

• Is the capacity and willingness to develop, organize and manage a business venture along with any
of its risks in order to make a profit .Or

• Is the activity of setting up a business or businesses, taking on financial risks in the hope of profit

An entrepreneur

• Is one who creates a new business in the face of risk and uncertainty for the purpose of achieving
profit and growth by identifying significant opportunities and assembling the necessary resources to
capitalize on them. (Thomas Zimmer et .al). Or

• Is the one who determines business opportunities converts them into marketable ideas, bring the
necessary resources and take appropriate actions while bearing the risks of the venture for success

o An entrepreneur is an individual who takes risks and starts something new.(Robert

Hirsch et.al)

o In almost all the definitions of an entrepreneur, there is agreement that we are talking
about a kind of behaviuor that includes:

 Initiative taking.

 The organizing and recognizing of social and economic mechanisms to turn

resources and situations to practical account

 The acceptance of risk failure.

STEP 3: CHARACTERISTICS OF ENTREPRENEUR(15 Minutes)

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Activity: Buzzing (5minutes)

ASK students to buzz on the characteristics of entrepreneur

ALLOW each group to respond and let other students to add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

The characteristics are as follows

• Desire for responsibility; Entrepreneurs feel a deep sense of personal responsibility for the outcome
of the venture they start
• Preference for moderate risk; Entrepreneurs are not wild risk takers but are instead calculating risk
takers
• Confidence in their ability to succeed; Entrepreneurs typically have an abundance of confidence in
their ability to succeed. They tend to be optimistic about their chances for success
• Desire for immediate feedback; Entrepreneurs enjoy the challenge of running a business, and they
like to know how they are doing and are constantly looking for feedback
• High level of energy; Entrepreneurs are more energetic than the average person. Long hours and
hard work are the rule rather than the exception.
• Leadership; Entrepreneurs not only lead themselves, but they are also skilled at leading others. They
know the importance of teamwork, and they understand the need to appreciate others, support them,
and reward them accordingly.
• High degree of commitment
• Creativity and innovation; All entrepreneurs have a passionate desire to do things better and to
improve their products or service. They are constantly looking for ways to improve. They're creative,
innovative and resourceful.
• Tolerance for ambiguity; Entrepreneurs tend to have a high tolerance for ambigous, ever changing
situations, the environment in which they most often operate.
• Flexibility; One hallmark of true entrepreneur is their ability to adapt to the changing demands of their
customers and their businesses.

STEP 4: ROLES OF NURSING IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP (5 Minutes)

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• Nursing entrepreneurship provides nurses with self-employment opportunities which allow them to
pursue their personal vision and passion to improve health outcomes using innovative approaches

• A nurse entrepreneur is considered to be a “proprietor of a business that offers nursing services of a

direct care, educational, research, administrative or consultative nature” (International Council of
Nurses, 2004, p.4)

• Nurse entrepreneurs are innovators who initiate incentives that lead to change, the modernisation of
health systems, and demonstration of leadership (Raine, 2003).

• Nurse Entrepreneurs use their nursing education and business background to start ventures within
the healthcare industry.

• They are establishing, promoting and running their own companies. Some develop medical devices,
computerized systems, or home health products.

• To set out on your own as a Nurse Entrepreneur, some key skills to have included: creativity,
business savvy, ability to find funding and identify a market, as well as a consistent customer base.

STEP 5: IMPORTANCE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN HEALTH CARE SERVICES (15

Minutes)
 Helps creation of new opportunities in health services delivery
 Helps to improve and create new technologies and equipment used in health services delivery
 Helps to create job opportunities to the health professionals
 Helps to increase the availability of health services in the community
 Helps in contributing positive changes in providing health services
 Help nurses and other health care providers in innovation and creativity
 Provide nurses with self-employment opportunities which allow them to pursue their personal vision

STEP 6: KEY POINTS (5 minutes)

• An entrepreneur is an individual who takes risks and starts something new.(Robert Hirsch et.al)
• Entrepreneurship is creating something different with value by devoting time and efforts, and
assuming risks for success (Olomi 2003).
STEP 8: Session Evaluation (5 minutes)
• Define the terms entrepreneurship, entrepreneur.
• Explain the characteristics of entrepreneurship.
• State roles of nursing in entrepreneurship.
• Describe importance of entrepreneurship in health care services.

References

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Business by Alyssa Gregory (www.sbinformation.about.com)
Business Adviser: Core Module No.4of theTWIGA Approach, GTZ, 2010
Community-Based EnterpriseDevelopment (C-BED) For Aspiring
Community-Based Enterprise Development (C-BED) for Small Business
Entrepreneurship Skills Training Manual, German Foundation for World
Get up it’s time: The business handbook for Uganda, Auflage, Fröbelacademy Germany 2004
Gender+ Entrepreneurship Together: Get Ahead for Women in Enterprises
How to Start a Small Business: A Step-by-Step Guide to Starting a Small Population (DSW) Ethiopia,
2012.
How to Start a Small Business: A Step-by-Step Guide to Starting a Small Entrepreneurial Innovation as
a Learning SystemGemmell R. M., Kolb, D. A.,Somers A. 2012 (www.learningfromexperience.com)

Project Manager: Core Module No. 2 of the TwigaApproach, GTZ, 2010.

Training Package and Resource kit, African edition by Sussane Bauer, Gerry
Finnegan, and NelienHaspels, ILO 2008.
Youth-to-Youth in Step Entrepreneurship Training Manual, German Foundation
for World Population (DSW), 2010

Operators: Training in Business Development and ImprovementFacilitator’s

Packet, ILO 2013

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SESSION 02: BUSINESS REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF TANZANIA IN
RELATION TO HEALTH CARE SERVICE

Total Session Time: 120 minutes

Learning Tasks

At the end of this session a leaner is expected to be able:

Define the term business regulatory authority
Outline laws governing business in Tanzania
Explain the functions of business regulatory agencies in Tanzania (BRELLA, TRA,TIC, MIT and
TBS)
Explain areas of private practice in nursing and midwifery
Explain health care financing mechanism in Tanzania

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 LCD Projector and computer
 Note Book and Pen

Step Time (min) Activity/ Method Content

1 05 Presentation
Presentation of session title and learning tasks
2 05 Presentation, Definition of the term business regulatory authority
Brainstorming

3 15 Lecture Discussion Laws governing business in Tanzania

4 40 Presentation/Lecture Functions of business regulatory agencies in

Discussion Tanzania (BRELLA, TRA,TIC, MIT and TBS)

5 15 Assignment and Areas of private practice in nursing and midwifery

Presentation

6 30 Presentation/Lecture Health care financing mechanism in Tanzania

Discussion

7 05
Presentation Key Points

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 8 05
Presentation Session Evaluation

SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Objectives (5 minutes)

READ or ASK participants to read the learning objectives

ASK participants if they have any questions before continuing

STEP 2: Definition of Business Regulatory Authority (5 Minutes)

Activity: Brainstorming (20 minutes)

ASK students to brainstorm on the business regulatory authority.

ALLOW time for them to respond

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

A business regulatory authority

 Refers to the governmental body that is created by a legislature to implement and
enforce specific laws related to the businesses.
o The business is subject to laws that govern social and economic matters,
including income taxation, payroll taxation, environmental laws,
occupational health and safety laws, real estate law, employment laws,
criminal laws, and laws that are specifically related to your particular
industry, such as insurance or transportation.

STEP 3: Laws Governing Business in Tanzania (15 Minutes)

 Act No.11 of Parliament of 1995.

 Arbitration Act, Chapter 15.

 Banking and Financial Institutions Act, 1991.

 Bankruptcy Ordinance.

 Business Licensing Act, 1972.

 Business Name (Registration) (Cap 213)

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  Capital Market and Securities Act, 1994.

 Companies Ordinance (Cap212).

 Companies Act, 2002 (enacted but not yet enforce)

 Competition Law.

 11. Copy Rights and Neighboring Rights Act, 1999.

 12. The Customs and Excise Management Act, 1977.

.
STEP 4: FUNCTIONS OF BUSINESS REGULATORY AGENCIES IN TANZANIA (40
Minutes)
Business Registration and Licensing Agency (BRELA)
 This is a Government Executive Agency established under the Government Executive
Agencies Act No. 30 of 1997.
 It was established on the 28th of October, 1999 by Government Notice No. 294 A published on
the 8th October, 1999 and it was officially inaugurated on the 3rd December, 1999.

Functions of BRELA

 To ensure that businesses operate in accordance with the laid down regulations and sound
commercial principles.
 To administer companies and business names laws.
 To regulate business by administering business and industrial licensing laws.
 To administer intellectual property laws.
 To encourage and facilitate local and foreign business investment.
 To stimulate scientific and technological innovation and encourage technology transfer.
 To protect the development of creativity in artistic, literary works, and expression of folklore by
protecting such work in conjunction with rights owners.

Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA)

 The Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA) was established by Act of Parliament No. 11 of 1995,
and started its operations on 1st July 1996. In carrying out its statutory functions.
 TRA is regulated by law, and is responsible for administering impartially various taxes of the
Central Government.

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Functions of TRA
 To issue correct tax assessment in accordance with tax laws.
 To collect taxes according to the existing tax laws, regulations and procedures.
 To handle all enquiries from taxpayers and other stakeholders so as to enable them fulfill their
obligations.
 To manage all complaints from taxpayers and stakeholders with a view to providing solutions
and enable the TRA to improve service delivery.
 To educate taxpayers and other stakeholders on their rights and obligations.
 To issue tax forms and provide timely and accurate information in a simple language.
 TRA will provide advice to the Government and other government organs on matters pertaining
to fiscal policy and its implementation.
 To offer professional training on tax matters to stakeholders.

Tanzania Investment Centre (TIC)

 The Tanzania Investment Centre (TIC) is a One Stop Agency of the Government of Tanzania
established under the Tanzania Investment Act, No. 26 of 1997 to promote, co-ordinate and
facilitate investment into Tanzania.
Functions of TIC.
 To initiate and support measures that will enhance the investment climate in the country for
both local and foreign investors.
 To collect, collate, analyse and disseminate information about investment opportunities and
sources of investment capital, and advise investors upon .request on the availability, choice or
suitability of partners in joint-venture projects
 To identify investment sites, estates or land together with associated facilities of any sites,
estates or land for the purposes of investors and investments in general.
 To assist all investors, including those who are not bound by the provisions of the Tanzania
Investment Act, 1997, to obtain all necessary permits, licences, approvals, consents,
authorizations, registrations and other matters required by law for a person to set up and
operate an investment.
 To provide, develop, construct, alter, adapt, maintain and administer investment sites, estates
or land together with associated facilities of those sites, estates, land and subject to relevant
laws, the creation and management of export processing zones
 To provide and disseminate up-to-date information on benefits or incentives available to
investors
 To carry out and support local investment promotion activities which are necessary in
encouraging and facilitating increased local investments, including entrepreneurial
development programmes.

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 The Ministry of Industry and Trade (MIT)
The Ministry of Industry and Trade is a government ministry of Tanzania. Its offices are located in
Dar es Salaam. The Minister of Industry and Trade is Charles John Mwijage.

Functions of MIT
 Formulation, administration and review of policies and strategies for industrial and commercial
development.
 Creation of enabling environment for industrial and trade development.
 Co-ordination and supervision of parastatal sector restructuring through privatization and
commercialization.
 Post privatization monitoring and evaluation of Sales and Joint Venture Agreements.
 Entrepreneurship Promotion and development
 Promotion of environment friendly technologies.
 Monitoring of industrial sector performance.
 Promotion of international trade through bilateral, multilateral and regional co-operation.
 To facilitate industrial and trade development through appropriate recommendations on the
enabling legal framework.
 Export and import management.
 To perform managerial and administrative functions relating to the sector.

STEP 5: Areas of Private practice in Nursing and Midwifery(15Minutes)

STEP 6: Health Care Financing Mechanism (30Minutes)

Definition of health care financing mechanism.
 Methods or sources used for mobilization of funds for health care
 Mechanisms for paying health care (Hsaio, W and Liu, Y, 2001)

Health service financing mechanism /sources.

 Health services financed broadly through
o Private expenditure or
o Public expenditure or
o External aid
 Public expenditure includes all expenditure on health services by
o Central and local government funds spent by state owned and parastatal enterprises
as well as government and social insurance contributions
o Where services are paid for by taxes, or compulsory health insurance contributions
either by employers or insured persons or both this counts as public expenditure.
o Voluntary payments by individuals or employers are private expenditure
o External sources refer to the external aid which comes through bilateral aid programme
or international nongovernmental organizations.

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STEP 7: Key Points (5 minutes)
 A business regulatory authority refers to the governmental body that is created by a legislature
to implement and enforce specific laws related to the businesses.
 Laws governing business in Tanzania includes:

Act No.11 of Parliament of 1995, Arbitration Act, Chapter 15, Banking and Financial Institutions
Act, 1991, Bankruptcy Ordinance, Business Licensing Act, 1972, Business Name (Registration)
(Cap 213), Capital Market and Securities Act, 1994, Companies Ordinance (Cap212),
Companies Act, 2002 (enacted but not yet enforce), Competition Law, Copy Rights and
Neighboring Rights Act, 1999 and The Customs and Excise Management Act, 1977.

 Health Care financing Mechanism means :methods or sources used for mobilization of funds
for health care or Mechanisms for paying health care (Hsaio, W and Liu, Y, 2001)
STEP 8: Session Evaluation (5 minutes)
 Define the term business regulatory authority
 State the laws governing business in Tanzania
 Explain functions of business regulatory agencies in Tanzania (BRELLA, TRA,TIC, MIT and TBS)
 Describe Health care financing mechanism in Tanzania

REFFERENCES
Business by Alyssa Gregory (www.sbinformation.about.com)
Business Adviser: Core Module No.4of theTWIGA Approach, GTZ, 2010
Community-Based EnterpriseDevelopment (C-BED) For Aspiring
Community-Based Enterprise Development (C-BED) for Small Business
Entrepreneurship Skills Training Manual, German Foundation for World
Get up it’s time: The business handbook for Uganda, Auflage, Fröbelacademy Germany 2004
Gender+ Entrepreneurship Together: Get Ahead for Women in Enterprises
How to Start a Small Business: A Step-by-Step Guide to Starting a Small Population (DSW) Ethiopia,
2012.
How to Start a Small Business: A Step-by-Step Guide to Starting a Small Entrepreneurial Innovation as
a Learning SystemGemmell R. M., Kolb, D. A.,Somers A. 2012 (www.learningfromexperience.com)

Project Manager: Core Module No. 2 of the TwigaApproach, GTZ, 2010.

