ARML 2002 Team Round... Power Question... ‘Individual Round. Relay Round Super Relay Tiebreakers... -207- a 209 214 221 . 227 230 . 235THE 27" ANNUAL MEET In 2002, ARML saw 23 teams take part in Division A and 67 teams in Division B. In addition, Taiwan sent 5 teams and the Philippines sent I. In Division A, Thomas Jefferson and Massachusetts A matched up on the team and relay rounds, but TJ pulled ahead on the individual and Power Question for a solid victory. In Division B, New York City S trailed Southern California by 8 points afier the team round but pulled ahead on the individual and relays for an 8 point victory. The new site at San Jose State proved to be an excellent venue for the second year ina row. Curt Boddie of New York City received the Samuel Greitzer Distinguished Coach Award for his years as a coach, problem poser and solver, and for his love of fine literature, Carrie Kiser Wacker received the Alfred Kalfus Founder's Award for playing a crucial role in establishing the Iowa site. Until recently Carrie was the conference coordinator at lowa. In a much appreciated effort, she was able to get the university to provide air conditioning. Austin Shapiro of Northern California received the Zachary Sobol Award for his fine work with his California team. 208ARML Team Questions ~ 2002 TI 12 TH. T. 19, TH10. ‘Compute the smallest positive base 10 integer the product of whose digits exceeds 1000. 2000 cards of width 2" are placed in a row as suggested in the diagram atthe right, ‘The second card overlaps the first card by 1/1000 of an inch and each successive card overlaps the previous card by one- thousandth of an inch more. In inches, compute the length of the row. 1240 equals abc, the product of positive integers a, b and c, compute the number of distinet ordered triples (a,b, €) such that ais a multiple of 2,6 is a multiple of 3 and c is a multiple ofS “ADOC is a secant ofa circle with center 0. A les outside the circle and D and C Tie on the circle. "ABE is also a secant of circle O and B and E are distinet points lying on circle O. If 4B = BC, compute, in degrees, the largest possible integer value of the measure of ZCAE. Suppose that palindromes with » digits are formed using only the digits | and 2 and that each palindrome ‘contains atleast one of each digit. Compute the least value of n such that the number of palindromes formed exceeds 2002, D meets HB and AP Let P be a point on side ED of regular hexagon ABCDEF such that E area MAMN at Mand N respectively. Compute 2 S400 pectvely: Compute Grea ABCDEF Starting atthe origin, a beam of light hits a mirror (in the form ofa line) at A(4, 8) and is reflected to the point 8(8, 12). Compute the exact slope of the mirror. Compute the number of positive integers a for which there exists an integer b,0 S00, If 4 = 6,then B+ C > S006 > 83,an 500 inpsiiiy. 114 = ten 8:6 >» ene? 5 B= 8C~9. answer ID T-2, The right hand edge of the pile is atthe following distance from the left hand edge: 199 99 * ( 8 ( 18) a got | > To00) * |? To00 1000 T-3. Since 240 = 24.3.5 weassign a2 to a,a3 to band a S toc, leaving three 2's to assign to a, b, and c in some way. There are 3 ways to assign all three 2's to one letter, 1 way to assign a 2 to each letter, and 3-2. = 6 ways to assign 10 2's to one letter and one 2 to another, giving 10 distinct ordered triples (a, b,c) where a, b, and ¢ > 0. Ans: (10) TA. Let mZ4 x. Then mZC =x > mBD = 2x andby the Exterior Angle Theorem, mZEBC = 2x > m x. Thus, 180° = 2+ mBE+ 4x — 6r < 180°, making x < 30° > mZA = (2 T-S. Weneed only consider the first half of the number since the socond half will mirror the first half. For an Patino owt k= [=] even se a. sl ch Ts and there would be 2* different palindromes, but we're excluding those two with all I's or all 2's, so there are fons v3] ood send, ~ 2 palindromes. Hence, > 2000 + LI 5 2004, than 254] 11 n= a0 autSolutions to the ARML Team Questions = 2002 16. T8 Let AB = and note thatAMBC is equilateral and ANAM ~ ANPD. Thus, 22 22D, NPS, yy ™, theareaot ' F anant = 4. 16.(16+22)sin or ~ of 258) 23 - 02H, 5 ss avai won in _ 5) os 8 Lec the equation of the mirror DC be = mx-+b. Theslopes © 88.12) ofthe mirror, OA and AB are m, 2, and 1 respectively. Since : the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection, m-1_2-m an ZDAO > 2 T+m 142m tan CAB 3m? 2m—3=0 > m ‘The discriminant of each quadratic must be a perfect square iffeach is to be factorable over the set of integers, Thus, set a? — 46 = m? and a? — 4(b +1) =n for integers m and n. Subtracting cancels a? and 4b yielding m? Since m+n and m—n are of the same parity, we obtain tovbsT. Let for ¢a positive integer. Then (m + ny = 0 2 Thus, from a? ~ 46 = m? we obtain a? = 4446 — m=£2,n=03 m a > 0, Fora to be integral, b + | must be a perfect square, so let b+1 both quadratic expressions are factorable since tath Perret = (rte-Kxte+) Pathe! = 4r4c? = &to? ‘Thus, for both expressions to be factorable itis necessary and sufficient that b + I be a perfect square and that AMF. For 056200264 1isa pees for [ED] = 4 postive vats oth Tus ccan take [4) values, 212‘Solutions to the ARML Team Questions = 2002 rT, To. Note that = (abc\idef Nighi N = (aciXbehNceghdef) = (abi eghdef ve? = (abe def Kehire® Thus,.N = €3, We scek the east positive integer e such that ahe = e° for distnet integers a, P,€, and e. Letting one of a,b, or ¢ equal I, say 6= 1, then ac = ¢°, Now, ¢ can't be prime since if it were then a= lande =e? or a= eande ? both of which are impossible since a, 6, and ¢ must be distinet, Nor can ¢ = Assince then a = Land ¢ = 4 ora = ¢ ~ 2, Thus, the least value for e is 6 making, Note: Such a square exists, Let = 1, making h = 27-37, Then g = 2 Parnes and i = 3 or vice-versa. Setting g 2, then = 2-3? and the rest ofthe 7 entries are determined in similar fashion, giving the figure atthe right. Without loss of generality, consider a rectangle ABCD that can be divided into n + m squares of side | and ‘larger squares of side x. Since the dimensions of ABCD are integral, x must be a rational number. Let x= 2 were and gare relatively prime. Sincex > 1,then» > 4. Since the area of mg? Ts P+) ABCD = (n+m)1 = {J .wesovetorn wobain ns and q ae relatively prime, neither p — q norp + q divides q” so both must divide m and they must have the same parity. 1fm has two odd factor, say m = jk where jand kare odd, we have ay bk? p+ q= kor p—q= l.p+q= jk giving wo different values for n, namely “— p-4a ik = 1? or AA ‘There are 9 of those less than or equal to 29, namely, 3, 5,7, 11, 13, 17, 19,23, and 29. If isan odd prime, respectively. So m must have only I odd factor. If m is to be odd, it must be an odd prime. the factors of 2r or 4r with the same parity are (1, r) and (2, 2r) and they both generate the same value for n, r=? namely, ¢ /. This is an integer since r~ 1 is even. Thus m = 2r= 6, 10, 14,22, 26 and m = 4r = 12,20, and 28 generate an additional 8 values for m. Ifm = 8, then (2, 4”) and (4, 2r) hhave the same parity and p—q = 2, p+q = 4r gives n= (Qr—1)? while p—q = 4, p+ q = 2r gives n= (r— 2). These are equal forr = 1,50 form = 8 there is a unique value for. Form = 1,2 or4 there are no values for m since both p ~ q | p+q= land p-q=2p+q=2yieldg = 0. Hence, the total ‘number of values is 9+8-+1 = (18) 23ARML Power Question = 2002: Power of Associatio Inall these problems a clique is a non-empty set of students and students may be members of more than one clique. Also, lowercase letters denote students; uppercase leters denote cliques. For example, C = abed isa clique of four students, a, b,c, and d. We represent a collection of cliques with set notation, eg. { abcd,efigh } isa collection of ‘wo cliques of four students each. We use 5 to stand for the set ofall students, Le. the student body. There is a finite number of students At Archimedes