REVIEWER IN PID
and jaw becomes larger, milk teeth
HUMAN DENTITION
DENTITION
the arrangement or condition of the
teeth in a particular species or
individual.
In particular, it is the characteristic
arrangement, kind, and number of
teeth in a given species at a given age
TYPES
Homodont - a type of teeth which
has the same size, shape and perform
the same function.
found in the majority of vertebrates
such as fish, amphibia and reptiles
Ex. Lizard, crocodiles, sharks
Heterodont - having teeth of
different types and functions
Mostly mammals
Ex. Human, sheep, dog ,cow
Monophyodont- having but one
set of teeth of which none are
replaced at a later stage. Toothless
animals have this kind of teeth and
marsupials retain their milk teeth.
Ex. koalas, Tasmanian devil
Diphyodont- characteristic of
mammals in which milk teeth appear
in the young ones but as they grow
are replaced by larger permanent
ones to fit in the larger jaw bone.
Polyphyodont -involves
replacement of teeth from time to
time several times in lifetime so that
jaws are never left without teeth
Ex. Crocodiles, geckos
HETERODONT:
Incisors - grasping and cutting
food, slicing
Canine- tearing food
Premolars- to tear and crush food.
Molars- largest of teeth, grind food
DIPHYODONT:
Deciduous teeth- primary teeth,
baby teeth, temporary teeth or milk
teeth. 20 teeth (8 incisor, 4 canine ,
8 molar)
Adult teeth- permanent teeth
32 teeth (8 incisor, 4 canine, 8
premolars, 12 molar – include
wisdom tooth)
Supernumerary teeth – addition
to the regular number of teeth
Hypodontia- absence of one or
more teeth ( excluding third molars)
FUNCTION:
Mastication- main function of
teeth. Teeth are part of the digestive
system; chewing is the first stage of
the process of digestion.
Speech- When teeth are missing
(especially upper front teeth), the
normal speech can be severally
affected.
Aesthetics- the position, shape,
and shade of teeth have a
pronounced impact in shaping each
individual personality.
CAUSE OF TOOTH LO /
EDENTULISM
Children: Toddlers and children
run the risk of two types of traumatic
tooth loss: premature loss of baby
teeth and loss of permanent teeth
due to injury or neglect. Dental caries
are a major cause of tooth loss in
children and teens.
Adults: Gum disease (gingivitis or
periodontitis) and dental caries are
the leading causes of tooth loss
among adults. Periodontal disease is
a chronic bacterial infection affecting
the gums and bone supporting the
teeth. As the disease destroys gum
tissue and bone, teeth loosen and
may require extraction. Smoking,
heart disease and diabetes also are
associated with tooth loss.
Elderly: Plaque accumulation and
hardening, gum recession, older
fillings and dry mouth put the elderly
at greater risk for losing their natural
teeth.
The incidence of edentulism among
certain populations reflects
differences in healthy behaviors and
attitudes toward oral health and
dental care, as well as access to and
use of dental services and treatments.
Research indicates that tooth loss
caused by gum disease is commonly
associated with risk indicators that
include age, gender (more common dental care ― such as dental implants
with males), smoking, inadequate ― is expensive)
personal oral hygiene and
professional dental care, diabetes
mellitus, hypertension, and TREATMENTS::
rheumatoid arthritis. DENTAL IMPLANTS

CONSEQUENCES OF TOOTH
LOSS
• Mental anxiety
• Changes in facial features, loss of
bone and gum tissue, trouble eating
and speaking, poor nutrition
• Self-consciousness, dissatisfaction
with appearance and loss of
confidence
• Pain, distress and relaxation
problems
• Social embarrassment and isolation
(Edentulous people may feel
embarrassed about their appearance DENTURES
and not want to go out and engage in
social interaction and activities. In
addition, edentulous people often
have to face stereotypical perceptions
of being poor, uneducated and/or
unhygienic.)
• Embarrassed and/or ashamed to
DENTAL BRIDGE
seek dental treatment
• Financial burden for costs of
possible treatment options (Complex
 COMPLETE EDENTULOUS
PATIENT

