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A Tutorial for LM741 Bias using Reverse Computational Method

Preprint · April 2020

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.18606.46401

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ASEMEP NATIONAL TECHNICAL SYMPOSIUM 2020 1

A Tutorial for LM741 Bias using Reverse

Computational Method.
Celso Bation Co
Technocore Consultant
Technological Institute of the Philippines
Quezon City, Philippines
celso.co@tip.edu.ph

Jaycee Ranes Jalos

PAC Engineer II
Plant Automation and Communications
CBK Power Company Limited
MS ECE Student
Batangas State University
Batangas City, Batangas
jaycee jalos@yahoo.com

Abstract—Given a spice model and circuit diagram of LM741, where

the reverse computation involved development of numerical I is the diode current;
algorithm to determine the branch and node currents and IS is the reverse saturatin current;
voltages where the diodes, transistors and resistore were the
components. The equations were formulated using Kirchhoff’s VD is the voltage drop across the diode;
voltage and current laws, diode and transistor equations. n is the ideality factor or qualityr factor, or emission coefficient
Besides the qualitative description of the circuit, the quantitative (betwee 1 to 2).
expressions demand learning of skills in python programing VT is the temperature of diode in degrees Kelvin.
language, use of symbolic math, computational algorthm,
maniputation of text font and use of the LTSpcice VII simulation. Tk
VT =
q
The comparison with simulation results made the learning (2)
assessment a self assessment. Hence the learning process was where
closed loop with the comparison activity as the feedback. k is the Boltzmann Constant = 1.380649e − 23 JK −1
Not all comparisons may match closely but the differences
would be a matter of methods in algorithm. There many T is the temperature in Kelvin.
algorithmic solutions and therefore the learners had a unlimited q is the charge of an electron = 1.602176634e − 19 C
opportunities to do trials and errors and thereafter discoveries. At T = 300, VT = 0.025865.
For this study the focus was solely bias or dc circuit and the
large differences were examples of challenge to figure out the Isat = 1.0 · 10−16
appropriate algorithm. The proponents believes that trial and (3)
error experiences are precursor of discoveries. The ideality factors for pnp and npn were derived using
Index Terms—current mirror, thermal voltage, current bias, LTSpice arbitrary function for generators I(np) and I(nn). It
diode, transistor, op amp, Kirchhoff laws, symbolic math, trial was an exercise to use the simulation arbitrary function feature
and errors, discoveries of LtSpiceVII. The circuits were shown in Figure 1. Thus,
npnp = 1.0111101
(4)
I. P RELIMINARY nnpn = 1.0048603
The diode equation is stated as follows. (5)
 V  Given,
D
I = IS e VT n
−1
TKelvin = TCelsius + 273.15
(1) (6)
For TCelsius = 27, TKelvin = 300.15 Substituting (6) in (2),
Technological Institute of the Philippines
CBK Power Company Limited, Batangas State University (7)
ASEMEP NATIONAL TECHNICAL SYMPOSIUM 2020
VT = 0.0258649257863288
(8)
The β 0 s of pnp and npn transistors are
βP = 25.0
(9)
βN = 125.0
(10)
II. R EVIEW OF R ELATED L ITERATURE AND A LLIED
T ECHNOLOGY
The op amp spice model was supplied by Linear
Technology [6]. It was available at https://www.
analog.com/en/design-center/design-tools-and-calculators/
ltspice-simulator.html. The reference text books were
”Electronics Fundamentals Circuits, 5th Ed [9]” and
”Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, 5th Ed [1]”. The
software package was Anaconda [2] available at
https://www.anaconda.com/download/ where the editor
was Spyder 3.2.8, ” The Scientific Python Development
Environment ” [12] and ”Python programming language ”
[3] available at https=//pypi.org/. The documentation software
was proText [8] that was MiKText based [11] with editor
TeXStudio 2.12.10 [4] available at https://www.texstudio.org
The libraries were Scipy [5] for scientific computation,
Numpy [10] for numerical application, Sympy [14] for
symbolic math. The control system block diagram was from
TEXample.net [7]
III. M ETHODOLOGY
The forward computation means given the specification of
parameters the values of components were computed. The
reverse computation means given the values of components,
the parameters were computed. The reverse computation may
require a number of iterations where the condition to stop was
specified by the programmer. There were numerous ways of
iteration algorithms. The learning objective was to understand
the mechanism of the circuit design. The traditional method
was description of circuit delivered through lecture. The new
approach took the traditional method as starter but augmented
it with the process of computational exercise called reverse
computation. The choices for algorithms would be the trials
and errors activities. The results of reverse computation
would be compared with the results of simulation run. The
comparation was expressed in term of percent difference.
The authors believed that the discoveries were encouraged
through process of trial and error.
The python library for interface with latex were provided.
The Python codes and comments could be selected for pretty
printing in latex. In other words, the TexStudio file is the
output document. There were two program debug exercises,
namely python and latex code debug. Thus, certain selected
codes althoug without error in python may incur error in
2
for latex compilation. The authors believed that progamming
skill was better developed in solving compilation errors.
IV. R EVERSE C OMPUTATIONAL E XPERIMENTS
The experiment begun at main current source circuit. See
Figure 2 Q10 , R13 and Q12 . It supplied the differenical
amplifier through Q13 and the power amplifier through Q11 .
A. Main Current Source
The components for main current source were transistors
Q10 and Q12 and resistor R13 . The Q10 mirrored the current
to Q11 for output circuit while Q12 provided the current for
input circuit.
Fig. 1. Simulation Circuit to Derive Ideality Factor
Given the Q10 , Q11 , Q12 , and Q13 , the currents through R13
and the emitter, the base, and the collector currents of Q10 ,
Q11 , Q12 , and Q13 were estimated. The readings in Table 1
were used to validate the computations. The differences were
expected for interesting discussions.
The software used was Anaconda [2] that was Python
[13] based and the editor was Spyder. The circuit simulator
was the ADI LTSpiceVII [6]. The supply voltge was +15 and -
15 that was 30 volts difference across the positive and negative
supply. It was assumed that VbeQ10 = VbeQ11 = VbeQ12 = 0.7.
The given were V+ − V− = 30, R13 = 39000.0,
R4 = 5000.0, βP = 25.0, βN = 125.0, Isatp = 1.0 · 10−16 ,
Isatn = 1.0 · 10−16 . npnp = 1.0111101, nnpn = 1.0048603,
and VT = 0.0258649257863288
Using Q10 as a region for Kirchhoff’s current law, then
IbQ11 + IeQ10 = IR13 . Knowing VbeQ10 = VbeQ11 then,
I
IbQ10 = IbQ11 and IeQ10 + βeQ10
P +1
= IR13 . Thus,
IR13 (βP + 1)
IeQ10 =
βP + 2
(11)
The IR13 was computed as follows.
and VR13 = V+ − V− − VbeQ10 − VbeQ12 = 28.6
(12)
VR13
where IR13 = = 0.000733333333333333
R13
(13)
ASEMEP NATIONAL TECHNICAL SYMPOSIUM 2020 3

Substituting (13) in (11), The differential amplifier consisted of common collector am-
plifier consisting of transistor pair Q1 and Q2. Their outputs
IeQ10 = 0.000706172839506173
fed the common base amplifier of transtor pair Q5 and Q6.
(14)
The current source Q4 supplied the collectors of Q1 and Q2.
and
The current of Q4 was mirrored to Q9 for unity feedback
IeQ10
IbQ10 = = 2.71604938271605 · 10−5 with Q13 as the reference source. The error was the difference
βP + 1 between the feedback and reference that supplied the current
(15)
IeQ10 βP to the bases of Q5 and Q6. The bases of Q1 and Q2 were
IcQ10 = = 0.000679012345679012 the differential input signals Vin+ , and Vin− . These could be
βP + 1
(16) considered the disturbances of dc-bias control system. From ac
The reverse computation would require a number of loop iter- circuit perspective these are the inputs as references of an open
ations where values of parameters satisfied the equations and loop control system. The summing point was a node where
simulation results approximately. Hence the initial assumption IcQ13 collector is connected. Hence, Kirchhoff’s current law
that VbeQ10 = 0.7 can be adjusted as follows. is stated as follows.
 
IeQ10 IcQ13 = IbQ5 + IbQ6 + IcQ9
VbeQ10 = VT npnp log + 1 = 0.773734024592304
Isatp (20)
(17) From control system perspective, (20) was rewritten as fol-
Assuming initially IbQ13 = 0, then IeQ12 = IR13 . Thus, lows.
VbeQ12 was adjusted as follows.