Academy, the faculty is concerned about students" tendency to form cliques and it hires an anthropologist to study the cliques. The anthropologist finds that the cliques at AA satisfy the following three conditions: ‘AL, For any two students there is exactly one clique of which they are both members. A2. Ifa student ais nota member ofa clique C; then there exists exactly one clique D of which a isa ‘member and that has no members in common with C. |A3, There are three students that are not all members ofthe same clique, 2) If = {a,b,e.d} determine a collection of cliques tha satisfies AL-A3. b) IFS = {a,b,c}, prove that there is no collection of cliques that satisfies AI-A3, 2 I S= tabyed.e,f,g.lh/} , determine a collection of cliques that satisfies Al~A3. |In problems #3 ~ #6 assume that C, D, and E are cliques at Archimedes Academy where the collection of cliques satisfies AI-A3 above. A clique D will be called exclusive of clique C ifeither (i) C = Dor il) CAD = &. 3. Prove that if is exclusive of D, and D is exclusive of E, then C is exclusive of E. Let [C| denote the number of students in clique C. 4. a) Prove thatit Cand D are exclusive, then [C| 1) Prove thatif Cand D are not exclusive, then [| = [D] 214ARML Power Question — 2002: Power of Associatior Let [a] denote the set ofall cliques of which ais a member, let [C] denote the set of all cliques exclusive of Cand tt [fal] and Ic] be tne mmber of clement nthe specified set. Thus, [a] = 4Cia € Chand [c]=1D:D-corpnc-o1 5. Prove tat [[C] 6. Prove that if Cand D are distint claus, then [[]] =] 7. Prove that the number of students at Archimedes Academy must be a perfect square. Faculty at Hausdorff High were similarly concerned and called in the same anthropologist. At HH the anthropologist found thatthe cliques satisfy the following four conditions: HI. For any two students, there is exactly one clique of which both are members. H2. Forany two cliques, there is exactly one student who is member of both HB. There exist three students who are not all members of the same clique. H4, Every clique has atleast three students. 8. a) Prove that ifthe student body has exactly four students, there is no collection of cliques satisfying H 1-14. b) Prove that it is impossible for H1-Hi4 to be satisfied by a student body of fewer than 6 students 9. Find one collection of students and cliques satisfying H1-H4 in which each clique has 3 members. 10, Is itpossible for a collection of students and cliques to satisfy H1-H3 but not H4? Justify your answer, 1. Let bea set of students satistying HI-H4, and et Cbea clique in. Let be he et of stuns in Sand notin ie. 5. ={s €5:5.€C}. Chguesin Se are formed by removing te members of from the cliques in S. Show that Sc, satisfies the Archimedian conditions At-A3. 12, 1¢|C| =m for some clique C; find with poof the total numberof students at Hausdori High in terms of n 215Solutions to the ARML Power Question = 2002 1a) Let T ~ {ab,ac,ad, be, bd. ed}. Then T isa collection of cliques satisfying AI-A3, We can show (not necessary for eredit) that no clique ean have more than two members. First, by A3 no clique ean have four members. Assume that abe is @ clique, Then da, db, and de must aii be distinct cliques by Al (since a, b,c, cannot be members of any other single clique). But by’ A2, if da isa clique, bc must also bea clique, which violates Al. Since all cliques have two members, we can represent them as rows and columns but not diagonals in array ‘The array yields ab, ac, bd, ed as cliques. So far this is not sufficient because we know that a and d are also ‘members of'a clique. So we arrange a, b,c, dinto a second array incorporating ad as @ row, also yielding be as.a clique, b) Letab be a clique. By A2, ¢ must be a member ofa clique that does not include a or b. Therefore, ¢ must bea singleton clique, However, be is atso a clique by axiom Al, so a must be a singleton clique by