GEOTECHNICAL 1 – SOIL MECHANICS LABORATORY

ACTIVITY 2: SOIL SAMPLING AND PREPARATION

Disturbed and Undisturbed Soil Sampling

Background/Theory of the experiment

Soil sampling and preparation in engineering constitute significant practices
that serves as the bed rock for the effecting design and construction of civil
engineering projects. This process involves collection of soil samples in specific
sites, followed by a meticulous analysis and conditioning of soil to know its
geotechnical properties. The results of soil sampling and preparations are of crucial
importance that would ensure the structural integrity, safety, and longevity of
engineering structures such as bridges, buildings, road, dams, etc.
Soil, regarded as the foundation of engineering projects, is a material with
complex properties that varies depending on its location. Understanding its
geotechnical properties is necessary for engineers to determine the sites suitability
for construction and to tailor engineers’ solution to unique challenges posed by the
type of soil. Soil sampling is the first step that allows engineers to acquire soil
samples for a comprehensive analysis. Results of this analysis such as soil
composition, density, etc., are instrumental in making informed decisions throughout
the engineering project cycle. Moreover, soil preparation involves making the soil
meet the requirements by conditioning it through compaction, stabilization, etc. With
proper soil preparation, it can be assured that the soil will be able to support loads
subjected by structures and will be able to provide the necessary stability against
factors like settlement and erosion, thereby preventing costly and potential
hazardous issues that may arise after the construction or during the structure’s
operation. Therefore, soil sampling and preparation serves as the cornerstone of
geotechnical engineering, safeguarding both infrastructure investments and public
safety.
In conclusion, soil sampling and preparation in engineering are necessary
processes that demand precision, expertise, and a profound understanding on the
geotechnical properties present. The information extracted from these practices
empowers engineers to make and create informed decisions, adapt construction
strategies, and ultimately ensures safety and success diverse civil engineering
projects. This paper will explore the nuances of soil sampling and preparation,
digging into the methods, challenges, and best practices that underpins critical facets
GEOTECHNICAL 1 – SOIL MECHANICS LABORATORY

in engineering discipline.
Purpose of the experiment
The main objectives if this activity is to teach and familiarize the students with the
fundamental principles of soil sampling and preparation. By actively engaging them
on hand on experience, students will be able to understand and acquire skills to
proficiently conduct soil investigation. Specifically, this activity:
a. Emphasizes the paramount importance of soil preparation in ensuring the
accuracy, reliability, and precision of results obtained in soil analysis
b. Seeks to equip students with the competence required for soil sampling
and preparation, preparing them for their future scientific endeavors.

Equipment/Apparatus used
The apparatus used in this experiment is composed of a set of essential tools
selected to simplify the soil sampling and preparation process.
 A shovel and digging bar are used for soil excavation.
 Soil sampler ensures correct and precise undisturbed soil collection at
a specific location and depths.
 Weighing scale is used to measure the mass of each sample.
 Cling wraps and zip locks are essential material in preserving
undisturbed and soil sample, while preventing the occurrence of
moisture.
 Hammer assists soil sample to correctly collect soil sample by pushing
the soil sample depth on the ground.
This apparatus allows accurate and reliable collection of soil data in this
experiment, emphasizing their importance on soil sampling and preparation.

hammer

Shovel Soil Sampler Cling Wrap

Digging Bar Zip Lock Weighing Scale

Diagram1.Schematic Diagram of Apparatus

GEOTECHNICAL 1 – SOIL MECHANICS LABORATORY

Procedure
The first step in conducting this activity is by marking the area where the
students will dig a hole. The students utilized digging bar and shovel for digging,
which is used alternately to efficiently create a hole. The digging bar breaks down
and pulverize the soil, making it easier to transfer, while shovel is utilized to transfer
the soil and to clear the area for subsequent digging. Students are task to extract
disturbed and undisturbed soil in depth of 1.5 meter and 2 meters. Disturbed sample
are acquired through transferring shoveled soil into a zip lock bag. While,
undisturbed samples are collected using a soil sampler. Soil sampler is equipped
with a wood that is placed on top and a hammer that gently taps the wood on top of
the soil sampler allowing it to gradually sink into the soil. The soil samples are
required to be preserve hence the utilization of meticulous wrapping in a cling wrap
and putting the soil sampler along with the soil samples in a zip lock bag is required.
The samples are then weighed and kept until the samples are used for analysis. This
process is done in 1.5-meter depth and 2-meter depth.
GEOTECHNICAL 1 – SOIL MECHANICS LABORATORY

