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2 The origins of the French Revolution
1
AQA
Content
Provenance
Tone
Extension: What do you need to find out further to support your comments on the content,
provenance and tone?
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2 The origins of the French Revolution
2
AQA
1 _________________________________________________________________________
2 _________________________________________________________________________
3 _________________________________________________________________________
4 _________________________________________________________________________
5 _________________________________________________________________________
Extension: Why is the factor highlighted in green more significant than that highlighted in
red? Explain your reasoning in 10 lines below:
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2 The origins of the French Revolution
3
AQA
Value checklist
Instruction: Before you tackle value of sources in Section A of the exam paper, you need to
think about what we might mean by ‘value’ in the first place. Think about the criteria that
makes a source valuable. A checklist has been started below, try to add some more criteria
in the column on the left.
Criteria: Does the source tell you about… Present (/)
The attitudes/beliefs present
Causes of an event
Instruction: Now read Source F by Arthur Young on page 23. Using your value checklist, tick
and explain the relevant criteria that applies to this source in the column on the right.
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2 The origins of the French Revolution
4
AQA
Diamond 9
Instruction: It is important to consider a range of factors or issues in your answers. Consider
the following question and add the different factors to the diamond below using pages 5–25
of your textbook.
What were the reasons for the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789?
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3 1789: The end of the ancien régime
5
AQA
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3 1789: The end of the ancien régime
6
AQA
Impact on
voting in the
Estates
General
Ending
feudalism
Bringing
about
constitutiona
l reform
Restricting
the power of
the
monarchy.
Extension: Write one of the paragraphs in your answer to this question. Use all the skills you
have been learning so far.
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3 1789: The end of the ancien régime
7
AQA
Value checklist
Instruction: Before you tackle value of sources in Section A of the exam paper, you need to
think about what we might mean by ‘value’ in the first place. Think about the criteria that
makes a source valuable. A checklist has been started below, try to add some more criteria
in the column on the left.
Criteria: Does the source tell you about… Present (/)
The attitudes/beliefs present
Causes of an event
Instruction: Now read Source D on page 42. Using your value checklist, tick and explain the
relevant criteria that applies to this source in the column on the right.
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3 1789: The end of the ancien régime
8
AQA
Consequence
Instruction: Both components 1 and 2 might ask you to look at the consequence of
something in your essay. To avoid just writing a shopping list, you should think about which
of these consequences were more significant and why. You might consider a consequence to
be more significant if the impact is widespread or long lasting, for example. Examine the
question below, along with pages 30–50 and choose 3–4 examples of consequence to add to
the pyramid.
‘The most significant consequence of the summoning of the Estates-General was the
reduction in the power of the monarchy.’ Assess the validity of this view.
Most significant
Least significant
Extension: Why is your most significant consequence more important than your least
significant? Explain in the space below:
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4 Constitutional monarchy:
reforming France 1789–92
9
AQA
Counter argue
Instruction: Good essays have balance. Balance means arguments for and against the
question but also for and against within a specific theme or factor. This does not mean there
has to be an equal number of arguments against as there are in favour. You do not need to
agree with one of the views, but you should at least acknowledge it and say why it is not
convincing. Look at the following example:
Argument Evidence in favour Counter argument
Louis XV was Louis’ attitude towards government – In essence the problems of the ancien regime
entirety to failure to reform the country, his were long standing and deep rooted and not of
blame for the indolence and weak leadership which Louis’ making. Tax exemptions were a factor
outbreak of the frequently saw him manipulated by his which he tried to resolve against powerful
French ministers and/or his wife precipitated a vested interests. Then ideas of the Philosophes
revolution in crisis which brought about the Revolution undermined the integrity of the ancien regime
1789 in 1789 and were outside Louis control.
Instruction: Now consider the following statements and using pages 55–77 to help you
counter argue them in the table below:
Argument Evidence in favour Counter argument
The Constitution of
1791 brought
democracy to France
The National
Assembly improved
the right of workers
Revolutionary Clubs
had little impact on
the course of the
revolution.
