CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL MANUAL

XII CBSE
ACADEMIC YEAR 2024 – 2025

1
 INDEX
SL
TOPIC
NO

VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS

1 VOLUETRIC ANALYSIS – I

2 VOLUETRIC ANALYSIS – II

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT(S)

1 GENERAL SALT PROCEDURE

SAMPLE SALT ANALYSIS PROCEDURE (AMMONIUM

2
CHLORIDE )

CONTENT BASED EXPERIMENTS

ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUP ANALYSIS (

1
CARBOXYLIC ACID / ALDEHYDE / KETONE )
PREPARATION OF ONE LYOPHILIC & ONE LYOPHOBIC
2
SOL
PREPARATION OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS ( EITHER
3
FAS (OR) POTASH ALUM )
CHROMATOGRAPHY
(SEPARATION OF PIGMENTS FROM EXTRACTS OF
4
LEAVES & FLOWERS BY PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY &
DETERMINATION OF Rf VALUES )

5 LIST OF INVESTIGATORY PROJECT(S)

2
 SIMPLE PROCEDURE
TITRATION: Unknown KMnO4 Vs Standard FAS
Indicator : Self indicator (KMnO4)

Sl.No. Contents Titration

1 Burette solution Unknown KMnO4

2 Pipette solution 20 ml of standard FAS

3 Acid to be added 20 ml of 2 M Dil. H2SO4

4 Temperature Lab temperature

5 Indicator Self indicator (KMnO4)

Appearance of permanent pale

6 End point
pink colour

7 Molar mass of KMnO4 158 g / mol

3
 VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS - I

AIM: Prepare 250ml of Ferrous ammonium sulphate (Mohr’s salt). Using this

solution Find out the Molarity and Strength of the given KMnO4 solution.

PRINCIPLE:

Molecular Equations

[ ]

[ ] ]

THEORY:

4
TITRATION: Unknown KMnO4 Vs Standard FAS
Indicator : Self indicator (KMnO4)

Burette Reading (ml) Volume of

Volume of Concordant
Sl.No. KMnO4
FAS (ml) Value (ml)
Initial Final added (ml)

1 20 ml 0

2 20 ml 0

3 20 ml 0

CALCULATION:
a) Molarity of KMnO4 Solution:

5
PROCEDURE:
1. 250 ml of 0.05 M Mohr’s salt solution is prepared by dissolving 4.9 g of

Mohr’s salt in water along with small volume of Dil.H2SO4.

2. The burette is rinse with the given KMnO4 solution and fill the burette with

KMnO4 solution.

3. Rinse the pipette with the 0.05 M Mohr’s salt solution.

4. Pipette out 20 ml of it into a clean conical flask, 1 test tube full of 2 M Dil.

Sulphuric acid is added and titrated against KMnO4 taken in the burette.

5. End point of the reaction is appearance of permanent pale pink colour.

6. The titrations are repeated to get concordant values.

6
b) Strength of KMnO4 Solution:
Strength of KMnO4 solution = Molarity × Molar mass of KMnO4
= × 158
= g/L

7
RESULT:

i) Molarity of KMnO4 solution is = M

ii) Strength of KMnO4 solution is = g/L

8
 SIMPLE PROCEDURE
TITRATION: Unknown KMnO4 Vs Standard Oxalic Acid
Indicator : Self indicator (KMnO4)

Sl.No. Contents Titration

1 Burette solution Unknown KMnO4

2 Pipette solution 20 ml of standard Oxalic Acid

3 Acid to be added 20 ml of 2 M Dil. H2SO4

4 Temperature 60 - 70ºC

5 Indicator Self indicator (KMnO4)

Appearance of permanent pale

6 End point
pink colour

7 Molar mass of KMnO4 158 g / mol

9
 VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS - II

AIM: Prepare 250ml of Oxalic acid solution Using this solution Find out the

Molarity and Strength of the given KMnO4 solution.

PRINCIPLE:

Molecular Equations

[ ]

[ ]→ ]

THEORY:

10
TITRATION: Unknown KMnO4 Vs Standard Oxalic Acid
Indicator : Self indicator (KMnO4)

Volume of Burette Reading (ml) Volume of

Concordant
Sl.No. Oxalic Acid KMnO4
Value (ml)
(ml) Initial Final added (ml)

1 20 ml 0

2 20 ml 0

3 20 ml 0

CALCULATION:
a) Molarity of KMnO4 Solution:

11
PROCEDURE:
1. 250 ml of 0.1 M Oxalic Acid solution is prepared by dissolving 3.15 g of

Oxalic Acid in water.

2. The burette is rinse with the given KMnO4 solution and fill the burette with

KMnO4 solution.