Training Package and Resource kit, African edition by Sussane Bauer, Gerry
Finnegan, and NelienHaspels, ILO 2008.
Youth-to-Youth in Step Entrepreneurship Training Manual, German Foundation
for World Population (DSW), 2010

Operators: Training in Business Development and ImprovementFacilitator’s

Packet, ILO 2013

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 Entrepreneurs:Training in Business Development Facilitator’s Guide, ILO 20

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NMT 04212: Entrepreneurship 23

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SESSION 03: PRINCIPLES OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN FORMULATING
BUSINESS IDEA

Total Session Time: 120 minutes

Learning Tasks

At the end of this session a leaner is expected to be able:

Define of business idea
Describe steps of formulating business idea
Formulate a business idea

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 LCD Projector and computer
 Note Book and Pen

Step Time (min) Activity/Method Content

Presentation of session title and
1 05 Presentation
learning tasks
2 10 Brainstorming/Presentation Definition of business idea

3 30 Presentation Steps of formulating business idea

4 55 Presentation/Small group discussion Formulate a business idea

5 05 Presentation Key Points

6 05 Presentation Session Evaluation

SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Objectives (5 minutes)

READ or ASK participants to read the learning objectives

ASK participants if they have any questions before continuing

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STEP 2: Definition of business idea (10 Minutes)

Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

ASK students to brainstorm on the definition of business idea

ALLOW time for them to respond

WRITE their responses in the board.

CLARIFY AND SUMMARIZE using the notes below

 A business idea is a short and precise description of the basic operations of an intended business.
o A good business starts with a good business idea.
o Before you can start a good business you need to have a clear idea of the sort of business you
want to run.
o A successful business meets the needs of its customers.
o It gives people what they need or want and the good business
 Business ideas are identified through positive, creative thinking.
 They can come from different sources such as ideas built on local resources, local needs, local
activities, interests and hobbies.

STEP 3: Steps of formulating business idea (30 Minutes)

 Which need your business will fulfil for its customers?
o Which need does your product or service satisfy for your customer?
o Your business idea should always have the customer and the customer’s needs in mind.
o It is important to find out what your future customers want when you work out your business
idea.
 What product or service your business will sell?
o What type of product or service will your business sell?
o Your business idea should be based on products you know about or services you are good at.
o They must be products or services that people are willing to pay for.
o Analyzing various business ideas will help you to focus on the type of business you will be good
at.
o A product is an object that people pay for. It may be something you make yourself or it may be
something you buy to re-sell. Tools, baked goods, clothes and retail goods are all products.
o A service is something you do for people, which they pay for, for example, shining shoes,
delivering messages, keeping money safe in a bank and repairing items.
 Who is your targeted customer for the business?
o You need to ask yourself who will buy your products or services remember client may be your
customer?
o Customers are an essential part of every business.
o It is important to be clear about the customers you intend to sell to. Will you sell to a specific
type of customer or to everyone in an area?

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 o There must be enough people who are able and willing to pay for your products and services or
the business will not make a profit.
 How your business is going to sell its products or services?
o How are you going to sell your products and services?
o If you plan to open a shop this is clear, but a manufacturer or service operator can sell in many
different ways.
o A manufacturer can, for example, either sell directly to customers or to retailers.

Means of generating business idea

 Investigating the environment to see type of business exist in the area which you want to establish
the business
o You can use your creativity to find more business ideas in your area.
o Look at the list of businesses in your area.
o If your list covered a large enough section of your local market, you are probably beginning
to see what industries or services your local economy depends on.

 Brainstorming
o Brainstorming is a way of opening up your mind and helping you to think many different ideas.
o You start with a word or topic and just write down everything that comes into your mind.
o You continue for as long as you can, putting down everything even if it seems irrelevant or odd.
o Good ideas can grow from very strange beginnings.
o Brainstorming works best when carried out with another person or a group of people, but you can
also try it on your own.
o Many large companies use this method to come up with new product ideas.

 Analyse Your Business Ideas And Select The Best One

o List all the ideas which have been identified
o Select the most suitable ideas from your list by thinking carefully about each idea.
o Use these key questions to identify suitable idea

 SWOT Analysis
o One method people often use to decide which the most suitable business idea is the SWOT
analysis.
o It helps you focus on possible problem areas and potential advantages of each idea.
S-trengths
W-eaknesses
O-pportunities
T-hreats
Inside the business
o To analyse the strengths and weaknesses of a business an entrepreneur should look inside
the planned businesses.
o What will the business be good at and what are its weaknesses?
o Strengths are the specific positive aspects, which will give your proposed business an
advantage over similar business ventures and competitors. It could be that you propose to
offer a better quality product or to have a location, which is located near your customer.

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 o Weaknesses on the other hand are specific aspects that your business will not be good at.
Perhaps your costs will be high because your business is located far from suppliers and you
will have to pay more for transport.
Outside the business
o To analyse the opportunities and threats of your proposed business an entrepreneur should
look outside the business i.e. the external environment. What aspects of the external
environment will benefit the business and what aspects will negatively affect the business?
o Opportunities are on-going potential developments around you that will be good for your
business.
 It could be that the demand for the product you are proposing will increase because of
the influx of tourists.
o Threats are probable events that may affect your business negatively. For example, the
business idea could be so simple that other people may start similar businesses in your
area and reduce your share of the market.

STEP 4: Formulate a business idea (55 Minutes)

Activity: Small Group Activity (55 minutes)

DIVIDE students into group 4 to 8 (depending on the size of the class).