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4 Constitutional monarchy:
reforming France 1789–92
10
AQA
LIMITATIONS TO VALUE
VALUABLE
NOTE:
When looking at
limitations avoid saying
‘this is what the source
fails to mention’ – this
doesn’t pick up any marks.
Focus on the weaknesses
of the content and
provenance instead.
Extension: Write a short paragraph explaining how valuable the source is overall to a
historian answering the question.
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4 Constitutional monarchy:
reforming France 1789–92
11
AQA
Making judgments
Instruction: It is a good idea to give an overall assessment of a source once you have given a
balanced discussion of its value in relation to the content, provenance, tone and the
question. Think of this as a conclusion of sorts before you move on to the next source. Using
Source C on page 73 of your textbook, the question and one of the opening phrases below,
write an overall assessment.
With reference to Source C on page 73 of your textbook and your understanding of the
historical context, assess the value of the source to a historian studying the emergence of
the popular sans-culottes movement during the French Revolution.
Useful phrases:
On balance, Source C is mostly… to a historian studying… because…
To a certain extent, Source C is valuable to an History studying… because…
Overall, the value of Source C to a historian studying… outweighs the limitations. This is
because…
Extension: Go to the last source answer you wrote for homework or in class. Annotate your
work with an overall assessment for one of the sources if it was missing.
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4 Constitutional monarchy:
reforming France 1789–92
12
AQA
Analysis
Instruction: Essays that contain analysis will unlock the higher levels in the mark scheme, but
what exactly is it? You might think of narration and analysis this way – Who? What? When?
and Where? are the stuff of narration; the How? Why? and to what effect? are the stuff of
analysis. Consider pages 73 to 78 and try to answer some of the following questions relating
to the emergence of the republican movement, be prepared to feedback:
Focus: the growth of republicanism
Causation questions
1 What caused that event to happen?
2 How do we know that it was those factors that caused the event to happen?
3 Why did things change then and not before?
4 Which factor was most significant in causing it? Or what combination of factors were
most significant? Why was this most significant?
Impact/significance questions
1 Was the impact long lasting? If not, why not?
2 Does the impact affect a lot of people/factors? How does it and why?
3 Were there certain factors/themes that were affected more than others? Why?
4 If there is more than one impact of the event, which was most significant and why?
Continuity and change questions
1 Why did this continue? What was the benefit of it continuing? What were the pressures
for it to continue?
2 Why did this change? Why now? Why not before?
3 Was there more continuity than change? If so, why? If not, why?
4 Was the change long-lasing? If not, why?
Similarity and difference questions
1 What were the beliefs, motivations and backgrounds of the key individuals involved and
how do these affect how much similarity or difference there was?
2 What external factors are influencing the amount of similarity or difference there was?
3 Was there more similarity than difference, if so, why?
4 Why was there not more difference? What prevented that from happening?
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4 Constitutional monarchy:
reforming France 1789–92
12
AQA
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5 War, revolt and overthrow
of the monarchy 1792–3
13
AQA
Content
Provenance
Tone
Extension: What do you need to find out further to support your comments on the content,
provenance and tone?
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5 War, revolt and overthrow
of the monarchy 1792–3
14
AQA
Extension: Choose the most challenging question and mind map a plan for it below:
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5 War, revolt and overthrow
of the monarchy 1792–3
15
AQA
The source is a
book/newspaper/speech/etc.
given in…
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5 War, revolt and overthrow
of the monarchy 1792–3
16
AQA
Diamond 9
Instruction: It is important to consider a range of factors or issues in your answers. Consider
the following question and add the different factors to the diamond below using pages 83–
91 of your textbook.
What were the reasons for the overthrow of the French monarchy in August 1792?
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5 War, revolt and overthrow
of the monarchy 1792–3
17
AQA
Making judgments
Instruction: It is a good idea to give an overall assessment of a source once you have given a
balanced discussion of its value in relation to the content, provenance, tone and question.
Think of this as a conclusion of sorts before you move on to the next source. Using Source D
on page 97 of your textbook, the question and one of the opening phrases below, write an
overall assessment.