3. Rinse the pipette with the 0.1 M Oxalic Acid solution.

4. Pipette out 20 ml of it into a clean conical flask, 1 test tube full of 2 M Dil.

Sulphuric acid is added and titrated against KMnO4 taken in the burette.

5. End point of the reaction is appearance of permanent pale pink colour.

6. The titrations are repeated to get concordant values.

12
b) Strength of KMnO4 Solution:
Strength of KMnO4 solution = Molarity × Molar mass of KMnO4
= × 158
= g/L

13
RESULT:

i) Molarity of KMnO4 solution is = M

ii) Strength of KMnO4 solution is = g/L

14
 LIST OF SIMPLE SALTS TO BE CONDUCTED

FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2024 – 2025

1. Ammonium carbonate

2. Ammonium chloride

3. Ammonium sulphate

4. Lead nitrate

5. Aluminium nitrate

6. Zinc sulphate

7. Barium chloride

8. Magnesium sulphate

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 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE SALT

Preliminary Tests

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Action of Heat: 1. Colourless gas with 1. Presence of

1 Little amount of the salt is pungent smell Ammonium salt
heated in a dry test tube.
2. Yellow when hot and 2. Presence of Zinc
white when cold
3. Reddish brown gas with 3. Presence of Nitrate
fishy odour salt
4. No characteristic 4. Absence of
change Ammonium and
Nitrate and zinc salt
Flame Test:
2 A small amount of the salt is 1. Apple Green flame 1. Presence of Barium
made into a paste with conc. Salt
HCl in a watch glass and 2. No characteristic flame 2. Absence of Barium
introduced into the non – salt
luminous part of the Bunsen
flame.

IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS (ANIONS)

Action of dil. H2SO4: 1. A colourless, odourless 1. Presence of

3 To a little amount of salt, gas is evolved with brisk carbonate
add 1 – 2mL of dil. H2SO4 effervescence, which
and warm it. turns lime water milky

2. No brisk effervescence 2. Absence of

ccarbonate
Action of Conc. H2SO4: 1. Colourless gas giving 1. Presence of
4 To a little amount of the salt, dense white fumes with a Chloride
add 3 – 4 drops of Conc. glass rod dipped in
H2SO4 and heat it. NH4OH evolved
2. Reddish brown gas is 2. Presence of Nitrate
evolved
3. No characteristic change 3. Absence of
Chloride and
Nitrate

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 Action of Conc. H2SO4 and 1. Reddish brown gas with 1. Presence of Nitrate
5 Copper turnings: fishy odour
To a little amount of the salt,
add few copper turnings and 2. No reddish brown gas 2. Absence of Nitrate
add 1mL of Conc. H2SO4 and evolves
heat gently.
Action of dil. NaOH 1. Colourless gas with 1. Presence of
6 solution: pungent smell Ammonium
To a little amount of salt,
add 1mL of NaOH solution 2. No pungent smelling gas 2. Absence of
and heat gently Ammonium

CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR ANIONS

Preparation of Original Solution: Little amount of the salt is dissolved in 5mL of distilled
water.

Test for Carbonate: A colourless, odourless Presence of carbonate

1 Dil. HCl test: gas is evolved with brisk is confirmed
To little of the original solution, effervescence, which
add dil. HCl turns lime water milky
Test for Chloride:
2 Silver Nitrate test: Curdy white Precipitate Presence of Chloride is
To a little of the original solution, soluble in ammonium confirmed
add AgNO3 solution hydroxide is obtained
Test for sulphate:
3 Barium Chloride test: Milky White precipitate Presence of Sulphate is
To a little of the original solution, insoluble in conc. HCl is confirmed
add BaCl2 solution obtained
Test for Nitrate:
4 Brown ring test: A brown ring is formed Presence of Nitrate is
To a little of original solution, add at the junction of two confirmed
dil. H2SO4 and then freshly liquids
prepared FeSO4 and add Conc.
H2SO4 along the side of the test
tube

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 IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS (CATIONS)

Group Analysis

To a little of the original solution, Reddish brown Presence of

1 Nessler‟s reagent and sodium precipitate is obtained Ammonium
hydroxide are added
No reddish brown Absence of
precipitate Ammonium
To a little of the original solution, White precipitate is Presence of group I
2 dil. HCl is added formed cation (lead)
No white precipitate Absence of Group I
cation
(lead)
To a little of the original solution, Black precipitate is Presence of Group II
3 dil. HCl is added and H2S gas is formed cation (Copper)
passed
No black precipitate Absence of Group II
cation (Copper)
To a little of original solution, Gelatinous white Presence of Group III
4 NH4Cl and NH4OH are added precipitate is formed cation (Aluminium)
No gelatinous white Absence of Group III
precipitate cation (Aluminium)
To a little of original solution, Dirty white precipitate is Presence of Group IV
5 NH4Cl, NH4OH are added and formed cation (Zinc)
H2S gas is passed.
No dirty white precipitate Absence of Group IV
cation (Zinc)
To a little of original solution, White precipitate is Presence of Group V
6 NH4Cl, NH4OH and (NH4)2CO3 formed cation (Barium)
are added
No white precipitate Absence of Group V
cation (Barium)
To a little of original solution, White precipitate is Presence of Group VI
7 NH4Cl, NH4OH and Na2HPO4 formed cation (Magnesium)
are added
No white precipitate Absence of Group VI
cation (Magnesium)