BRIDGE SUPPORTED
IMPLANTS

COMPLETE DENTURES

REMOVABLE PARTIAL
DENTURES

IMPLANT OVER DENTURE


Personalities in Dentistry
Dr. Pierre Fauchard
(1678 – March 22, 1761)
French physician
The father of modern dentistry
• Pierre Fauchard was born in a very
modest home in
Saint-Denis-de-Gastines,
commune in the Mayenne
department in north-western France
• against the wish of his family, in
1693 he joined the French Navy at
the age of 15 until 1696
• Alexander Poteleret- a surgeon
major, who had spent considerable
time studying the diseases of the
dental organs inspired the young
fauchard during his navy years.
• Fauchard learned that sailors that
spent long time away from the shore
suffered from scurvy which is a
deficiency of vitamin C. In time,
Fauchard became a combat medic as
Poteleret'sprotégé.
University of Angers Hospital-
where Fauchard practice his
medicine. There he began his
revolutionary medical work including
the pioneer work in scientific oral
and maxillofacial surgery.
He called himself a "Chirurgien
Dentiste“ ( surgeon dentist)
with the primitive surgical
instruments of that time that were
very limited, he was considered a
highly skilled surgeon
In 1718 he moved to Paris and
became recognized as the most
outstanding dental surgeon in all of
France.
He invented his on dental
instruments and used tools from
other trades like tools from watch
makers, jewelers and even barbers, if
he thought that he could use them in
surgery.
He treated dental cavities with dental
fillings with which he was the first in
Europe.
He recognized that the sugar and its
derivate acids, like tartaric acid, were
to blame for caries and that if not
treated, caries can turn into tumors.
He also pioneered dental prosthesis,
and investigated methods to replace
lost teeth. His ideas also included
holding of the artificial teeth to the
healthy ones with wire or thread and
first dental braces.
Le Chirurgien Dentiste
“the surgeon dentist”
He decided to use his experience and
write one such book. He finished
writing it in “1723” and he edited it
until 1728 when it was published in
two volumes has 38 chapters in
Volume 1 and 26 chapters in Volume
2 it had 42 plates depicting surgical
instruments and appliances
The book is the origin of scientific
dentistry. It changed the practice of
dentistry
Pierre Fauchard's book and his
teachings were used for the next
100 years
Highlights of Le Chirurgien
Dentiste
1. The German tooth worm theory is
probably wrong. I have looked
through a microscope many times
and have found no worms.
2. Sugar is detrimental to both gums
and teeth. We should limit it in our
daily foods.
3. The first teeth, which are called
milk teeth, separate themselves from
their roots without anyone knowing
just what becomes of them. Some
dentists say they have no roots, but
they are wrong.
4. If you fill teeth after removing the
caries, it will strengthen the teeth. I
recommend lead, tin and sometimes
gold. Richard has told me you are
now using silver and plastic type
materials, I know Pierre would
approve.
5. Teeth should be cleaned
periodically by a dentist..
6. When teeth are irregular he
straighten them by using files to
make space between them, forceps to
loosen the teeth, and wires to hold
the teeth in their new position until
firm. I have observed that the teeth of
young persons are much easier to
straighten than those of grown up
persons. Because you see in young
persons the roots are not as large,
and partly because the parts
surrounding them are softer. When
persons of some years undertake this
operation the use of considerable
time is required before success can be
attained.