Results
Table 1. Undisturbed soil sample, 1.5-meter depth
Mass Mass Mass Diameter, Height, Density, Time Date
Sample
s, g c, g sc, g cm cm g/cu.cm Extracted Extracted

1 181.8 72 253.8 4.9 7.56 1.275 1:15 pm 07/10/2023

2 135.4 84.8 220.2 4.89 7.68 0.939 1:15 pm 07/10/2023

3 153 80.9 233.9 4.86 7.4 1.115 1:15 pm 07/10/2023

Mass s = mass of soil, Mass c = mass of soil sampler, Mass sc = mass of soil sampler + soil

The table above shows data for undisturbed soil sample. In Column 1, are the
3 samples. In column 2, the masses of the samples are recorded, with sample 1
weighing 181.8g, sample 2 weighing 135.4 g and sample 3 weighing 153g. Column 3
contains the masses of soil sampler used for these samples, where sample 1 weighs
72 grams, soil sampler 2 weighs 84.6 grams and soil sampler 3 weighs 80.9grams.
Additionally, the diameter of the soil samplers was measured resulting in values of
are 4.9, 4.9, 4.89 for sampler 1,2,3 respectively. Regarding the height of sample,
sample1, 2 and 4 are 7.56, 7.68, and 7.4 respectively. Using the previous data, the
density of the soil can be calculated. The sample 1 has a density of approximately
1.275 grams per cu.cm, sample 2 have a density of 0.939 grams per cu.cm and
lastly sample 3 have a density of 1,115 grams per cu.cm. All of the samples are
retrieved on 1:15 pm on October 7 2023.

Table 2. Undisturbed Soil Sample, 2-meter depth

Mass Mass Mass Diameter, Height, Density, Time Date
Sample
s, g c, g sc, g cm cm g/cu.cm Extracted Extracted
1 160.8 83 243.8 4.9 7.35 1.160 1:49 pm 07/10/2023
2 163 67 230 4.9 7.7 1.123 1:49 pm 07/10/2023
3 133.2 85.4 218.6 4.9 7.67 0.921 1:49 pm 07/10/2023
Mass s = mass of soil, Mass c = mass of soil sampler, Mass sc = mass of soil sampler + soil

The table above shows data for undisturbed soil sample at 2 meters depth. In
Column 1, are the 3 samples. In column 2, the masses of the samples are recorded,
with sample 1 weighing 160.8g, sample 2 weighing 163 g and sample 3 weighing
133.2g. Column 3 contains the masses of soil sampler used for these samples,
where sample 1 weighs 83 grams, soil sampler 2 weighs 67 grams and soil sampler
3 weighs 85.4 grams. Additionally, the diameter of the soil samplers was measured
resulting in values of are 4.9, 4.9, 4.9 for sampler 1,2,3 respectively. Regarding the
GEOTECHNICAL 1 – SOIL MECHANICS LABORATORY

height of sample, sample1, 2 and 4 are 7.35, 7.7, and 7.67 respectively. Using the
previous data, the density of the soil can be calculated. The sample 1 has a density
of approximately 1.160 grams per cu.cm, sample 2 have a density of 1.123 grams
per cu.cm and lastly sample 3 have a density of 0.921 grams per cu.cm. All of the
samples are retrieved on 1:49 pm on October 7 2023.

Observations
The observations at a depth of 1.5 meters reveal certain notable
characteristics of soil in this layer. Firstly, the soil samples are observed to be large
in diameters, indicating that this layer is in presence of chunky soil. This texture may
suggest that this soil undergone minimal compaction or alteration over time.
Furthermore, it is also observed that soil samples in this layer is in light brown which
could be an indication of existence of mineral content or environmental factors that
influence the soil.