With reference to Source D on page 97 of your textbook and your understanding of the
historical context, assess the value of the source to a historian studying the September
massacres of 1792.
Useful phrases:
On balance, Source D is mostly… to a historian studying… because…
To a certain extent, Source D is valuable to a historian studying… because…
Overall, the value of Source D to a historian studying… outweighs the limitations. This is
because…
Extension: Go to the last source answer you wrote for homework or in class. Annotate your
work with an overall assessment for one of the sources if it was missing.
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6 Government by Terror 1793–4
18
AQA
Reverse
military
defeats.
Suppress
the rebellion
in the
Vendée.
Establish
the Cult of
the
Supreme
Being.
Ensure
greater
equality in
wealth.
Extension: Write one of the paragraphs in your answer to this question. Use all the skills you
have been learning so far.
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6 Government by Terror 1793–4
19
AQA
Content
Provenance
Tone
Extension: What do you need to find out further to support your comments on the content,
provenance and tone?
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6 Government by Terror 1793–4
20
AQA
Consequence
Instruction: Both components 1 and 2 might ask you to look at the consequence of
something in your essay. To avoid just writing a shopping list, you should think about which
of these consequences were more significant and why. You might consider a consequence to
be more significant if the impact is widespread or long lasting, for example. Examine the
question below, along with pages 109–26 of your textbook and choose 3–4 examples of
consequence to add to the pyramid.
‘The most significant consequence of the overthrow of the monarchy was the emergence
of the Terror.’ Assess the validity of this view.
Most significant
Least significant
Extension: Why is your most significant consequence more important than your least
significant? Explain in the space below:
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6 Government by Terror 1793–4
21
AQA
1 _________________________________________________________________________
2 _________________________________________________________________________
3 _________________________________________________________________________
4 _________________________________________________________________________
5 _________________________________________________________________________
Extension: Why is the factor highlighted in green more significant than that highlighted in
red? Explain your reasoning in 10 lines below:
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6 Government by Terror 1793–4
22
AQA
Analysis
Instruction: Essays that contain analysis will unlock the higher levels in the mark scheme, but
what exactly is it? You might think of narration and analysis this way – Who? What? When?
and Where? are the stuff of narration; the How? Why? and to what effect? are the stuff of
analysis. Consider pages 109–36 of your textbook, which deal with government by Terror
(1793–4), try to answer some of the following questions, be prepared to feedback:
Focus: Government by terror
Causation questions
1 What caused that event to happen?
2 How do we know that it was those factors that caused the event to happen?
3 Why did things change then and not before?
4 Which factor was most significant in causing it? Or what combination of factors were
most significant? Why was this most significant?
Impact/significance questions
1 Was the impact long lasting? If not, why not?
2 Does the impact affect a lot of people/factors? How does it and why?
3 Were there certain factors/themes that were affected more than others? Why?
4 If there is more than one impact of the event, which was most significant and why?
Continuity and change questions
1 Why did this continue? What was the benefit of it continuing? What were the pressures
for it to continue?
2 Why did this change? Why now? Why not before?
3 Was there more continuity than change? If so, why? If not, why?
4 Was the change long-lasing? If not, why?
Similarity and difference questions
1 What were the beliefs, motivations and backgrounds of the key individuals involved and
how do these affect how much similarity or difference there was?
2 What external factors are influencing the amount of similarity or difference there was?
3 Was there more similarity than difference, if so, why?
4 Why was there not more difference? What prevented that from happening?
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6 Government by Terror 1793–4
22
AQA
Extension: Consider your last essay, annotate where you could have been more analytical in
one of your paragraphs.
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7 Thermidorian reaction
and the Directory 1794–9
23
AQA
Introductions
Instruction: The best introductions take a firm view from the outset and share what factors
or themes will be analysed. Good introductions tend to not fully agree with the statement or
suggestion in the question (where there is one). It should be possible to work out what the
question is from the introduction without knowing it. The weakest introductions simply set
the scene and avoid taking a view. Consider the question, the example introduction, pages
147–64 of your textbook and write an introduction below:
To what extent was the Directory able to deal with the challenges which it faced?