7. If a tooth is knocked out it can be
replanted and used for many years.
Revolutionary ideas of
Fauchard
1. He was the first to describe how a
patient should be seated in a
comfortable chair to have dentistry
done. Up until this time the patient
and dentist usually sat on the floor
with the patient's head between the
dentists legs, holding on to the
dentists knee's for support. He felt
that this was most inappropriate for
women, especially those who were
expecting a child.
He also recommended that the
dentist stand behind the patient, not
in front of them because it created
fear and also blocked out the
available light.
2. He invented instruments for:
a. Filling teeth and the pelican's
forceps for removing teeth.
3. He constructed obturator's to fill in
the roof and back of the mouth that
had been removed because of
disease, now the patient could eat
and speak. Complete dentures were
carved out of solid blocks of bone or
ivory, fastened upon frames of gold
or silver with band springs between
them to force the prosthesis against
the upper and lower jaws.
4. He figured out how to enamel false
teeth to match a patient's existing
teeth.
5. He prescribed oil of cloves and
cinnamon for pulpitis.
6. He described an improved drill. Its
rotary movement was powered by
catgut twisted around a cylinder, or a
jeweler's bowstring.
7. From medieval times urine was
widely thought to be helpful for a
wide variety of diseases. He believed
urine was beneficial to patients
suffering from toothache. Thus, he
advised patients to rinse their
mouths, both morning and night,
with spoonfuls of their own urine. It
worked. Apparently, one of the
chemical compounds in urine is
ammonia, something unidentifiable
at the time but also the reason for the
patient’s beneficial results.

He was a relentless antagonist of all
dental charlatans. In his book, he
exposed not only their highly
injurious techniques,butalso their
subterfuges.
Placing nitric acid and sulfuric acid
on teeth to remove tartar, and how it
ate away the tooth, resulting in
unnecessary extractions. Or how
these charlatans would place a thin
layer of gold over tin or lead fillings
to make the poor patient think they
had received a gold filling, that was
very expensive.
Dr Greene Vardiman Black
(1836-1915)
Aka G.V. Black
known as one of the founders of
modern dentistry in the United
States.
The father of restorative dentistry
born in a farm in Winchester. Illinos
on August 3rd 1836
He had a meager educational
advantage by going few months each
year in winter to a new-room school
near his father's farm. He showed
very little interest in school
At the age of seventeen he decided to
study medicine at his brother
Thomas.G.Black's office who was a
practicing physician at Clayton,
Illinois.
After his 4 years of study (1853-56)
gaining knowledge in anatomy and
medicine, he studied dentistry under
J.C. Speer who was practicing dentist
at Mt.Sterling, Illinois. He read and
twice re-read the only hook on
dentistry that Dr.Speer owned. He
assisted Dr.Speer in his work for a
few months and with this little
formal education and his knowledge
of basic sciences
At the age of 21, he set up his dental
practice at Jacksonville, Illinois in
1856 where he became a very well
known and respected practitioner of
dentistry.
He also served as a union scout in
1862 during the civil war but was
soon hack on track.
he never believed in practicing the
mechanical art of dentistry that was
taught and prevailed in his time but
he instead made dentistry a dignified,
scientific and highly skilled
profession.
GV Black contributions
• introduce nitrous oxide
(laughing gas) as an
anaesthetic in dentistry.
• made observations on the
influence of acid or alkaline
condition upon the teeth. He
studied tissues and made
microscopic slides of his own
• Formula for amalgam
• an improvement in dental
drills
• study Colorado brown stain
• introduced an idea to prevent
recurrence of dental caries by
publishing his concept
‘EXTENSION FOR
PREVENTION’
• Black’s Classification of Caries
Lesions
• classified instruments as
monangle, binangle,
tripleangle and quadrangle
depending on the number of
angles in the shank.
Achievements
1870: Invented Cord driven foot
engine with a foot motor. Used till
late 90’s by most of the dentists.
1871: Patented for an improvement
in dental drills (US117733) and an
improvement in universal joints
(US117732).
1877: Reissued patent for his dental
drill (USRE7452).
1883: Prepared first book “The
formation of poisons by
Microorganisms”
1890: Published first edition of his
Dental anatomy followed by many
phenomenal books namely
Operative dentistry (2 volumes),
The Periosteum and Peridental
Membrane, Special Dental Pathology.
1891: Standardized the rules of
cavity preparation and filling.
1896: Standardised the formula of
amalgam with his knowledge of
material science, had been used
almost unchanged till date.
1896: Proposed classification of
dental caries and standardized dental
terminologies.