GIVE students time to work in the group and select one area where there business idea can
originate:- :
 Health Care
 Research
 Programme/Project to develop the skills and knowledge of other nurses/health care workers
 Teaching patients/clients and their families
 Programme/Project management

ASK students as a large group to SELECT one category and formulate a business idea for 30
minutes

REFER students to handout 3.1. And CLARIFY whenever necessary in their groups

ASK student from each group to present their business idea.

APPRAISE the students after each presentation

PROVIDE feedback for each group and comment for ideas presented

STEP 5: Key Points (5 minutes)

 A business idea is a short and precise description of the basic operations of an intended business

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 Business ideas are identified through positive, creative thinking.
 In creating business idea a nurse should consider the need, the product, the customer and the sale

STEP 6: Session Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is business idea?
 What steps to follow in formulating business idea?

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 Handout 3.1: Innovative Thinking In Generating Business Idea For Nurse
Entrepreneurs

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 Nurse entrepreneurs who need to create a business should also think of independent practice to
explore:-
o Innovative approaches to health care delivery,
o Applying promotion and prevention techniques
o Treatment skills to different degrees

 In most countries including Tanzania, self-employed nurses are legally permitted to offer any service
that falls within the practice of nursing and does not infringe on the legislated responsibility or the
exclusive practice of another health discipline.
 In Tanzania, nurses have scope of practice guide which shows the extent of practice for nurses
depending on the qualification.
 The guide is in mandate of Tanzania nurses and midwives council.

 Applying the nursing process often facilitates translating nursing education, expertise and
experience into a business (Papp 2000).
 First an assessment of personality, nursing experience and health care needs is required to
determine what business options are possible.
 Then a plan must be developed providing a step-by-step procedure for how the business will be
established, taking into account:-
o Who are the customers?
o Who are the competitors?
o What will customers require from the business?
o What are the start-up costs?
o What business structures are needed?
o When will the services/products be required?
o What advantages will this business have over the competitors?

Getting started
 Nurse entrepreneurs who are committed to opening a private practice or starting their own business
should educate themselves about business principles.
 Reading books and journals about health care policy, legislation, service matters, reimbursement
issues and budgeting and financial reporting is a way to start. And this should involve reading of the
local country and international
 Part of the planning process includes acquiring an understanding of business terminology, especially
as it relates to a nursing venture.
 In Tanzania, and possibly in other countries, universities have created advanced degree
programmes which gives a nurse an opportunity to advance in business and entrepreneurial skills.

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 Nurses have many opportunities to establish consultancies within the health system or as an outside
consultant.
 Nurse entrepreneurs could establish consultancy businesses focusing on:
o Care – for example, managing the geriatric patient in the community; chronic disease
management; provision of gynaecological services; home-based programmes for paediatric
patients with chronic diseases; community-based care for post-operative orthopaedic patients;
community day care centres for children, or for patients with chronic disease; management of
pre-natal care for high-risk maternity patients; medical travel services.
o Research – for example, data gathering for establishing the link between improved patient
outcomes and nurse staffing levels.
o Programmes to develop the skills and knowledge of other nurses/health care workers – for
example, use of high tech equipment for critically ill patients; comprehensive wound management
educational programmes; promulgation of specific, effective models of patient care delivery;
continuing nursing education; health policy for health care professionals; planning for disaster
care.
o Teaching patients/clients and their families – for example, self-management of diabetes;
maintaining nutrition in HIV/AIDS patients; wellness programmes for groups of workers in any
industry; obesity reduction programmes; lactation and new mother classes; CPR training.
o Programme management – for example,
 Techniques for effectively managing a multicultural staff;
 Methodologies for improving nurse retention in the workplace;
 Organisational assessments of health system departments and institutions;
 Political action to promote changes in the health care system;
 Development of mechanisms to recruit more people into nursing;
 Implementation of occupational health and safety regulations;
 Integration of nursing education programmes into university systems.

 The services of a self-employed consultant may be contracted by other nurses, Head of Nursing in
the country, other health care professionals, patients and their families, community based
organisations, educators, Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender elderly and
Children(MOHCDGEC) , or other health related Organization.
 In the many countries that have a private sector in addition to a public health care system,
opportunities may be found.

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SESSION 04:BUSINESS PLAN FOR HEALTH SERVICES USING SKILLS
OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Total Session Time: 120 minutes + 5hrs Assignment

Learning Objectives

At the end of this session leaner are expected to be able:

Define the term business plan
Describe the elements of a business plan
Describe steps in developing business plan
Formulate a business plan

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 LCD Projector and computer
 Note Book and Pen

Step Time (min) Activity/Method Content

1 05 Presentation Presentation of Session Title and Learning

Objectives
2 05 Brainstorming/Presentation Definition of the term business plan

3 40 Lecture discussion Elements of a business plan

4 40 Lecture discussion Steps in developing business plan

5 20 Presentation/Assignment Formulating a business plan

6 05
Presentation Key Points
7 05
Presentation Session Evaluation

SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Objectives (5 minutes)

READ or ASK participants to read the learning objectives

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ASK participants if they have any questions before continuing

STEP 2: Definition of the term business plan (5 Minutes)

Activity: Brainstorming (3 minutes)

ASK students to brainstorm on the definition of business plan

ALLOW time for them to respond

WRITE their responses in the board.

