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3.2 Human Gas Exchange

Question Paper
Course AQA A Level Biology

Section 3. Exchange & Transport
Topic 3.2 Human Gas Exchange
Difficulty Hard
Time allowed: 80
Score: /64
Percentage: /100
Page 1 of 15
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Question 1a
The greatest volume of air a person can breathe out in 1 second is known as the forced expiratory volume (FEV). The forced
vital capacity (FVC) is the greatest volume of air a person can breathe out in a single breath.
Figure 1 shows the results for the volume of air breathed out by three groups of adults, X, Y, and Z. Group X had healthy lungs
and groups Y and Z had different lung conditions that affect breathing.
Figure 1
Calculate the percentage difference in FEV for those in group Y compared with those who had healthy lungs.
[1 mark]
Question 1b
Asthma affects the bronchioles and reduces airflow in and out of the lungs while fibrosis reduces the volume of the lungs but
does not affect the bronchioles.
Which group, Y or Z, contained people with asthma? Use the information provided and evidence from Figure 1 to explain your
answer.
[3 marks]
Page 2 of 15
Question 1c
One of the symptoms of fibrosis is that small physical exertion such as walking 100 yards become difficult.
Use information from Figure 1 to explain why.
[3 marks]
Question 1d
The diaphragm is a muscular barrier between the chest and abdominal cavity. When the phrenic nerve is injured, one or both
sides of the diaphragm can become paralyzed causing reduced lung function.
Describe and explain how the paralysis of the diaphragm can lead to reduced lung function.
[3 marks]
Question 2a
Scientists investigated the effect of a drug called albuterol which can be used to treat asthma. They divided a large number
of asthma patients into three groups, A, B and C. The groups were treated as follows:
Group A inhaled a fixed volume of spray containing albuterol everyday
Group B was a placebo group
Group C did not receive any treatment
Suggest how group B should have been treated.
[2 marks]
Page 3 of 15
Question 2b
The scientists measured the forced expiratory volume (FEV) of each patient at regular intervals. The FEV is the volume of air
forced out of the lungs in the first second when breathing out. The scientists recorded each patient’s FEV before treatment
started and after 30 days of treatment. They then calculated the mean increase in FEV1 for each group. Their results are
shown in Figure 1 with the standard deviation.
Figure 1
Suggest why each measurement taken by the investigators was repeated several times.
[2 marks]
Page 4 of 15
Question 2c
Evaluate the effectiveness of albuterol in the treatment of patients with asthma.
[4 marks]
Question 2d
Suggest two ways the scientists could improve the validity of their investigation.
[2 marks]
Page 5 of 15
Question 3a
Vehicles often emit many types of harmful chemicals such as carbon monoxide and sulfur compounds which contribute to
pollution. Scientists wanted to investigate the link between pollution from vehicle exhausts and the number of cases of
asthma between 1991 and 2011. Figure 1 shows their results with standard deviations shown.
Figure 1
Describe and explain the data from Figure 1.

[3 marks]
Question 3b
Pollution is partly made up of particulate matter which consists of tiny particles known as PM2.5. These particles have a
diameter of less than 2.5 micrometres. The WHO guidelines suggest keeping an average concentration of PM2.5 under 10
micrograms per cubic metre of air (µg/m3), to prevent increased deaths.
These particles are so small that they can lodge in the lungs. Suggest two other ways in which particulate matter may
contribute to health concerns.
[2 marks]
Page 6 of 15
Question 3c
In 2013 a London student died, the cause of death was stated as air pollution which exacerbated the student’s asthma.
Asthma is a condition in which the bronchioles become restricted.
Explain how asthma may lead to serious health conditions.
[3 marks]
Question 3d
Doctors did not make a link between air pollution on heavily used roads and the severity of asthma for many years. Suggest
why.
[2 marks]
Page 7 of 15
Question 4a
Figure 1 shows a spirometer that can be used to investigate breathing.
Figure 1
i)
Identify chemical T.
ii)
Describe what happens to the chamber lid when a person breathes in and out.
[4 marks]
Question 4b
State one precaution that should be taken to ensure accuracy when breathing through a spirometer.
[1 mark]
Page 8 of 15
Question 4c
Figure 2 shows a spirometer trace from a 25-year-old.
Figure 2
i)
Label Figure 2 with an X to indicate a point at which the person was breathing in.
ii)
Calculate the volume of air breathed in during the first 60 seconds.
[2 marks]
Page 9 of 15
Question 4d
Fibrosis of the lungs is a condition that reduces the volume of air that can be taken into the lungs per single breath. Sketch on
Figure 3 below what you would expect the spirometer trace to look like if the 25-year-old had fibrosis.
Figure 3
[2 marks]
Page 10 of 15
Question 5a
Figure 1 shows a tissue sample taken from a human lung. Two cells are labelled A and B.
Figure 1
Identify cell A and tissue B and state their function

[4 marks]
Page 11 of 15
Question 5b
Doctors can determine the lung function of adults by measuring the Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) which represents the
maximum volume of air expelled in 1 second.
Figure 2 shows the different ranges for FEV for adults in the UK.
Figure 2
Suggest why the data is compared to the percentage of FEV at 25 years of age.
[2 marks]
Question 5c
A journalist claimed that giving up cigarette smoking improves your quality of life and prevents smoking-related death. Use
information from Figure 2 to evaluate this claim.
[4 marks]
Page 12 of 15
Question 5d
A doctor stated that the data in Figure 2 could not be used to accurately predict lung function for individual smokers.
Suggest two reasons why.
[2 marks]
Question 6a
Figure 1 shows how the lungs look at two different points of ventilation, A and B.
Figure 1
State and explain which diagram represents the lungs during inhalation.
[1 mark]
Page 13 of 15
Question 6b
Explain how the lungs are adapted to allow the rapid exchange of oxygen. You must include a description of how oxygen is
exchanged into the bloodstream.
[5 marks]
Question 6c
Explain why the walls of the alveoli contain elastic fibers.
[2 marks]
Question 6d
Describe and explain the mechanism by which air is taken into the lungs.
[5 marks]
Page 14 of 15
Page 15 of 15

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3.2 Human Gas Exchange

Course AQA A Level Biology

Describe and explain the data from Figure 1.

Identify cell A and tissue B and state their function

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