Credited with the first acceptable
nomenclature for and classification
of hand instruments.
Awarded ‘Miller Prize’ for his
contribution to the advancement of
dentistry.
Awarded ‘Doctor of Science’ by the
Missouri Dental College and later by
the Illinois College and University.
Awarded ‘Doctor of Medicine’ by
Chicago Medical College.
Awarded ‘Doctor of Law’ by the
North Western University Dental
School.
Awarded ‘Fellowship Medal’ by The
Dental Society of the state of New
York.
1897: Became second dean of
Northwestern University Dental
School.
Saint Apollonia
The Patron Saint of Dentists
born in Egypt in the 3rd century, and
died in the year
249.
The persecution of Christians began
in Alexandria during the reign of the
Emperor Philip.
While most of the Christians were
fleeing the city, abandoning all their
worldly possessions, an old
deaconess, Apollonia, was seized. The
crowds beat her, knocking out all of
her teeth. Then they lit a large fire
and threatened to throw her in it if
she did not curse her God. Still, she
refused to repeat impious words of
blasphemy or lose her chastity during
this violent attack. She begged them
to wait a moment, acting as if she was
considering their requests. Instead,
she jumped willingly into the flames
and so suffered martyrdom.
The Eastern Orthodox and Roman
Catholic Churches celebrate the feast
day of St. Apollonia on February
9th. St. Apollonia is popularly
invoked against the toothache
because of the torments she had
endured to her own teeth.
people suffering from toothache and teeth and fractured jaws.
other dental diseases often ask her
100 BC
intercession.
Celsus, a Roman medical writer,
writes extensively in his important
compendium of medicine on
Historical Events- (ancient
oral hygiene, stabilization of loose
origins to middle ages)
teeth, and treatments for toothache,
teething pain, and jaw
Ancient Origins
fractures.
5000 BC-201 5000 BC
A Sumerian text of this date
166-201 AD
describes “tooth worms” as the cause
The Etruscans practice dental
of dental decay.
prosthetics using gold crowns and
fixed bridgework.
2600 BC
The Beginnings of the Profession –
Death of Hesy-Re, an Egyptian
Middle Ages
scribe, often called the first “dentist.”
An inscription on his tomb
500-1575
includes the title “the greatest of
700
those who deal with teeth, and of
A medical text in China mentions the
physicians.” This is the earliest
use of “silver paste,” a type of
known reference to a person
amalgam.
identified as a dental practitioner.