IeQ12
 IcQ13 − IcQ9 = IbQ5 + IbQ6
VbeQ12 = VT nnpn log + 1 = 0.769932371443537 (21)
Isatn
(18) where the reference was IcQ13 and the negative feedback was
The loop voltage of Q13 and Q12 was expressed as follows. IcQ9 and the error was IbQ5 + IbQ6 .
VbeQ12 = IeQ13 R4 + VbeQ13 IeQ5 = IbQ5 (βP + 1)
(19) (22)
The VbeQ13 could be iterated from 0.6 to 0.7 at a thousandth IeQ6 = IbQ6 (βP + 1)
increment where IeQ13 R4 was computed in every step. The (23)
condition to break out was when IeQ13 R4 + VbeQ13 ≥ VbeQ12
IeQ2 = IeQ5
Thereafter, IbQ13 was computed.
(24)
The (13) to (19) were iterated say 10 times until the IeQ2 βN IeQ5 βN IbQ5 βN (βP + 1)
IcQ2 = = =
previous and current values of IR13 were the same. The Table βN + 1 βN + 1 βN + 1
(25)
1 lists the comparison between reverse computational values
v.s. the simulated values for all parameters associated with IeQ1 = IeQ6
Q10, Q11, Q12, Q13 and R13. (26)
IeQ1 βN IeQ6 βN IbQ6 βN (βP + 1)
IcQ1 = = =
TABLE I βN + 1 βN + 1 βN + 1
R EVERSE VS S IMULATED (27)
Taking Q4 as the region of Kirchhoff’s current law, the
Parameter Reverse Simulated Unit Absolute %
Difference following was stated.
VbeQ13 674.974975 672.05334 mV 0.4347 IbQ9 + IeQ4 = IbQ4 + IeQ4 = IcQ1 + IcQ2
IeQ13 18.993126 19.34261 uA 1.8068
IbQ13 150.739094 153.50055 nA 1.799 because VbeQ4 = VbeQ9 →IbQ4 = IbQ9
IcQ13 18.842387 19.189114 uA 1.8069 (28)
VbeQ12 769.807087 768.7664 mV 0.1354 Substituting (25) and (27) in (28)
IeQ12 729.806902 729.59997 uA 0.0284
IbQ12 5.792118 5.7904767 uA 0.0283 IeQ4 IeQ4 (βP + 2)
VbeQ10 773.602559 768.7664 mV 0.6291 IbQ4 + IeQ4 = IeQ4 + = =
βP + 1 βP + 1
IeQ10 702.631861 702.72555 uA 0.0133 βN (IbQ5 + IbQ6 ) (βP + 1)
IbQ10 27.024302 27.027907 uA 0.0133
IcQ10 675.607558 675.69764 uA 0.0133 βN + 1
VbeQ11 773.602559 770.84923 mV 0.3572 (29)
IeQ11 702.631861 702.72561 uA 0.0133 Solving (29) for IeQ4 , we had the following
IbQ11 27.024302 27.027896 uA 0.0133
IcQ11 675.607558 675.69775 uA 0.0133 2
βN (IbQ5 + IbQ6 ) (βP + 1)
IR13 729.656163 729.75346 uA 0.0133 IeQ4 = IeQ9 =
VR13 28.45659 28.460384 V 0.0133 βN βP + 2βN + βP + 2
(30)
βN βP (IbQ5 + IbQ6 ) (βP + 1)
IcQ4 = IcQ9 =
B. Differential Amplifier Bias βN βP + 2βN + βP + 2
(31)
ASEMEP NATIONAL TECHNICAL SYMPOSIUM 2020 4

Substituting the numerical values of β 0 s in (30) and in (31) v-

we had the following.
ib5 ie
IeQ4 = IeQ9 = 24.838330393886 (IbQ5 + IbQ6 ) Q5 Q2 ic
(32)
ic5
IcQ4 = IcQ9 = 23.8830099941211 (IbQ5 + IbQ6 ) v+
(33)
Substituting (33) and IcQ13 = 1.88423867539526 · 10−5 from ic13 ib6 ie ic
Q6 Q1
Table 1 in (20), and the following were solved. −
ic6
IbQ5 + IbQ6 = 7.57239046176662 · 10−7
ic9
(34)
−5
IcQ5 + IcQ6 = 1.89309761544165 · 10 vbe
Q9 Q4
(35) ie