axiom A2 applied to bc. This is 4 contradiction because a is now a member of two cliques that have no members in ‘common with clique c, namely, the clique a, and the clique ab, 2. Note that two-clement cliques no longer work: if.ab is a clique and od, ce are both cliques, then A2 is violated since & ‘a member of two cliques disjoint from ab. We will look for a collection of cliques each of ‘which has three elements, Arrange the letters a-/ in a 3%3 array alphabetically: 216‘Solutions to the ARML Power Question = 2002 Using columns and rows but not diagonals, this arrangement yields cliques abe, def, ghi ade, beh, eft. Now «and ¢ aso share a clique, so we need to start building a second array with ae as part ofa row. To avoid duplicating the abe clique, we arrange b and e along the main diagonal, and similarly, d and g outside any row or column with a. By A1,b cannot bein the same row or column as ¢ since we already have a elique ‘with be in the first array. In the array below these restrictions place h in the lower right hand corner. ale eld gb [Now the choices for the other three spots are severely restricted: by axiom A, the upper-right comer cannot be f(already in def) or h (already in beh) so it must be i. The lower-left comer must be fand the middle left must be hi ef] hlie|d g "Notice thatthe four cliques containing a exhaust all other members of S, so we're done. Thus, a collection of cliques satisfying AL-A3 is {abe, def. ghi, ag, beh. fi, ae, hed, fb, af. ecg, id. Note: Should we consider collections of cliques in which some cliques have a different number of members from others? In da and 4b we prove [C| = [D.s0 the answer sno 3. 1fC=D, then we are done, since D= E = C= E and DAE = > CA E=2, 30 in cither case Cis exclusive of. IFC A.D =B and D =, then CVE~ Band so Cis exclusive of. The final possibilty is that CO D= O and DOE=@. Assume that COE # @. Then there exists some x € (CAE), Nowx€ D by the hypothesis that C.D =@. But then by axiom A2, Cand E cannot be distinct cliques. So C= E and so Cis exclusive of E. 4. a) Trivial if C= D, so assume CD =@. Let the students in clique C be ¢,¢),€4s--- and the students in clique D be dj.dy.d3,.... Then ¢ and d, belong to some clique, call it ¢,d,. By axiom A2, ¢, belongs to another clique that is exclusive of «dj. That clique is not exclusive of D by axiom A2 207Solutions to the ARML Power Question — 2002 (orelse there would be two cliques containing cy exclusive of D) soit contains some member of D say dy We can coninve constructing ciaues exclusive of cd, until we exhaust the members of C: each such elique contains a distinct member ofD (again by A2), So [C| < [D[. The same process appli to shows that [DI <|cl. so [c]= [>]. creennicaly, we've used one-to-one functions to map Cito Dan thew 2 into C, which, in the case of infinite cliques would require the SchrOder-Bernstein theorem to infer that Icl= lob We use the same bb) Let the students in clique Cbe a cy.c),--. and the students in fique D be ad. dy 7 construction asin 3a, beginning with the elique cd and choosing cliques containing. cy, ¢,..- each exclusive of ed. This time the fact thatthe eigues are not exclusive of Dis guaranteed by problem 3: if 444, is exclusive of some clique containing c and that clique were exclusive of D, then c,d, would be exclusive of D, which it isn’t since it contains. d, 5. Letthestudents in eligue Cbe ¢s€y.06, and let d € C. Let D be a clique containing ed. By problem 4, Dhas n members. Notice that by construction D is not exclusive of C, Now by A2, foreach s D, there isa clique C, that contains sand is exclusive of clique C. Well show that the cliques C, actually form a complete collection of al ie cliques in [C]. If there were a clique C” in [C]. then C’ must intersect D. If not, then Cand C ae exclusive and so are C’ and D which would make Cand D exclusive, bt they cant be exclusive since they intrset. That means that evry C” iC] intersects with D for one value sit cant intersect in two or more values by Al. Moreover, by A2, its true that each s in D but not in C is a member of only one clique that docs not intersect C. Therefore, the collection of cliques that are exclusive of C consis of Citslf and one cass C, for which every s which sin D but notin C. There are [D| possible [o|- since D and Cinersect, [P| cliques that are exclusive of C0 [C] Cc]. s0 llell cl 6. Byprobiems.