1210
1700-1550 BC
A Guild of Barbers is established in
An Egyptian text, the Ebers
France. Barbers eventually evolve
Papyrus, refers to diseases of the
into two groups: surgeons
teeth and various toothache
who were educated and trained to
remedies.
perform complex surgical operations;
and lay barbers, or
500-300 BC
barber-surgeons, who performed
Hippocrates and Aristotle write
more routine hygienic services
about dentistry, including the
including shaving, bleeding and
eruption pattern of teeth, treating
tooth extraction.
decayed teeth and gum disease,
1400
extracting teeth with forceps, and
using wires to stabilize loose
A series of royal decrees in France
prohibit lay barbers from practicing
all surgical procedures
except bleeding, cupping, leeching,
and extracting teeth
1530
The Little Medicinal Book for All
Kinds of Diseases and Infirmities of
the Teeth (Artzney Buchlein),
the first book devoted entirely to
dentistry, is published in Germany.
Written for barbers and
surgeons who treat the mouth, it
covers practical topics such as oral
hygiene, tooth extraction,
drilling teeth, and placement of gold
fillings.
1575
In France Ambrose Pare, known as
the Father of Surgery, publishes his
Complete Works. This
includes practical information about
dentistry such as tooth extraction
and the treatment of tooth
decay and jaw fractures
(PPT NI MAAM) PART2 ng topic na
HISTORICAL EVENTS
A profession that is ignorant of its
past experiences has lost a valuable
asset because "it has missed its best
guide to the future.
B.W. Weinberger
Dentistry: An Illustrated History
(Mosby, 1995)
THE INDUS VALLEY
CIVILIZATION
The Indus Valley Civilization has
yielded evidence of dentistry being
practiced as far back as 7000 BC.
This earliest form of dentistry
involved curing tooth related
disorders with bow drills operated,
perhaps, by skilled bead craftsmen.
The reconstruction of this ancient
form of dentistry showed that the
methods used were reliable and
effective.
THE SUMERIANS
A Sumerian text from 5000 BC
describes a "tooth worm" as the cause
of dental caries.
Evidence of this belief has also been
found in ancient India, Egypt, Japan,
and China.
The legend of the worm is also found
in the writings of Homer, and as late
as the 1300s AD the surgeon Guy de
Chauliac still promoted the belief
that worms cause tooth decay.
108 Pm al quesam planta
THE EGYPTIANS
Hesi-Re was the earliest dentist
whose name is known. He practiced
in 3000 BC and was called "Chief of
the Toothers.
Egyptian pharaohs were known
to have suffered from periodontal
(gum) disease. Radiographs of
mummies confirm this fact.
"The earliest evidence of ancient
dentistry we have is an amazingly
detailed dental work on a mummy
from ancient Egypt that
archaeologists have dated to
2000 BC. The work shows intricate
gold work around the teeth. This
mummy was found with two donor
teeth that had holes drilled into
them. Wires were strung through the
holes and then around the
neighboring teeth."
1700-1550 BC
An Egyptian text, the Ebers Papyrus,
refers to diseases of the teeth and
various toothache remedies.
THE CHINESE
By 2000 B.C. the Chinese were
practicing dentistry.
Around the 2nd century A.D. the
Chinese developed a silver amalgam
paste for fillings (more than 1000
years before dentists in the west).
THE GREEKS
Hippocrates (460-377 BC earned the
title of Father of Medicine. He
discussed the functions of teeth and
eruption of teeth.
Aristotle (384-322 BC), the great
philosopher, referred to teeth in
many of his writings.
Aristotle mistakenly stated that men
had 32 teeth and women had only 30.
From this came the use of the term
"wisdom teeth," which only men
supposedly had.
THE ETRUSCANS
They practiced dental prosthetics
using gold crowns and fixed
bridgework.
THE ROMANS
Romans were skilled in restoring
decayed teeth with gold crowns.
They then used toothbrushes called
"chew sticks" and were actually small
branches, with one frayed end. They
were rubbed on teeth to scrape off
any particles.
Roman medical writer
Cornelius Celsus in his writings
referred to the disease that affect the
soft parts of mouth and their
treatment.
THE ARABS
They were interested in the care of
teeth rather than in their extraction
and replacement, and mouth hygiene
was a well established technique.
They used small wooden stick, the
end of which was often chewed, the
wood fibers being used as a brush
called "Siwak"
1210 DENTAL PELICAN
A Guild of Barbers is established in
France. Barbers eventually evolve
into two groups: surgeons who were
educated and trained to perform
complex surgical operations; and lay
barbers, or barber-surgeons, who
performed more routine hygienic
services including shaving, bleeding DENTAL KEY
and tooth extraction.

1400
A series of royal decrees in France
prohibit lay barbers from practicing
all surgical procedures except
bleeding, cupping, leeching, and
extracting teeth.
DENTAL FORCEPS
Charlatans

THE RENAISSANCE
Leonardo Da Vinci studied human
anatomy and sketched every part of
the human body. He was the first to
differentiate between molars and
premolars.

DENTAL TOOLS
“Guy De Chauliac” LATE 14TH CENTURY
In the 14th century, Guy de Chauliac, The first modern idea of toothbrush
invented the dental pelican was invented in China.
(resembling a pelican's beak) which This idea was introduced into the
was used to perform dental western world in 16th century.
extractions up until the late 18th
century. The pelican was replaced by
the dental key which, in turn, was
replaced by modern forceps in the
20th century.