CLARIFY AND SUMMARIZE using the notes below

 A business plan is the summary of a entrepreneur’s proposed business venture, its operation and
financial details its marketing opportunities and strategy and its managers skills and ability.
 It can also be defined as a written document incorporating the operations, financial stand, market
feasibility, skills and background of a person going into business.
o The business plan offers:-
 A systematic, realistic evaluation of a venture’s chances for success in the market
 A way to determine the risk of the business
 It give an opportunity to manage the business successful during start up
 A means to compare actual results and targeted performance
 A way to attract capital
 A nurse like many other professions should be equipped with entrepreneurship culture and
strengthened ability to contribute more effectively towards their own, client they serve and
community at large.

STEP 3: Elements of a business plan (40 Minutes)

 In entrepreneurship culture every business which is started should be unique and must be tailor
made
 In creating and building a business, the entrepreneur assumes all the responsibilities for
development and management, as well as the risks and rewards.
 Many businesses do not survive because business owners fail to develop an effective plan
 The business plan focuses on major areas of concern and their contribution to the success of a new
business
 The element for business plan are standard, that is any business plan document should have, For
entrepreneurs,

Table 4.1. Description of element of the business Plan

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Element/Component Description
Executive Summary A very brief summary of these information covered in one page
 Overview of industry involved, including current trends and issues;
 Details of target markets, pricing structure, promotion and advertising;
 Comprehensive description of the product or service, uses and features;
 Identified competition and comparison with proposed product or service;
 Description of operations, facilities needed, equipment and personnel;
 Description of management skills and resources available to the
business;
 Identification of potential risks and how they might be managed;
 Time frame for implementation of various stages of business
 Financial plan including how much money is needed and a repayment
schedule for money that may have been borrowed.
General description of  Name of business, business location and address
business  Nature of business activity
 Type of business organization (partnership, cooperative, new, old,)
 Any further explanation summarizing why the business will be
successful
Personal  Name of business owner(s), promoter(s)
background  Educational, professional background
 Relevant experience in business-related activities
Market plan  Business market area and targeted customers/ customer groups
 Why you will be able to compete with existing products/ services and
how do you compare competitors (price, quality, appearance,
performance,)
 Past, current, future (projected) market demand for your product/service
(if possible in terms of volume/units per day/months)
 Suppliers and supply terms and conditions
 Unit pricing and list of all items/services being offered
 How you will be selling your produce (direct, dealers)
 Tip: Include the market research survey report as an annex
Business management  Who will be the actors in this business
plan  Specify their roles and the division of labour (if applicable)
 How will the business work be organized (e.g. working shifts,
working times, working conditions)

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Financial plan Investments required
 Fixed assets/starting equipment (e.g. land, tools, machinery)
 Preliminary expenses
o Pre-operative expenses (e.g. legal fees, licensing fees, bank
charges,)
o Start-up expenses (e.g. water, electricity connection, cleaning of
premises, etc.)
 Working capital (raw materials, rent, water, transport, etc.)

Sources of raising funds  Total requirements

o Own contributions/investments
o Family/friends contributions
o Already secured loans, credits etc
o Total funds available
 Deficit/funding gap
o Loan support required
Operating plan  Projected operating income statement
forecast o Income from sales
o Less cost of production and overhead/fixed costs Net profit
 Break even analysis
 Cash flow projection
Major assumptions  Give the assumptions you’ve made that underpin your plan e.g.
assumptions that particular resources will be available

(Source: German Foundation for World Population (DSW), (2014))

 A well thought business plan is a very key tool to anyone who want to excel in business.
 For this case a nurse who has an entrepreneurial thinking will always use it as key to success,
 The following are the key advantages of the business plan:-
o It assist in highlighting key aspects of the business that need special consideration
o It identify your core competencies (what you can do best) and weaknesses
o Identify weaknesses and threats to the business
o It gives you a way to new opportunities
o It act as tool for you to understand your competitors
o Help you plan your operational setup better
o Give means to use your financial resources more efficiently and ultimately more profitably
o Assist your management capabilities in relation to specific tasks and functions as well as bring
awareness to human resources and capacity needs
 Moreover, a business plan is usually required by banks, financial institutions and private investors
in order for them to provide financial support.
 It demonstrates to them that the entrepreneur knows what is essential to start a business and has
done the preparation and planning required

STEP 4: Steps in developing business plan (40 Minutes)

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 In order to develop the business plan one should do Feasibility/Market Analysis, Viability Analysis
and Financial analysis.
 In summary one should follow these steps
o Step 1: Provide the general information of what and how the business will come into existence
o Step 2: Indicate the demand, market and location of the business
o Step 3: Describe what you want to produce, sell, quantity, packaging system of products, capacity
o Step 4: Source of funds/capital
 Depending on the nurse's knowledge base and the type of business, the preparation of a realistic
plan to raise money might take weeks or months.
 On the other hand, nurses have started businesses using their own savings or borrowed money
without such a plan.
 If a business has been started without a large investment and has been operating successfully, a
lender might be satisfied with the financial statements of the business to provide additional funds.
 In some countries, having a personal relationship with a banker is more important than a written
business plan.
 It is also possible that a lending institution may be intrigued with the nurse's idea and assist in
preparing necessary documents to secure funding.