|[c]]=|c| ana [[>]] p|. By probiem 4, [c| |. tna, |fc}f= [fo] bythe transitive property. 218.Solutions to the ARML Power Question ~ 200, 7. Pick some lige C. By A2, every student at Archimedes Academy belong to elgue in [C]. ether Ciselt ‘orsome clique C, exclusive of C. But by the uniqueness provision of A2, cliques C, are disjoint, So Il- E |e Y__ [el sins [|= [el by problem 4. ay probem 5 there those Ce [ those Cye are exactly [C] summands. 0 [5 |= || 8 a) Callthe stdents a,b, ed, Then by HI and H4, abs clique with another member, Assume without loss of generality that this member is c: by H3 that clique cannot contain d. Now by Ha and d are members of ‘a clique ad which contains another member, But that contradicts Hi, since both b and e are already members of another clique with a. b) Start witha clique abe by H4. ‘There is at least one other student d by H3, Now ad/is a clique with ‘another member, necessarily neither 6 nor c, so call ite. Then bd is a clique with another member, necessarily neither a, ¢, nore, 0 call itf; So at the very least we need 6 students, 9, Tre axioms ae satisfied by the cliques ube ade, af bd beg, def for = {abcde 8} 10. Using $ = {a, b,c}, the cliques ab, ac, and be satisfy HI-H3. Clearly every two students are in exactly one clique, every two cliques share a student, and there exist three students who are not members of the same clique. I. AL. Forany two students, there is exactly one clique of which they are both members, Suppose that a b € S,. and there are distinct cliques Cand C, in 5, containing both « and 6. Then C, ¢ C/ where C,"is a clique in S and C, c C,' where Cis a clique in S. But then C,'and C,’ violate HI 219Solutions to the ARML Power Question - 2002 A2. Ifa student sis not a member ofa clique C, then there exists exactly one clique D of which s is a ‘member and which has no members in common with C Existence: Choose a clique D in Sj, and a students ¢ D. We need to finda clique E containing sas a member with Em D=@. Now for some clique D'in $,D. Bit ABA yy ~ BAB 9 i divisible by exactly theee distinc primes, compute the largest possible value of B, 1-2. Starting with the outermost ring, a farmer cuts a circular field in rings of uniform Width, As an example, the diagram shows one and a half trips aroun the field. 1f the width of each ring i 5 feet and if after the farmer has made eight and a half trips around the field, he has cut half the field, compute the radius of the field in fe. 1-3, ‘The legs of isosceles trapezoid ABCD are diameters of tangent circles O and P. IAB = 90 and CD ~ 1000, / compute the height of the trapezoid. 1-4, Compute the number of ordered pairs of integers (x.y) with 1S x-< y S100 such that #47? isa real umber. Note: i 1-5, Leth bea postive integer. The intersection of the graphs of y < k and y > x] contains atleast 90 atice points. Compute the smallest value of k bad Lilia 16, Letarbe the integer such that 1+ 5+ 5+ + + 35+ 35 = Z4y- Compute the remainder when ais divided by 13 17. If flay = x3? | compute thes of eal umber such that /([x() = [00 1-8. ABCDEFG is a regular heptagon of side 1001, Compute AC? - (DE\FB) 221Lo? 2. 145 3. 300 4, 1850 5M 6 7 7. OS xS2o0r4< x. Alternately, [ 0,2] 8 1002001 222Solution ABA,y ~ BAB yy = (101A + 108) ~(101B 10.4) = 9A ~ B) = 7 1X4~ B), To maximize B, choose A as large as possible and minimize A— B. If = then for B= prime. Thus, 8 OB = Leta = ring plus half the area of the small ring equals half the area of a cirele —40,and OC = r-45. Then the area of the large nr? — wir 40)? + 2 a Laoag = 5 = (2 = sor +1600) + E100 = 425) = 170r + 3625 = 0 > (r =25)(r— 145) = 0. Thus,r = 25 oF 145, but 25 is too small, sor = (145 LevAB = sand DC = y. Then D the median of taper ABCD squls 00 = “2, utiles 2rwhich eulsAD and BC. Thus, 4D = 2, giving = F(4uy) =. Thus, = yo and sine x © 90 and y = 1000, f= YR = BL Now a these ofthe raped eats Yo“). poet the atime and geometric means of the bases. 1° +2 is real when both x and yare even. There are 10,000 ordered pairs of (x,y) and 2500 of these will, have x and y both even. In 2500~ 50 = 2450 pairs we have x # y and in (1/2)(2450) = 1225 pairs we have x 90, & = OT then Lo Since 145+ 5++ 1 1 1 1 1a) +231] >| +23] =] +4235] +231]. Ever in this expression is divisit 3141) 2(3) ad} » (5) 2 (3) Every term in this expression is divisible by 3B! divided by 13. Since the remainders when 14, 15, 16, ... ,23 are divided by 13 are the same, respectively, as the remainders when 1,2, 3... 10 are divided by 13, the remainders ofthe following are the same when divided by 13: (1-2 3-20-1214 18-16-23), (1e2 3-9 HO) 12), ane (2:7) -(3-9)-G 10) -(5-8)-6)°(11- 12). Note that we have paired up numbers whose product is | more than a multiple of 13. This means that the remainder when a is divided by 13 is given by the remainder when 67-11-12 is divided by 13. Since 10+ 11-12 = 1320 = 13 - 100 +20 gives the same remainder, we need ed by 13. Answer: ‘only look at the remainder when 20 is i Alternate solution: R= (1-2-3 ee FOYT AS 16-0023) (mod 13) 162-3 e ee TDL 2eee HO (mod 13) = (12104 (mod 13). By Wilson's Theorem, (p— 1)! = -1 (mod p), giving R = (-1)(10!) (mod 13). Since 101+ 11-12 =I (mod 13), then (101-21) = (1) (mod 13). Thus, 28 = —1 (mod 13) 80 2R = 1 (mod 13), making R = 7. 24solutions to the ARML Individual Questions ~ 2002 1-1, The efnost gram the graph of (2) = (x= 3)? =I the mde isthe graph of [79] = few =3)?—1f ase eto overhead vitesse anh of) ={fx[=3)?=1] aren over the ‘The solution set consists ofthe x-values for Which the middle and right hand graphs overlap, namely, O AC?- AB-GC = 4B? = 10017 = (1002001 Note: this method would establish that for any regular n-gon 4,4, 4, ..A, the following relationship wots: (4,45) ~(4,45) yy) = (ye) 25Solutions to the ARML, Individual Questions ~ 200: ‘Alternate solution using Law of Csines: Draw 4x 8 “Gi || BC making tombus ABCH. Let GH = 3 Since / the regular heptagon equals 90017 in degrees, the rest oF / ain = ¢ [3607 360/7\\ 90077 18077 ¢ te angsareos mtd en Using MAO AC = Bs Pacers, since BE. 0, en 2 a2, ging P2222 teat cos cos. giving bY = 2x" + 2x" cos = ving AAt0: Ac aeayrco2, ths 0 360 2 360 2xeos=> > ay = 2x? cos=T AC? =(GOYAB) = BP = (e+ yx Since x = 1001, the answer is 1002001. Altemate solutions using the Law of Sines: a: Using 4BC, TEI—sey = Sag and since Using AAIC, e088 £080, and using AGL © 5 w= x00828. Since a= w +z 0s 28 £60520+ beos® = xc0s26 + (2:xc0s)cos@ : ; tin ar = Sesto ({20n!0- I} 2000s) = 2 5in30~ Sin 7 7 sin® c088 and from AAGC obtain Or, one could use = 3x —dxsin? @ = 3x — 4x(1 ~ cos? 8) and continue as above. 226ARML Relay #l — 2002 RIAL. Suppose that in hase 10, ELEVEN stands for a number divisible by 11, If different leters stand for different digits, compute the largest value for ELEVEN, RI-2. Let T = the sum of the digits of TNYWR. In the diagram, ABCD is a parallelogram, the circe is inscribed in thombus AMND, and the areas of the shaded regions are equal. INC = T— 41, compute the circumference of the circle RI-3. Let T= TNYWR. Solve forx: “fh 7 ARMI Relay #2 = 200. R2-1, Ed spends $1.20 every week on noodles. The price of package of noodles changes each week, cycling through 10, 15, and 20 cents ina regular fashion, To the nearest penny, Ed spends N cents on average per package of noodles. Compute V as an integer without any dollar or cents