IeQ5 + IeQ6 = 1.96882152005932 · 10−5

(36) ic5
Substituting (34) in (33) and the following were solved. ic6 = ic7 vb ic8 ib16
Q7 Q8
IcQ4 = IcQ9 = 1.80851477077759 · 10−5
(37) Fig. 3. Block Diagram from Figure 2
−7
IbQ4 = IbQ9 = 7.23405908311038 · 10
(38)
IeQ4 = IeQ9 = 1.8808553616087 · 10−5 Q18 from Q11 was diverted to Q14. On the other hand,
(39) when Q15 and Q16 turned off, the supply of IcQ11 would be
The control system of (20) to (39) ensured that (34) to (36) diverted to IbQ18 thereby turning Q18 on at saturation while
equations were maintained. For instance, if IcQ2 was increased Q19 was starved and thereby it turned off.
by signal from IbQ2 then to maintain (35) the system would
response by an equivalent decrease in IcQ1 through feedback The Kirchhoff’s voltage law [9] in a loop containing
mechanism. See Figure 2 and Figure 3. The current for each R7, R8, R9, R10, Q14, Q18, Q19 was expressed as follows.
IcQ5 and IcQ6 cannot be determined at this point without
knowing the drive current IbQ16 to the output circuit. The
VceQ14 = VR7 + VR8 = VR10 + VR9 + VbeQ18 + VbeQ19
bias for the power amplifier would be treated first to determine
(41)
IbQ16 . The comparative values for (34) to (39) with simulated
The VceQ14 provided constant voltage source across VbeQ18 ,
ones were shown in Table 2
VR9 , VR9 , VbeQ19 . Thus if the voltage drop across VR10
increased, the voltage across VR9 was decreased by a
TABLE II
R EVERSE VS S IMULATED corresponding amount that was maintained constant by
VceQ14 and vice versa. Note that the current through Q14
Parameter Reverse Simulated Unit Absolute %
Difference
may vary but its collector to emitter voltage was maintained
IbQ5 + IbQ6 757.239046 771.14865 nA 1.8038
by the voltage division of R8 and R7 with VbeQ14 as reference
IcQ5 + IcQ6 18.930976 19.2793223 uA 1.8068 voltage. Note that the knee voltage and above hardly was
IeQ5 + IeQ6 19.688215 20.0504718 uA 1.8067 hardly affected by large change in its emitter current.
IcQ4 = IcQ9 18.085148 18.417964 uA 1.807
IbQ4 = IbQ9 723.405908 736.71856 nA 1.807
IeQ4 = IeQ9 18.808554 19.154666 uA 1.8069 Given IcQ11 = 0.000675607558270195, the IcQ14 could
be initially computed by assuming IbQ18 = 0, IcQ20 = 0,
and IR8 = 0. Therefore, the initial assumption for (40) was
IcQ14 = IcQ11 .
C. Power Amplifier Bias
The bias for power amplifier was supplied by current mirror Thence, the initial assumption for (41) could be established.
source Q11. The collector current of Q20 is initially neglected. Hence from IeQ14 = 1.008I  cQ14 , IbQ14 = 0.008IcQ14 ,
It is a switch that is normally open and closes only when I VbeQ14
VbeQ14 = VT nnpn log IeQ14 + 1 , IR7 = R7 ,
the current through R9 exceeded the threshold base-emitter satn
IR8 = IR7 + IbQ14 , IR8 = IR7 + IbQ14 , VR8 = IR8 R8 , the
voltage of Q20. The Kirchhoff’s current law at nodes where
VceQ14 = VR8 + VbeQ14 was computed. The assumptions were
Q11, Q14 and Q18 were connected was expressed as follows. V V
VbeQ18 = ceQ14
2 , VbeQ19 = ceQ14
2 , VR9 = 0, and VR10 = 0.
IcQ11 = IR8 + IbQ18 + IcQ14 + IcQ20
(40) The set of equation for algorithmic iteration for (40)
When Q15 and Q16 consumed current, IbQ18 was starved. and (41) are listed as follow. The break in iteration occurred
Hence Q18 is turn off. Hence on one hand, the supply for when when the current and previous value of VceQ14 were
ASEMEP NATIONAL TECHNICAL SYMPOSIUM 2020 5

R11

V+
+
−
Q4 Q9 Q10 Q11

Q18
R12 Vin−
R8 Q20

R14 Vin+ Q1 Q2 Q14

R9
C1 V6
R13
R15
Q6 Q5 R7 R10

Q3 Q16 Q19

Q15
Q7 Q8 Q13 Q12
Q17

R5
R2 R6
R1 R3 R4
V-
+
−

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of LM741 Bias circuit with embedded Block Diagrams

IeQ18
equal. The results were shown in Table 3. IbQ18 = = 2.34076858718759 · 10−8
βN + 1
IcQ14 = −IR8 − IbQ18 + IcQ11 − IcQ20 = 0.00067561 (51)
(42) IcQ18 = IbQ18 βN = 2.92596073398449 · 10−6
IcQ14 (βN + 1) (52)
IeQ14 = = 0.00057377677581795 IR9 = −IbQ20 + IeQ18 = 2.94936841985636 · 10−6
βN
(43) (53)
IcQ14 −6 VR9 = 25IR9 = 7.3734210496409 · 10−5
IbQ14 = = 4.55378393506309 · 10
βN (54)
  (44) VbeQ20 = VR9 = 7.3734210496409 · 10−5
IeQ14
VbeQ14 = VT nnpn log + 1 = 0.763555310747799 (55)
Isatn
 V 
beQ20
−19
(45) IeQ20 = Isatn e VT nnpn
− 1 = 2.84098075271655 · 10
VbeQ14 (56)
IR7 = = 0.000101807374766373
R7 IeQ20
(46) IbQ20 = = 2.25474662914012 · 10−21
βN + 1
IR8 = IR7 + IbQ14 = 0.000106361158701436 (57)
(47) IcQ20 = IbQ20 βN = 2.81843328642515 · 10−19
VR8 = IR8 R8 = 0.478625214156463 (58)
(48) IR10 = IR9 + IeQ20 = 2.94936841985665 · 10−6
VceQ14 = VR8 + VbeQ14 = 1.24218052490426 (59)
(49) VR10 = IR10 R10 = 0.000147468420992832
(60)
 VbeQ18

IeQ18 = Isatn e VT nnpn − 1 = 2.94936841985636 · 10−6 VbeQ19 = −VR10 − VR9 − VbeQ18 + VceQ14 = 0.61539155
(50) (61)
ASEMEP NATIONAL TECHNICAL SYMPOSIUM 2020 6

VbeQ18 = −VR10 − VR9 − VbeQ19 + VceQ14 = 0.62656778 VbeQ17 = VR6 = 0.0340526539246482

 V  (62) (73)
beQ19
 VbeQ17

−19
IeQ19 = Isatn e VT nnpn
− 1 = 2.84098075271655 · 10 IeQ17 = Isatn e VT nnpn
− 1 = 2.70687525968108 · 10 −16

(63) (74)
IeQ19
IbQ19 = = 2.25474662914012 · 10−21 IeQ17
βN + 1 IbQ17 = = 2.14831369815958 · 10−18
(64) βN + 1
(75)
IcQ19 = IbQ19 βN = 2.81843328642515 · 10−19 −16
(65) IcQ17 = IbQ17 βN = 2.68539212269948 · 10
(76)
TABLE III VR5 = VR6 + VbeQ15 = 0.802062755105295
R EVERSE VS S IMULATED (77)
VR5
Parameter Reverse Simulated Unit Absolute % IR5 = = 1.60412551021059 · 10−5
Difference R5
IcQ14 569.222992 569.52634 uA 0.0533 (78)
IeQ14 573.776776 574.08254 uA 0.0533 IeQ16 = IR5 + IbQ15 = 2.14464382647485 · 10−5
IbQ14 4.553784 4.556211 uA 0.0533
VbeQ14 763.555311 761.94873 mV 0.2109
(79)
IR7 101.807375 101.59316 uA 0.2109 IeQ16
IR8 106.361159 106.14937 uA 0.1995
IbQ16 = = 1.70209827498004 · 10−7
βN + 1
VR8 478.625214 477.67219 mV 0.1995 (80)
VceQ14 1.242181 1.2396209 V 0.2065 −5
VbeQ18 626.567776 621.8041 mV 0.7661 IcQ16 = IbQ16 βN = 2.12762284372505 · 10
IeQ18 2.949368 2.7790322 uA 6.1293 (81)
IbQ18 23.407686 22.042054 nA 6.1956 The (66) to (81) were iterated until (66) is satisfied. It took 7
IcQ18 2.925961 2.7569902 uA 6.1288
IR9 2.949368 2.7790329 uA 6.1293 steps. The results were shown below. The comparative results
VR9 73.73421 69.475966 uV 6.1291 with simulation are shown in Table 4
VbeQ20 73.73421 69.475966 uV 6.1291
IeQ20 0.000284 0.16974728 fA 99.8327
TABLE IV
IbQ20 2.0 · 10−6 621.83462 fA 100.0 R EVERSE VS S IMULATED
IcQ20 0.000282 622.0044 fA 100.0
IR10 2.949368 2.4383401 uA 20.958 Parameter Reverse Simulated Unit Absolute %
VR10 147.468421 121.91688 uV 20.9582 Difference
VbeQ19 615.391547 617.62543 mV 0.3617 IcQ15 654.576312 654.72221 uA 0.0223
IeQ19 1.657363 2.4383401 uA 32.029 IbQ15 5.23661 5.2377645 uA 0.022
IbQ19 63.744746 93.768513 nA 32.019 IeQ15 659.812923 659.95997 uA 0.0223
IcQ19 1.593619 2.3445714 uA 32.0294 VbeQ15 767.186616 765.89489 mV 0.1687
IR6 659.812923 659.95997 uA 0.0223
VR6 32.990646 32.998085 mV 0.0225
IcQ17 0.000254 1.4408048 pA 99.9824
D. Input Current Driver to Power Amplifier IbQ17 2.0 · 10−6 1.4074466 pA 99.9999
The node for R7 , IeQ14 , IcQ15 , IcQ16 can be expressed in IeQ17 0.255846 33.358219 fA 99.233
VbeQ17 32.990646 32.998085 mV 0.0225
terms of Kirchhoff’s current law. IR5 16.003545 15.977865 uA 0.1607
IcQ15 + IcQ16 = IR7 + IbQ19 + IeQ14 = 0.000675647895330322 VR5 800.177263 798.89297 mV 0.1608
IcQ16 21.071583 21.047264 uA 0.1155
(66) IbQ16 168.572665 168.36577 nA 0.1229
Let initial assumption be IcQ16 = 0 and IbQ17 = 0. Then the IeQ16 21.240156 21.21563 uA 0.1156
following were computed
IcQ15 = IR8 + IbQ19 + IcQ14 − IcQ16 = 0.000675647895330322
(67) E. Differential Amplifier Output Driver
IcQ15 (βN + 1) The Kirchhoff’s current law [9] was applied at node connect-
IeQ15 = = 0.000681053078492965
βN ing Q6, Q3, and Q7 and at node connecting Q5, Q16, and Q8.
(68)
IeQ15 Hence,
−6
IbQ15 = = 5.40518316264258 · 10
βN + 1
(69) IcQ6 = IbQ3 + IcQ7
(82)
 
IeQ15
VbeQ15 = VT nnpn log + 1 = 0.768010101180646
Isatn IcQ5 = IbQ16 + IcQ17 + IcQ8
(70) (83)
IR6 = −IbQ17 + IeQ15 = 0.000681053078492965 Adding (82) and (83),
(71)
VR6 = IR6 R6 = 0.0340526539246482 IcQ5 + IcQ6 = IbQ16 + IbQ3 + IcQ17 + IcQ7 + IcQ8
(72) (84)
ASEMEP NATIONAL TECHNICAL SYMPOSIUM 2020 7