Key Source of Funds/capital for a Business

 There are basically two ways to finance a business using funds from external sources.
o Debt, involves borrowing money (capital, or the loan “principal”), usually with an identified interest
rate, both of which must be paid back in full by a certain date. In this situation, the lender does not
necessarily own any part of the business.
o Owners’ Equity, involves selling part of the business in exchange for a financial investment.
When individuals offer those investments, the business may be established in the form of a
partnership with the investors. Partners might have equal shares in the business, or their
partnership level could be based on the amount of funding they invest. Partnership or shareholder
agreements should detail the rights and responsibilities of the investors.
o Grants, allowance that a government or organisation gives to support small business creations in
the country.
 Government and non-governmental organisations sometimes give grants to potential
entrepreneurs to support them in starting small businesses.

Gifts, offers from family, friends Loans from family, friends,

informal association, savings
and credit groups, banks

Own resources Sources of funds for a Credit from

from saving, sale Business supplier
of assets

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Figure 4.1. Showing Sources of Funds to support a business

Table 4.2. A summary sheet showing sources of funds and their related advantages and disadvantages

Sources Advantages Disadvantages

Owners  Own decision  Capacity of individuals limited

resources(Owners  Own planning & timing  Danger of relaxation in business management
Equity)  Full control and benefits  No sharing of risks
 No extra costs (interest)
 Self-reliance motivating

Gifts or Offer  Free  Not reliable

 No extra costs involved  Not timely
 May be tied to other person’s agenda, wishes
Loans  Extra resources  Interest charges
 Enforces discipline  Not timely
 Induces external control  Tight repayment regime
 External control of ones business
 Risk of loss of ones other assets in case of
failure
Credit from supplier  Sure way of obtaining  High prices
supplies  Inferior supplies
 No interest charges  Inflexibility in planning supplies
 Reduction in operating  Dependency on supplier
expenses
Grants  Free  Consider specific levels (local, regional,
(public or  Higher amount national, international), sectors (e.g.health,
private) agriculture, politics) and target, groups (e.g.
youth, orphans, women)
 Strict rules for application and accountability
 High competition

(Source: German Foundation for World Population (DSW), (2014))

STEP 5: Formulating a business plan (20 Minutes)

Activity: Small Group Activity (20 minutes)

DIVIDE students into groups of 5 or 8 (depending on the size of the class).

REFER student to worksheet 4.1 to activity scenario

ASK the groups to work together to come up with a business plan based on the formulated idea
category.

INSTRUCT each group time to work and submit a business plan for scoring after 5hours.

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STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)
 A well thought business plan is a very key tool to anyone who want to excel in business.
 A Business plan should encompass enterprising thinking and strengthened ability to contribute
more effectively towards their own, client they serve and community at large.

STEP 7: Session Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is the business plan?
 What are elements of a business plan?
 What are steps in developing business plan?
 How can you formulate a business plan?

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 Handout 4.1: Business Plan Template(Source: German Foundation for World
Population (DSW), (2014))

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.COVER PAGE
 Business Name
 Business Address
 Name of Presenter
 Organization presented to
 Date of presentation
2.TABLE OF CONTENT
 Give numbers of various key sections of your business plan
3.EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
 Give brief overview of your business highlighting the key features.
 What is the business about, products/services on offer, market-main customers, human resource
 The organization’s structure, financial summary-projected income and assets among others.
4.STATEMENT OF PURPOSE
 Outline the purpose of the business plan
5.BUSINESS DESCRIPTION
 Business Location address
 Business Ownership ( nature of the business)
 Products/Services offered
 Industry which the business will operate under v. Justification of the business
 Short term and long term goals vii. Entry and growth
6.MARKETING PLAN
 Highlight how your plan to market your products/service i.e. how do you intend to reach your target?
 Outline the characteristics of the potential customer
 Competition
o Who are the main competitors?
o What are their strengths?
o What are their weaknesses?
o How do you intend to capitalize on their weaknesses?
 Market share - expected total market share
 Pricing strategy; outline your pricing strategy
 Advertising and promotion; outline your pricing and promotion strategy
o Initial plan
o Long term strategy
o Distribution strategy
o Sales tactics; outline your sales tactics
7.ORGANISATION AND MANAGEMENT
 Organization structure (draw your organizational chart)
 Management team
o State the composition of your management team, its qualification/post, duties and responsibilities

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 o Other personnel (What other employees’ will you require?)
o Outline how you will recruit and train your staff
 Remuneration of staff
 Highlight how you will recruit, train and develop your staff iv. Remuneration/incentives (How
will you remunerate them?)
 Salaries/wages
 Fringe benefits
o List the support services required
o Licenses/permits
 Required licenses/permits
 Who will provide the licenses /permits and at what cost
8.OPERATIONAL/PROCEDURAL PLAN
 Describe briefly how you will operate your business
o Production facilities and capacity utilization
o List the machines, equipment and tools required
 Describe the cost, capacity and supplier of required machines and equipment
o Production strategy
 Outline the materials requirement
 What is the material cost
 Outline the source
o Production design development
 Outline how you will design and develop your product
 What will it cost to design and develop your products?
 Outline the estimated cost of product/service Direct Material cost+ Direct labour cost and
Overheads
o Relevant regulation
 List the patents and regulations needed
 What is the cost of obtaining the patent trademarks?
 List other legal rights will seek
9.RISK REDUCTION STRATEGIES
o Outline how you will analyze and reduce business risks
 Future business risks
10. FINANCIAL PLAN
 Identify how you will obtain and use business finance
o Pre-operational costs
 Outline your pre-operational cost
 What is our proposed capitalization0 capital?
 Own contribution (your capital)
 Funds from borrowing sources
 Total investment
o Identify the working capital requirements
 Prepare your income statement (Put as attachment1)
 Prepare your balance sheet (Put as attachment 2)
 Prepare your projected cash flow statement (Put as attachment 3)
 Outline how you expect to finance your operations
 What is your proposed capitalization?
 What is your break-even level?

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  How do you measure your profitability?

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SESSION 05:PLAN FOR COST SHARING IN RELATION TO HEALTH
SERVICES

Total Session Time: 120 minutes+6 Assignment

Learning Objectives

At the end of this session participants are expected to be able:

Explain concept of cost sharing

Explain reasons for cost sharing

Explain benefit and challenges of cost sharing

Identify different financing mechanism for health care

Formulate a plan for collecting funds in health care setting

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 LCD Projector and computer
 Note Book and Pen

Step Time (min) Activity/Method Content

1 05 Presentation Presentation of Session Title and Learning

Objectives
2 05 Presentation Concept of cost sharing

3 15 Buzzing /Presentation Reasons for cost sharing

4 25 Small group discussion Benefits and challenges of cost sharing

/Presentation
5 30 Presentation Financing mechanism for health care

7 35 Presentation/Assignment Plan for collecting funds in health care setting

8 05
Presentation Key Points
9 05
Presentation Session Evaluation

SESSION CONTENTS

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STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Objectives (5 minutes)
READ or ASK participants to read the learning objectives

ASK participants if they have any questions before continuing

STEP 2: Concept cost sharing (5 Minutes)

 Cost sharing is the term used to describe different forms of direct charging for health care services.
o Direct charging reduce demand to seek health care service
o It is also a way of raising revenue

STEP 3: Reasons for cost sharing (15 Minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (10 minutes)

ASK students to buzz on the reasons for cost sharing

ALLOW time for them to respond

WRITE their answers on a flip chart/board.

CLARIFY and provide summary using the content below

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STEP 3: Benefits and challenges of cost sharing (25 Minutes)

Activity: Small group discussion (15 minutes)

DIVIDE students into a group of 4 to 8 (depending on the size of the class).

ASK students as a large group to discuss the benefits and challenges of cost sharing

GIVE time (5minutes) to discuss in their group

ASK student from the group to report back benefits and challenges of cost sharing

APPRAISE the students

PROVIDE feedback by summarizing the students’ answers using information below

STEP 4: Financing mechanism for health care (30 Minutes)

 How a health care is financed can have a large impact on:-
o How people access health services,
o How much they end up paying for health care service out of their own pockets
o Type of services provided and
o How well they are provided.
 There are a number of different and widely observed health financing mechanisms such which
are:

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 o General Revenue- Revenue can come from a variety of taxes - income and profit taxes,
value-added and sales taxes, taxes on imports and taxes on profits from the sale of natural
resources
o Social Health Insurance - Involves a defined contribution (premium) linked to a defined
package of benefits for a specific period of time, covers those who are eligible
o Private Health Insurance- buyers voluntarily purchase insurance from private, independent,
competing sellers who charge premiums that reflect the buyer ’s risks rather than their ability
to pay
o Community Financing- based on community membership, with strong involvement of the
community the management of the system
o Out-of-Pocket Spending and user fee- Paid direct by patient for medical care and these
expenditures are not reimbursable by insurers or other third parties
o External Aid- Most developing countries rely on foreign aid to varying degrees to finance
health care. However nationally generated resources are generally more important in most
countries and are likely to the current world and the future.

 The effective health care financing mechanism should be fair in distribution of burden and
benefit, should consider the group at risk and should be able to raise capital.

STEP 5: Plan for collecting funds in health care setting (35 Minutes)
Activity: Assignment (15 minutes)

DIVIDE students into a group of 4 to 8 (depending on the size of the class).

ASK students as a large group to prepare plan for collecting cost sharing

STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)

 Cost sharing is the term used to describe different forms of direct charging for health care services.
 There are a number of different and widely observed health financing mechanisms
 The effective health care financing mechanism should be fair in distribution of burden and benefit,
STEP 7: Session Evaluation (5 minutes)

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 What is cost sharing?
 What are reasons for cost sharing?
 What are benefits and challenges of cost sharing?
 What are different financing mechanism for health care?

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 Handout 5.1: Plan for Collecting Funds in Health Care Setting

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