LINGUISTIC IMPERIALISM (1992), by Robert Phillipson

- Focuses on dramatic spread of English especially in the last century. The book sets out to
expose the ideological underpinnings of English Language Teaching (ELT) and examines the
roles of the various institutions implicated in a linguistic power play with clear Manichaean
poles.

- on the other hand, there is the essentialized 'Centre' suggested by the use of the capital letter),
consists primarily of the UK and the USA and institutions that are more or less affiliated with
them. e.g. British Council, world bank, Hollywood, peace corps

The book argues its own interests through financial aid and the export of material and human
resources.

- on the other hand, there is 'Periphery' thus ends up infused with the norms and values of the
Centre and languishing in a state of protracted cultural dependence.

-It is in this respect that, Phillipson's paradigm appears to short-term change the peripheries.
Linguistic Imperialism, according to him, works because the people involved in the promotion of
English (including teachers, aid workers, government officials, policy-makers, and so on) are
either unaware of their complicity in the evil design of 'Centre' or are willing pawns in this
intricate game of subjugation.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHILIPPINE ENGLISH

Filipino Scholars recognize English as an indispensable medium of local exchange and

appreciate its status as language of wider communication that enables them to participate in
transnational knowledge production as active agents.

e.g. Ma. Lourdes S. Bautista documents the development of a Philippine variety of English as
evidence of a successful process of language appropriation:

PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH