SUT) INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS For Sale in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and an puInformation contained in this work has baon obtained by Tata. McGraw-Hill, from sources believed to be rell- able. However, neither Tata McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any infor- mation published herein, and neither Tata McGraw-Hill Aor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this Infor mation, This work is publisheet with the understanding that Tata McGraw-Hill and Its authors are supplying In- formation but are not attempting to render engineering or ather professional services. if such services ara re- Quired, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. fata McGraw-Hill PETER NORTON'S® INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS Indian Adaptation dane by arrangement with the McGraw-Hill Companies inc., New York ‘Sales territories: tndia, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Bhutan. Ninth reprint 2008 RYXDCDRXRBBYA Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrioval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., inciuding, but not limited to, in any network Or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning, ‘Some ancillaries, inchuding electronic and print components, may not be avaliable to customers outside the United States. : PTB0A07A058174.9 007.0595 Published by the Tala McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, 7 West Patel Nagar, New Delhi 110 008, typaset in Timas at Script Makers, 19, A1-B, DDA Market, Pashchim Vihar, New Delhi 110.083 and printed at Pashupati Printers, 1/420/16, Gali No. 1, Friends Colony, G.T. Road, Shahdara, Delhi 110 095 Cover Printor: SDA Printers Cover Dasign: Kap GuptaChapter 1: Introducing Computer Systems Lesson 1A: Exploring Computers and Their Uses Lesson 18: Looking Inside the Computer System Chapter 2: Interacting with Your Computer 2__Chapter 9: Working in the Online Warid Lesson 9A: Connecting to the Internet 330 331 24 Lesson 9B: Ooing Business in the Online World 345 48__ Chapter 10: Working with A lication Software 362 coma | Lesson 2A: Using the Keyboard and Mouse 49__Lesson 10A: Productivity Software 33 Lesson 2B: Inputting Data in Other Ways 68__Lesson 108: Graphies and Multimedia 33 ‘Chapter 3: Seeing, Hearing, and Printing Data 86 Chapter 11: Database Managoment oo Lesson 3A: Video and Sound 89 Lesson 11A: Database Management Systems 401 Lesson 3B: Printing 107 Lesson 118: Survey of Database Systems 20 ‘Chapter 4: Processing Data 124__Chapter 12: Software Programming Lesson 4A: Transforming Data into Information 125 and Development 438 Lesson 4B: Mariern CPUs 146 Lesson 12A: Creating Computer Programs 439 Lesson 128: Programming Languages and the 5: ed ramming Process 456 Lesson SA: Types of Storage Devices 168 . na Your Priva i " proving, Lesson 58: Measuring and Improvin voy Your Compute and Your Dat a6 3 Under: ir thes - Security Measures ant Chanter 6: Usin Lua Setar 204 Lesson 13B: Taking Protective Measures 497 Lesson GA: Operating System Basics 205 i: Survey of id Network Appendix A: Creating Your Own Web Page 518 Operating Systems 226 Appendix B: Buying Your First Computer 526 Appendix C: Computer Viruses 532 pter 7: sn. a Shapter 7: Networks 742 Anpendix D: History of Microcomputers 538 2a 558 Lesson 7A: Networking Basics Chapter 8: Presenting the Internet Lesson 8A: The Intemet and the World 267__Abpentix E: Self-Check Answers ze 8FEATURE ARTICLES. Atlssue Productivity Tip Computerized Disease Management 36 Choosing the Right Tool for the Job 12 Computer Voting—Is It a Good Thing? 62 Saving Time with Keyboard Shorteuts 60 + Bi i The Care and Feeding of Printers 114 Cyborgs among Us: Wearable Technology 134 Ow¥ou Need More BAM? __iio Digital Student Portfolios 192 Backing Up Your Data 174 Controlling Computers with the Mind 228 Do-it-Yourself Tech Support .||__244 Catching “Cyberslackers” on the Job 252 Stomping Out Spam. 316 Evaluating the Reliability of Search Results On the Beat with Techno-Caps 336 andWeb Sites ag Who Really Owns the Software on Your PC? 372 Sharing an Internet Connection 340 Ball! Baseball Enters the Information A\ 414 Automating Your Work with Macros 378 Hat and Oh-So-Coal: Technology Forecasts Database Mace 0h the Weather 450 Finding Faster Algorithms 448 Software Piracy 490 Keeping Your PC Up to Date 486 Norton Notebook Computers In Your Career The Merging of Media and Meaning 18 Using Computers Outside of the IT Industry 40 Speech Recognition 7% © Harchware Technician J ____omomnonm__ag Flat Video Ts Anything But 98 Computer Training Specialist 116 What [s a Computer Chip? 150 Computer Sales Professional 256 Looking Back, Moving Forward 180 Careers in Outsourcing 194 Changing Your PC's Operating System 198 Help Desk and Technical Support Specialists 236 Fighting Hackers 260 Careers in Networking 276 Intemet Time Travel: The Wayback Machine 294 Documentation and Online Help System Designer 322 Business, the Internet, and Everything 352 Career Opportunities and the Internet. 354 Why Own When You Can Rent? 390 Carers in Multimedia 392 DataWarchouses a Datahase Carers a Artificial Intelligence: Will Computers Ever Think? 466 Careers in Programming 468 Nexus: Converging Technologies 506 Computer Scientist 510CHAPTER 4:: Introducing Computer Systems Chapter Contents Exploring Computers and Their Uses Overview: Computers in Our World The Computer Defined Computers for Individual Users Desktop Computers ‘Workstations Notebook Computers Tablet PCs Handheld Pts ‘Smart Phanes Computers for Organizations Network Servers Mainframe Computers Minicomputers ‘Supercomputers Computers in Society Productivity Tip: Choosing the Right Tool forthe Job ‘Why Are Computers So Important? Health Care Norton Notebook: The Merging of Media and Meaning Lesson 14 Review Lesson 1B: Looking Inside the Computer System Overview: Dissecting the Ultimate Machine The Parts of a Computer System Hanbware Software . Qala The Information Processing Cycle Essential Computer Hardware Processing Devices B__ Memory Devices 3 Random Access Memory ead-Only Memor Input and Output Devices Storage Devices Mogoati¢ Storage Optical Storage System Software Application Software Computer Data At Issue: Computerized Disease Management Computer Users The Lser's Role “Usetless"” Computers Computers In Your Career: Using Computers 31 _ outside of the IT Industry Lesson 18 Review Chapter Skills Review Chapter Labs - - 35 Research and Report g___ Fthical Issues au 18_CHAPTER 2:; 18 Interacting with Your Computer 29 Chapter Contents 4 1 SSocemnw~nea amon 24 Overview: The Keyboard and Mouse 26 The Keyboard The Standard Keyboard Layout The Alphanumeric Keys 2 ihe Modifier Keys BEKERERBS BREBEREBE BREF BRBREBBRBEER eB BEREEEBSBxii The Numeric Keypod 51 Chapter Labs 84 The Function Keys. 51 Discussion Question: BS ‘The Guesar Movement 52 Research and Report 8S Speciat-Pumpese Keys 52 Ethical Toaues a How the Computer Accepts Input from the telieat! —_____3 CHAPTER 3:: ‘lina the Mowe s5 Seeing, Hearing, and Printing Data 86 Mouse Button Configurations gq thapter Contents __sg Variantsaf the Mouse Trackballs Trackpads 59 Pointers in the Keyboard 59 Productivity Tip: Saving Time With Keyboard ‘Shortcuts 2 Ergonomics and Input Devices 60 Repetitive Stress Injuries 61 Avoiding Keyhoard-Related Injuries 62 At Issue: Computer Voting—Is It a Good Thing? 62 Lesson 2AReview Lesson 2B: Inputting Data in Other War 68 Overview: Options for Every Need and Preference 68. Optical Input Devices n @arCode Readers 0 Image Scanners and Optical Character Lesson 3A: Mideo and Sound _____ OT Overview: Reaching Our Sen: Monitors 0 CIMonitors ng lat-Panel Monitors Other Types of Monitors 92 Comparing Monitors 93 Ergonomics and Monitors oT Eyestrain oT Norton Notebook: Flat Video Is Anything But 38 Electromagnetic Fields 98 Data Projectors 100 Sound ems 100 Sound Canfg 0 Headphones and Headsets 102 Atssue: Call of the Wild: Binaccoustic Research 102 Recognition (OCR. 72 esson 3A Revie 104 Norton Natebook: Speech Recognition 74 Audiovisual Input Devices 74 Lesson 3B; Microphones 74 Printing 107 Yigeo Input___T? Coramanty Used Printer; 108 DigitalCameras 0 iy Pri Computers In Your Career: Hardware Technician 78 Lesson 28 Review 00. Chapter Skills Review Contents Qot Matrix Printers InkJet Printers tt Laser Printers a All-in-One Peripherals 12