notation, R22. LetT = TNYWR, In AABC, ABL AC, AD 1 BC.the 4 area of AABD = 2, and the area of AADC = T. ‘Compute tan? 2B. R23, Let 7 = TNYWR. Compute the area of the smallest regular hexagon containing the points ‘ Oar 1 1 ni so {to fT -) id alice a | 27ANSWERS ARML RELAYS — 2002. Relay #1: RI-I. 989791 R12 8 ra 2 81 Relay #2: R114 R227 R23, v3 28olutions to ARML Relay # = 2002 _ REI RL3 IPELEVEN is divisible by 11, then E-L+E-V+E—N = 3E~(L4-V + N) is divisible by 11 Set E = 9 27 ~ (L-+V +N) is divisible by 11. ELEVEN is largest when L + V+N = 16 and when L=8 nd N = 1, Thus, ELEVEN = [989791 T= 94849474941 © 43, making NC = 43-41 = 2. Since x(r)? = 27(.NC), then r= 2NC, giving 2nr = ANC. Thus, the circumference of the circle is 4-2 Solutions to ARML Relay #2 — 200, RO Every three weeks Ed buys 12 packages at S.10/package, 8 packages at $.1S/package, and 6 packages at $.20/package, making a total of 26 packages costing $3.60, Since 360/26 = 13.8, Ed spends an average of $.14 per package. Pass bac_[Id] T = 14, In general, if the areas of AABD and AADC are ‘mand nespectively, then their bases BD and DC have lengths mx and nx respectively, since the triangles share an altitude, Since AD is the geometric mean between BD and. am D me 4, tan? B =. sincem = 2andx = T T = 7. The smallest regular hexagon will have A and B at endpoints of oor 7 the longest diagonal whose length will be log ~ log T5q7 re y42 wot’ ot’ lo log ince AB is twice the side x, the si oe“ BG ~ 4 Since AB is twice th side sewn mb ihe 29ARML Super Relay = 200, Note: Pass answers from posi n 1 to 8 and from position 15 to 8. 1. Given that 2002 = 2-7- 11 +13, compute the number of positive two-digit faciors of 2002. 2. Let T= TNYWR and let K = 7 +2. The large circle has a radius of K, ‘The congruent circles centered at P, Q, and R are tangent to exactly twe other circles and circle Q is concentric with the large circle, Points A and B lie on the large ice so that Bi tangent to circles P,Q, and R. Compute AB 3. Let = TNYWR. It fa bi] = 7 and [a+ 267] = ¥72 +96, compute fa] arranged as shown. ‘The length of the longer base ofeach trapezoid D the product (20.02)7, compute the height ofa trapezoid. 5. Let T= TNYWR. Let K’be the integer closest to 7. A bag contains K marbles, half of which are green: the other half are red, Two marbles are drawn randomly and without replacement from the bag. ‘Compute the probability that their colors differ. 6. Thenunbryouvilcene shld actin Let erst sings fom oft acon nt T= D-N. Foradigita.it-A, = Zi, for numbers writen in base 7 compute A 7. Let? = TNYWR and ler K = 7 +3. Compute the largest prime factor of K 20 + 34200? 4 942000 8, Let mand n denote, respectively, the smaller and larger of the two numbers you will receive. Cubes 4 and B intersect each other and their intersection is cube C. The volume of C is m, the volume of 4 is at least as large 4 the volume of B, and the volume of the union of 4 and B isn. Ifthe volumes of A and B are integers, ‘compute the aumber of different volumes that cube A can have. 230ARML Super Relay — 2002 15. Compute the largest two-digit multiple of 3 that is one less than a perfect square. 14. Let T = TNYWR and let K = T+ 1, Thediagram shows ten congruent squares, each with an area of K. Compate the exact perimeter of ABCDE. 13. The number you will receive shouldbe in the form a+ bE where a and bate integers. If} consecutive 1s integers have an arithmetic mean of “>, compute the smallest of those integers. 12, Let = TNYWR. The following system of equations has no solutions except for one particular value of K. Compute that value, xtDes = A -2x+ My K+ 102 IL. Let? = TNYWR. Andy's Ristorante of Miscellaneous Lunches offers a special where you can order an ‘entree, a dessert, and sither a salad or an appetizer, but not both. There are 4 entrees, 3 desserts, $ appetizers, 2 salads, and each salad will come with one of f different salad dressings. A customer must order an entree, bbut need not order any of the other dishes. Compute the number of different lunches that could be served 9. Let = TNYWR. Since [log 7] = 1, compute the value of 6+[ log? }. [x] is the greatest integer function Let m and » denote, respectively, the smaller and larger of the two numbers you will receive, Cubes A and B intersect each other and their intersection is cube C, The volume of C is m, the volume of 4 i at least as large as the volume of B, and the volume of the union of 4 and B is m. Ifthe volumes of A and B are integers, compute the number of different volumes that cube 4 can have. 21ANSWERS ARML SUPER RELAY — 200, 12 i. 10. 7 lav 16 20.02 10 19 160 87° ul 232‘Solutions to the ARML Super Relay — 2002 1. The two-digit factors of 2002 are 11, 13,2-7= 14, 2-11 =22,2-13=26,7-11=77, and 7° 13=91. Ans: 71 Let be the radius of the small circles — the radius of the large circle = 3r, Let M be the point of tangeney of > circle Q and 7B. Then OWT B and feom right wiangle MOB we have 4[2) Gn? since T=1.K=9 3r,thenr = 3 »(¥) =81 4 AB =288 + 4B = (12v2) 3. Wee 6? = and Wa? + 4b? = AP? 406 > a? + 6? = 7? and a? + 46? = 7? + 96. Subtracting Roe ives 357 = 96 3 F 7? ~32. Since T= 12¥2. then a? = 288 ~32 = 256 Tins fal = 8 4. ABCD is a thombus whose area is (1/2(AC\BD). Since AE then BD = T. Leth be the height of the trapezoid. Then (2002) = Loony b= 2OO2. Tis ietevan KP [10] 5s 5-2 A, ALA Ay Ay = 7 Than FH 1).(4.9), +5 (9, 19). Since T = 9, then 4 = [3] answers (A, T) are (1,3), (2,5). 2004 2002 9 2000 oles ac? 2) “(ef 42): Sime = 4K and we have 770 (50,51) = 7700(2. 5? - 3-17), Ans: 233slutions 10 the ARML Super Relay = 2002 15, Since 99 = 102 — 1 and 99 i the largest o-digit multiple of 3, the answer is 3) 14. Let be the side ofa square. Then the perimeter is 10x + 3r¥2 . Since T = 99, K = 100, and x? x= 10, Answer: 100+ 30¥2 ob 13. Let the integers be mm + In+2....0-+(b—1) > their sum = bn Dividing by b to obtain the n= "822, singer = 1004 3047.6 = 20 making» = ED ‘mean yields + 12, The second equation can become x— Ty + £ ‘The equations are equivalent for 7 = -7 and K = (2) ‘The answer is independent of problem 13. 11, Ifno dessert isa choice, there are 3 +1 = 4 choices for dessert and 5 +27 + | choices for salad/appetizer or neither. The total number of meals is (5 + 27+ I}4 = 96 +327. Since T = 2, the answer is 6] 8 8...) tsa cu = sfr— > oveme s( ) = ufio-8) + Sem sete Se = new 8). me = Bo myecx9r Sha = = Skin 87° or 174°, Since 0 is acute, @ = (B79) 9. Since [ log T]= 1, Tis a two digit number and { log] = 3,4, or S for Tin (10, 21], (22, 46], and [47, 99] respectively. Since T = 87,[ log7?] = $and6+{ logT*] = Ml) 8. If and B partially overlap, then vol (4) + vol (B) —m = n > vol(A) + vol (B) = n+ m. Since vol (A) > vol(B).then vol (4) > “5. 164 and B coincide, then vol (4) = vol (B) ~ n but since 7 < vol(4) m, vol (4) > vol (C). Thus, m < 11 < 14 < vol(4) < 17. So, the possible values for vol (4) are 14,15, 16, and 17. Answer: (4) 234ARML Tiebreakers — 200, Vk = 1 has two distinet real solutions for x 1. Compute all & such that the equati 2. Shown are three semicircles whose diameters lie on AB. If CD LAB, CD = 3,and 4B = 10, compute the area of the unshaded region, 3, ‘There are n triangles of positive area that have one vertex at 4(0, 0) and the other two vertices at points with coordinates in {0, 1,2}. Compute n. 235ARML Tiebreaker Solutions = 2002 _ Leth ata 2e eT x30 + (=A) = 0, Thus, 94H) > 0 > A> 5 > >>. But some of those solutions are extraneous once the curve = r+ & slides too far tothe left as shown below: 3. There are 3-3 =9 points that can be formed using the coordinates {0,1,2}. Eliminate 4(0, 0) and from the remaining 8 points choose 2. This can be done in gC, = 28 ways. Eliminate the pairs (0, 1) and 8 (0.2). (1, 1) and (2,2),(1, 0) and (2,0) sine they are collinear with 4, leaving 283 = QSlpairs of points 236