Substituting (35) in (84), and assuming IbQ3 = 0, the initial TABLE V

equation would be R EVERSE VS S IMULATED

Parameter Reverse Simulated Unit Absolute %

Difference
IcQ7 9.611393 9.5022369 uA 1.1487
IbQ7 75.049614 76.017876 nA 1.2737
1.87624034894876 · 10−5 = IcQ7 + IcQ8 IeQ7 9.456251 9.5782543 uA 1.2738
(85) VbeQ7 656.849077 653.8353 mV 0.4609
Since VbeQ7 = VbeQ8 , then (85) was modified as follows. IcQ8 9.611393 9.5022369 uA 1.1487
IbQ8 75.049614 76.017734 nA 1.2735
IeQ8 9.456251 9.5782543 uA 1.2738
VbeQ7 656.849077 653.8353 mV 0.4609
IcQ3 13.369252 13.313842 uA 0.4162
IbQ3 106.954014 106.4825 nA 0.4428
IcQ7 = IcQ8 = 9.38120174474382 · 10−6 IeQ3 13.476206 13.420325 uA 0.4164
(86) VbeQ3 666.056248 662.57572 mV 0.5253
IcQ6 9.488156 9.6087188 uA 1.2547
IbQ6 379.52623 384.33654 nA 1.2516
IeQ6 9.867682 9.9930558 uA 1.2546
VbeQ6 662.048194 654.18249 mV 1.2024
IbQ16 IbQ3 IcQ5 IcQ6 IcQ5 9.44282 9.6706035 uA 2.3554
IcQ7 = IcQ8 = − − + +
2 2 2 2 IbQ5 377.712816 386.8121 nA 2.3524
= 9.61139306039326 · 10−6 because VbeQ7 = VbeQ8 . IeQ5 9.820533 10.05741 uA 2.3552
(87) VbeQ5 661.922936 654.34915 mV 1.1575
IcQ1 9.789367 9.9137596 uA 1.2547
IbQ1 78.314936 79.296285 nA 1.2376
IeQ1 9.867682 9.9930558 uA 1.2546
IcQ7 VbeQ1 662.048194 654.93438 mV 1.0862
IbQ7 = IbQ8 = = 7.50496139579505 · 10−8 IcQ2 9.742592 9.977608 uA 2.3554
βN IbQ2 77.94074 79.80708 nA 2.3386
(88) IeQ2 9.820533 10.057416 uA 2.3553
VbeQ2 661.922936 655.1007 mV 1.0414
Vin+ 179.320102 260.88572 uV 31.2649
Vin− −71.195397 −72.087532 uV 1.2376
Vout 2.751929 3.6678137 mV 24.9709
IeQ7 = IeQ8 = IbQ7 (βN + 1) = 9.45625135870177 · 10−6
(89)

V. D ISCUSSION

IeQ7
 Majority of the computations differ by about 2 to 3
VbeQ7 = VbeQ8 = 0.0258649257863288nnpn log +1 % except for transistors Q20 and Q17 where the percent
Isatn
= 0.656849076758261 difference is about 100%. The Vin+ and the Vout differed
(90) by less than 50 %. A number of expalantions were made
however it is preferred to keep the issues and questions
unanswered.
VbeQ7 It can be reasoned out the matter is beyond the scope of
IeQ3 = IbQ7 + IbQ8 + = 1.34762057902552 · 10−5 topics but remain open for further study. For the parameters
R2
(91) computation, there are a number of algorithms that could be
made. In each iteration, the resolution of change in every step
may arbitrarily be decided to be fine or course depending
whether the break is base-emitter voltage or currents through
IeQ3
IbQ3 = = 1.06954014208374 · 10−7 transistor terminals. In other words, the process of trials and
βN + 1 errors could be leading to discoreries and/or disappointment.
(92)
Affective learing impact may not be necessarily positive.

In this excercise, the MS word document were not used

IcQ6 = IbQ3 + IcQ7 = 9.48815575895219 · 10 −6 and MS paint and Snip were use in production of Figure 1.
(93) However the Figure 2 and Figure 3 was created out of latex
codes. The control system in Figure 3 introduced the concept
of dominant v.s. received concept in parametric values. The
gain was the recessive while the feedback transfer functin of
IcQ5 = IbQ16 + IcQ8 = 9.44282039546435 · 10−6 1 was the dominant.
(94)
The (82) to (94) could be iterate several times to obtain the The dc and ac circuit could be perceive as two systems
results in Table 5. in co-existence. The dc ciruit was a closed system with
ASEMEP NATIONAL TECHNICAL SYMPOSIUM 2020 8

the inputs from Vin+ and Vin− as the disturbances. Hence,
the control system must kept the sum of biases constant
according to IcQ13 reference. The ac circuit was an open loop
that can be made closed loop through external component. In
this case the feedback components consisted of R11 and R12
but the inputs were 0 voltage.
VI. C ONCLUSION AND R ECOMMENDATION
It was illustrated that the concepts of dominant and recessive
parameters facilitated the approximation assumptions. In
other words the recessives could be neglected.
The reverse computational method was a trial and error
exercise. It may lead to discovery once the reference value
was approached with reasonable error or failed to get it. The
simulation software provides the necessary feedback for the
correctness of algorithms as some sort of self-assement as
well.
[9] David L. Buchla Floyde, Thomas. Electronics fundamentals circuits, 5th
ed. Pearson Education Limited, (ISBN 10: 1-292-02568-9; ISBN 13:
978-1-292-02568):119–177, 2014. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (Chapter 4)
and Current Law (Chapter 5).
[10] cdavid certik Charles R. Harris Jarrod Milman jtaylor Mathew Brett
Matti Picus Ralf Gommers rkern Travis Oliphant Haldane, Allan.
Numpy 1.15.4. Numpy Developrs. Created using Sphinx 1.6.6
urlhttp=//www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/, 2018. download from https:
//pypi.org/project/numpy/#files.
[11] Donald Knuth. Miktex. Chrisstian Schenk. https=// miktex.org/ , 2018.
[12] Pierre Raybaut. Spyder 3.2.8, the scientific python development envi-
ronment. The Spyder Project Contributors, Licensed under the terms of
the MIT License, 2018. Download from https=//github.com/spyder-ide/
spyder.
[13] Guido van Rossum. Python 3.6.5. Python Software Foundation. https=
// www.python.org/ , 2018.
[14] Sympy Development Team. Sympy 1.3. Github. https=// github.com/
sympy/ sympy, 2018.
A BOUT THE AUTHORS