Example introduction
The period the Directory between 1795–9 was one when the government of the Republic
faced many challenges, following as it did the political excesses of the Terror. It was in
many ways a reaction to the terror. Those who overthrew the Robespierre – the
Thermidorians – were in essence the politically active members of the bourgeoisie who
eschewed the politics of fear and repression that so characterised the Jacobin dictatorship
of Year II. The constitution which the Thermidorians created was based on a system
designed to prevent the emergence of political extremism through various checks and
balances. It became clear almost immediately after the new constitution was inaugurated
that there was opposition to it. The Vendemiaire uprising of October 1795 was ruthlessly
suppressed by the military with Napoleon Bonaparte playing a central role. Over the next
four years the Directory face a number of challenges from both the political left (former
Jacobins supporters) and the political right (pro-monarchists). It met with varying degrees
of success in its attempts to secure its position against these opponents, although
ultimately its best effort to survive failed.
To what extent was the Directory in the years 1795–9 a period of stability?
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7 Thermidorian reaction
and the Directory 1794–9
24
AQA
24 Counter argue
Instruction: Good essays have balance. Balance means arguments for and against the
question but also for and against within a specific theme or factor. This does not mean there
has to be an equal number of arguments against as there are in favour. You do not need to
agree with one of the views, but you should at least acknowledge it and say why it is not
convincing. Look at the following example:
Argument Evidence in favour Counter argument
Louis XV was Louis attitude towards government – In essence the problems of the ancien regime were
entirety to failure to reform the country his long standing and deep rooted and not of Louis
blame for the indolence and weak leadership which making. Tax exemptions were a factor which he
outbreak of the frequently saw him manipulated by tried to resolve against powerful vested interests.
French his ministers and/or his wife Then ideas of the Philosophes undermined the
revolution in precipitated a crisis which brought integrity of the ancien regime and were outside
1789. about the Revolution in 1789 Louis control.
Instruction: Now consider the following statements and using pages 142 to 159 to help you
counter argue them in the table below:
Argument Evidence in favour Counter argument
The Directory, through its
system of checks and balances,
aimed to prevent the emergence
of political extremism.
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7 Thermidorian reaction
and the Directory 1794–9
25
AQA
LIMITATIONS TO VALUE
VALUABLE
NOTE:
When looking at
limitations avoid saying
‘this is what the source
fails to mention’ – this
doesn’t pick up any marks.
Focus on the weaknesses
of the content and
provenance instead.
Extension: Write a short paragraph explaining how valuable the source is overall to a
historian answering the question.
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7 Thermidorian reaction
and the Directory 1794–9
26
AQA
The tone of
the source is…
How does the type of the How does the date of the
source influence the tone source influence the tone
adopted? adopted?
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7 Thermidorian reaction
and the Directory 1794–9
27
AQA
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8 The impact of the Revolution
28
AQA
Extension: Choose the most challenging question and mind map a plan for it below:
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8 The impact of the Revolution
29
AQA
1 _________________________________________________________________________
2 _________________________________________________________________________
3 _________________________________________________________________________
4 _________________________________________________________________________
5 _________________________________________________________________________
Extension: Why is the factor highlighted in green more significant than that highlighted in
red? Explain your reasoning in 10 lines below:
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8 The impact of the Revolution
30
AQA
30 Conclusions
Instruction: Good conclusions pull together all of the arguments you have made throughout
your essay and justify why you have argued that way. The conclusion must link to the
question and not bring in any new information that you have not considered in the body of
your essay. Consider the example below:
To what extent were financial problems responsible for the outbreak of the French
Revolution?
‘In conclusion, it is an oversimplification to suggest that financial problems were solely
responsible for the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789. While it is possible to argue
with some conviction that it was the financial problems that beset the monarchy which
ultimately compelled it to declare bankruptcy and summon the Estates General for 1789,
there were other significant causal factors behind the revolution. Possibly more significant
in helping to explain the outbreak of the French Revolution were the structural flaws in the
ancien regime. These were to an extent concealed while the crown was relatively solvent.
Absolutism functioned effectively as a political concept under strong leadership. Louis XVI
was not a charismatic or powerful leader. As his reign progressed he was confronted with
an almost perfect storm of increasing demands from the bourgeoisie for political and fiscal
reform (particularly to the taxation system), growing disillusionment with the monarchy
whose status and credibility was undermined by a series of scandals, and mounting public
debt , accumulated through wars that were financed by loans not new taxes. The ideas of
the philosphes such as Voltaire and Rousseau circulated among the educated classes and
inspired many to demand change. Paradoxically, although Louis was an absolute ruler he
was not absolute enough to be able to confront head on his critics as he was bound by
conventions and the structures of the ancien régime. His limitations as a ruler were
exposed in his failure to secure the necessary reforms to put the finances of the state on a
secure footing. While financial difficulties precipitated the ultimate crisis of the ancien
régime other problems undoubtedly brought the King and his ministers to that point’.
Instruction: Write a conclusion to the following question using pages 165 to 182 to help:
To what extent did the French Revolution transform the country between the years 1789–
94?
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8 The impact of the Revolution
30
AQA
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8 The impact of the Revolution
31
AQA
Consequence
Instruction: Both components 1 and 2 might ask you to look at the consequence of
something in your essay. To avoid just writing a shopping list, you should think about which
of these consequences were more significant and why. You might consider a consequence to
be more significant if the impact is widespread or long lasting for, example. Examine the
question below, along with pages 165–82 of your textbook and choose 3–4 examples of
consequence to add to the pyramid.
‘The most significant consequence of the French Revolution between 1789–94 was effect it
had on the Catholic Church’. Assess the validity of this view.
Most significant
Least significant
Extension: Why is your most significant consequence more important than your least
significant? Explain in the space below:
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9 Napoleon: Consulate and Empire
32
AQA
Extension: Choose the most challenging question and mind map a plan for it below:
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Links
Instruction: Answers are more effective when they are split up into key themes or factors
and those themes or factors are compared. You can compare factors for things like the
extent of continuity/change or success/failure etc. This can occur at the start or end of the
paragraph. Consider the question below, the information on pages 142–161 and also 194–
205 of your textbook along with the key theme to be discussed. Finish the comparison and
justify your reasoning below. The paragraph has been started for you.
To what extent were the key features of the French Revolution during the Directory still in
place at the time of Napoleons coronation in 1804?
Previous theme/factor: The economy during the Directory
Current theme: Social and religious change/continuity
In comparison to the economy, there were more visible changes in the social and religious
life of France under Napoleon by 1804. This is largely because…
Extension: Go back to your last essay or timed answer and annotate where you can improve
your answer using this skill.
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Consequence
Instruction: Both components 1 and 2 might ask you to look at the consequence of
something in your essay. To avoid just writing a shopping list, you should think about which
of these consequences were more significant and why. You might consider a consequence to
be more significant if the impact is widespread or long lasting, for example. Examine the
question below, along with pages 194–221 of your textbook and choose 3–4 examples of
consequence to add to the pyramid.
‘The most significant consequence of Napoleon’s rule was the Napoleonic War.’ Assess the
validity of this view.
Most significant
Least significant
Extension: Why is your most significant consequence more important than your least
significant? Explain in the space below:
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Attitude to Liberty
Attitude to Equality
Policy towards
Fraternity
Policy on Land
acquired as a
consequence of the
revolution
Extension: Write one of the paragraphs in your answer to this question. Use all the skills you
have been learning so far.
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LIMITATIONS TO VALUE
VALUABLE
NOTE:
When looking at
limitations avoid saying
‘this is what the source
fails to mention’ – this
doesn’t pick up any marks.
Focus on the weaknesses
of the content and
provenance instead.
Extension: Write a short paragraph explaining how valuable the source is overall to a
historian answering the question.
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