BOOKS
The first book focused solely on
dentistry was the "Artzney
Buchlein" in 1530
The first dental textbook written in
English was called "Operator for the
Teeth" by Charles Allen in
16TH CENTURY
Pierre Fauchard is the father Of
Modern Dentistry.
He developed dentistry as an
independent profession from
medicine.
In 1723 he published "The Surgeon
Dentist"
> The first known case of
post-mortem in dental forensics was
reported in 1776. Paul Revere, a
dentist, verified the death of his
friend Dr.
Joseph Warren in battle of Breed's
Hill when he identified the bridge
that he constructed for
Warren.
• Frenchman Nicolas
Dubois de Chemant received the first
patent for porcelain teeth in
1780
екоеск со
John Greenwood constructed the
first
"Dental Foot
Engine" in 1790. He adapts his
mother's foot treadle spinning wheel
to rotate a drill.
Josiah Flagg, a prominent American
dentist in the same year, constructs
the first dental chair. To a Windsor
chair he attached an adiustable
headrest plus an arm extension that
could hold instruments.
17TH CENTURY
Richard C. Skinner in 1801 writes the
"Treatise on the Human Tooth", the
first book published in America.
Samuel Stockton begins commercial
manufacture of "porcelain teeth" in
1825. His S. S. White Dental
Manufacturing Company establishes
and dominates the dental supply
market throughout the 19th century.
In 1833, the Crowcour brothers
introduce amalgam in US and
advertise it as substitute for gold
restoration. The American Society Of
Dental Surgeons denounced the use
of amalgam and this is known in
Dental history as "Amalgam Wars
In 1839, World's first dental journal
"The American Journal Of Dental
Science" begins publication.
Also Charles Goodyear invented the
vulcanization process for hardening
rubber resulting in Vulcanite. This
inexpensive material could be easily
molded to mouth.
Horace Hayden and Chaplin Harris
in 1839 established the world's first
dental school, The Baltimore College
Of Dental Surgery and the Doctor of
Dental Surgery (DDS) came into
being.
In 1840, The American Society of
Dental Surgeons, the world's first
national dental organization, is
founded.
In 1840, Horace Wells, a
Connecticut dentist discovered the
use of nitrous oxide as an anesthetic
agent.
In 1846, another dentist, William
Morton, discovered a better
anesthetic agent i.e. Ether.
The first dental laboratory, Sutton &
Raynor was established ir
New York City in 1854.
H. N. Wadsworth from US got the
first patent for toothbrush in 185
American Dental Association was
formed in 1859. Twenty-six dentists
met at Niagara Falls, New York to
form the association.
In 1864, Rubber Dam was invented
by Sanford C. Barnum.
Sanford C. Barnum
Lucy Beaman Hobbs the first woman
to earn the dental degree from Ohio
College of Dental
Surgery. She graduated in year 1866.
In 1871 James B.
Morrison patents the first
commercially manufactured
foot-treadle dental engine.
The same year George F.
Green received a patent for the first
electric dental engine, a self
contained motor and handpiece.
THE WUKERSON DENTAL CHAR
The Wilkerson chair, the first
pump-type hydraulic chair was
introduced in 1877.
Dr. Washington
Sheffield of New London,
Connecticut manufactured
toothpaste in collapsible tube and
called it Dr.. Sheffield' s Dentifrice in
1892.
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen,
discovered the X-Rays in 1895.
While a Prominent New Orleans
dentist C. Edmond Kells takes the
first dental X-Ray in 1896.
Edward Hartley Angle
In year 1899, Edward Hartley Angle
classified various forms of
malocclusion.
18TH CENTURY
Federation Dentaire Internationale
(FDI) is formed in year 1900.
In 1913, Dr. Alfred C. Fones opens
the Fones Clinic For Dental
Hygienists in Bridgeport,
Connecticut, the world's first dental
hygiene school. He came to be known
as "Father of Dental ne
In 1958, fully reclining dental chair
were introduced.
The early 1960's witnessed the
development of department of
community and social dentistry. The
first of these units were introduced in
Detroit, Alabama and Kentucky.
In 1969, WHO establishes the WHO
oral epidemiological data bank which
collects data on dental health and
dental needs in many countries
around the globe.

1921 - The first dental school for

dental nurses came into being in New
Zealand in Wellington, at the urge of
T. A. Hunter.

In 1938, the nylon toothbrush made

with synthetic bristles, introduced by
DuPont.

In 1945 the water fluoridation era

begins and fluoride is addec to public
water system while in 1950 the first
fluoridated toothpaste was marketed.

The Oral Health unit was established

in World Health Organization in
1948.

In 1957, John Borden introduced a

high speed air-driven contra-angle
handpiece. The air rotor obtained
speeds up to 300,000 грm