The latext pretty printing output was a good exercise in

text manipulation programming. It serve also as self-feedback
learning mechanism. For the sake of continuing motivation
on discovery, it is recommended to keep certain issues open
and/or certain questions unanswered.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Celso Bation Co He earned his diploma as Elec-

tronic Technician from International Correspondence
The support of CBK Power Companry Inc., Batangas State Schools of University of Pennsylvania in 1972. He
obtained his degree of Bachelor of Science in Elec-
University and Technological Institute of the Philippines was tronics and Communication Engineering (ECE) from
very much appreciated. the University of Sto Tomas in 1977, Master and
Doctoral degrees in ECE from De La Salle Univer-
sity in 1996 and 2007 respectively. He is currently
the research director of Technological Institute of
R EFERENCES the Philippines and an advocate of strong linkages
among academes, industries and government.
[1] Mathew Sadiku Alexander, Charles. Fundamentals of electric circuits,
5th ed. McGraw-Hill Companies, (ISBN 978-0-07-338057-5):486–490,
2009 2007, 2004.
[2] Anaconda. Anaconda 5.3 for windows installer. Anaconda, Inc. All
Rights Reserved, https:// www.anaconda.com/ download/ , 04 2018.
[3] Python Packaging Authority. Python package index. Python Software
Foundation, https=// pypi.org/ , 2014. The Python Packaging Authority
(PyPA) is a working group that maintains many of the relevant projects
in Python packaging. download from https=//www.pypa.io/en/latest/.
[4] Daniel Braun Tim Hoffmann (TeXstudio) Pascal Brachet (Texmaker)
Luc Buant (QCodeEdit) Joel Amblard (html conversion) Benito van der
Zander, Jan Sundermeyer. Texstudio 2.12.10. Source Forge, https:
// www.texstudio.org/ , 2018. download from https://sourceforge.net/
Jaycee Ranes Jalos He obtained his degree of Bach-
projects/texstudio/.
elor of Science in Electronics and Communication
[5] Matthew Brett pv (avatar) Ralf Gommers rkern Travis Oliphant
Engineering (ECE) from the Laguna State Polytech-
Tyler reddy Burovski, Evgeni. Scipy 1.1.0. Scipy Developrs. Created
nic University in 2009. He is currently employed
using Sphinx 1.6.6 http:// www.sphinx-doc.org/ en/ master/ , https:// pypi.
in CBK Power Company Limited a Pump Storage
org/ project/ scipy/ , 2018. download from https://pypi.org/project/scipy/
Power Plant in Kalayaan, Laguna as Maintenance
#files.
Engineer III. He is currently taking up Master of
[6] Mike Engelhardt. Ltspice xvii(x64). Analog Devices. https:
Science in Electronics Engineering in Batangas State
// www.analog.com/ en/ design-center/ design-tools-and-calculators/
University.
ltspice-simulator.html, 2018. Linear Technology Corporation is now
part of Analog Devices.
[7] Kjell Magne Fauske. Example: Control system principles. Texample.net
urlhttp://texample.net/tikz/examples/control-system-principles/, 11 2006.
http://texample.net/about/.
[8] Thomas Feuerstack. protext - miktex-based distribution for windows.
TUG home page;
urlhttps://www.tug.org/protext/, 12 2019. proTeXt’s creator and principal
maintainer is Thomas Feuerstack, while MiKTeX was created and
continues to be maintained by Christian Schenk. Many thanks to both.

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