At a depth of 2 meters, it is observed that soil sample in this layer exhibits

finer texture or particles than the samples observed at 1.5 meters. While it is
characterized as finer, it didn’t reach the level of being extremely fine. The color
remained consistent in this layer which is in light brown, suggesting a certain level of
uniformity in soil mineral content or environmental conditions throughout these
depths.
GEOTECHNICAL 1 – SOIL MECHANICS LABORATORY

Discussion

Density Variation
The calculation of density indicates notable differences between the two depth
levels. At 1.5 meters, the soil samples show higher density, ranging from 0.939 to
1.275 grams per cu.cm. In contrast, at depth of 2 meters, the soil sample display
slightly lower densities, with values ranging from approximately 0.921 to 1.160 grams
per cu.cm

It is observed that soil at depth of 1.5 meters have higher densities which can
suggest that in this layer the soil is more compacted or the soil possesses a great
concentration of solid particles compared to the 2-meter depth. This could be due to
factors such as geological history, compaction processes, or sedimentation over
time. Conversely, the lower density at 2 meters make indicate that soil at this layer or
depth is less compacted or has a slightly different composition that soil at 1.5 meters.

Particle Size and Texture

At depth of 1.5 meters, the soil samples can be described as having “large
diameter” and a “chunky” texture. This can suggest that soil in this layer contains
coarser particle and may have experience less compaction or alteration over time.
The light brown coloration of soil can be an indication that this soil sample have
attributed to a specific mineral content or environmental conditions.

In contrast, soil at the depth of 2 meters is characterized as having “finer”

texture but not extremely fine. This indicates the presence of smaller particles than
that of soil of 1.5 meters depth. The uniformity in the light brown color suggests
relative consistency in mineral content or environmental factors of soil samples
throughout this depth.

Implication

This variation in soil density and characteristics at different depths have

several implications. Higher density at 1.5 meters may influence the load-bearing
capacity of the soil in this layer making it a potentially suitable for certain construction
GEOTECHNICAL 1 – SOIL MECHANICS LABORATORY

purposes. Conversely, the lower at meters suggests that this layer of soil may
require different engineering considerations.

The difference in particle size and texture can also impact soil behavior,
including permeability, compaction, and settling. Understanding these variations is
critical for geotechnical engineers as it guides decision related foundation design,
construction techniques, and soil stabilization methods.

In conclusion, the data and observation has given the students valuable
insights into the complexities of soil behaviors at varying depths. The information is
essential for making informed decisions in construction, agriculture, and geotechnical
engineering as this data help ensure the stability and longevity of structures, project
in diverse soil conditions.
GEOTECHNICAL 1 – SOIL MECHANICS LABORATORY

Conclusion
In conclusion, this activity has tattooed a valuable knowledge and experience
to students mind regarding soil sampling and preparation. They have acquired
essential skills for conducting soil investigation effectively. Amidst facing issues and
challenges, such as variation in soil texture at different depths, these aspects served
as valuable learning opportunities for the students. Importantly, the students have
collected a sufficient amount of soil to be used for the future activities demonstrating
the skills they’ve gained in soil preservation. The accuracy of the soil sampling is
subjected to further scrutiny during subsequent laboratory analyses. Moreover,
should the need for more soil sample, the pit hole has been properly covered and
preserved, ensuring a readily accessible repository for continued soil analysis. This
activity has not only dressed the students with practical skills but also emphasized
the importance of precision and meticulousness in scientific endeavors, fostering a
deeper appreciation for intricacies of soil science, with this newfound knowledge,
well-prepared to apply these skills in their future scientific work, environmental
studies, and research endeavors, further enhancing their scientific ability and
contributing to broader field of soil science.
GEOTECHNICAL 1 – SOIL MECHANICS LABORATORY

References
Projects, E. (2019, July 26). Soil Testing: What is it and Why is it Important? - Epic
Projects & Consulting. Epic Projects & Consulting.
https://epicprojects.com.au/soil-testing-what-is-it-and-why-is-it-important/
#:~:text=Testing%20the%20soil%2C%20also%20known,properties%20of
%20the%20building%20itself.
Soil sampling. (n.d.).
https://www.gsi.ie/en-ie/programmes-and-projects/minerals/activities/mineral-
exploration/Pages/Soil-Sampling.aspx
Why Soil Testing is Important for Construction? Sigmatest. (2021, July 23).
Sigmatest. https://www.sigmatest.org/blog/how-can-soil-testing-save-the-cost-
of-laying-the-foundation/#:~:text=Soil%20testing%20has%20a
%20few,possibilities%20during%20an%20earthquake%2C%20etc.
GEOTECHNICAL 1 – SOIL MECHANICS LABORATORY