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 CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR CATIONS

Test for Ammonium:

To a little of the original Reddish brown precipitate Ammonium is confirmed
solution, Nessler‟s reagent and is obtained
sodium hydroxide are added

Test for Lead:

To a little of original solution, Yellow precipitate is lead is confirmed
potassium chromate is added obtained

Test for Aluminium:

To a little of original solution, A bright red lake is Aluminium is confirmed
Aluminon reagent and NH4OH obtained
are added

Test for Zinc:

To a little of original solution, white precipitate is Zinc is confirmed
sodium hydroxide is added obtained

Test for Barium:

To a little of original solution, Yellow precipitate is Barium is confirmed
Potassium chromate is added obtained

Test for Magnesium:

To a little of original solution, Blue precipitate is formed Magnesium is confirmed
Magneson reagent and sodium
hydroxide are added

RESULT:

The given simple salt contains

1. Anion:
2. Cation:

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SAMPLE SALT PROCEDURE:

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF AMMONIUM CHLORIDE

AIM: To analyse the given salt for one anion and one cation present in it.

Preliminary Tests
S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Action of Heat: Colourless gas with pungent Presence of
Little amount of the salt is smell Ammonium salt
heated in a dry test tube.
2 Flame Test:
A small amount of the salt is No characteristic flame Absence of
made into a paste with conc. Barium salt
HCl in a watch glass and
introduced into the non –
luminous part of the Bunsen
flame.
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS (ANIONS)

3 Action of dil. H2SO4:

To a little amount of salt, add 1 No brisk effervescence Absence of
– 2mL of dil. H2SO4 and warm carbonate
it.
4 Action of Conc. H2SO4: Colourless gas giving dense Presence of
To a little amount of the salt, white fumes with a glass rod Chloride
add 3 – 4 drops of Conc. H2SO4 dipped in NH4OH evolved
and heat it.
5 Action of Conc. H2SO4 and
Copper turnings: No reddish brown gas Absence of
To a little amount of the salt, evolves Nitrate
add few copper turnings and
add 1mL of Conc. H2SO4 and
heat gently.
6 Action of dil. NaOH solution:
To a little amount of salt, add Colourless gas with pungent Presence of
1mL of NaOH solution and heat smell Ammonium
gently
Confirmatory tests for Anions
Preparation of Original Solution: Little amount of the salt is dissolved in 5mL of distilled
water.
1 Test for Chloride:
Silver Nitrate test: Curdy white Precipitate Presence of Chloride is
To a little of the original solution, soluble in ammonium confirmed
add AgNO3 solution. hydroxide is obtained
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 IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS (CATIONS)
Group Analysis
1 To a little of the original solution,
Nessler‟s reagent and sodium Reddish brown Presence of
hydroxide are added precipitate is obtained Ammonium
2 To a little of the original solution, No white precipitate Absence of Group I
dil. HCl is added cation
(lead)
3 To a little of the original solution,
dil. HCl is added and H2S gas is No black precipitate Absence of Group II
passed cation (Copper)
4 To a little of original solution, No gelatinous white Absence of Group III
NH4Cl and NH4OH are added precipitate cation (Aluminium)

5 To a little of original solution,

NH4Cl, NH4OH are added and No dirty white precipitate Absence of Group IV
H2S gas is passed. cation (Zinc)
6 To a little of original solution,
NH4Cl, NH4OH and (NH4)2CO3 No white precipitate Absence of Group V
are added cation (Barium)
7 To a little of original solution,
NH4Cl, NH4OH and Na2HPO4 No white precipitate Absence of Group VI
are added cation (Magnesium)

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR CATIONS

Test for Ammonium:

To a little of the original Reddish brown precipitate Ammonium is confirmed
solution, Nessler‟s reagent and is obtained
sodium hydroxide are added

RESULT:

The given simple salt contains

1. Anion: Chloride
2. Cation: Ammonium

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 CONTENT BASED EXPERIMENT
TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS IN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Organic compounds to be tested for functional groups are:

1. Any one Carboxylic acid

2. Any one Aldehyde

3. Any one Ketone

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 ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONAL GROUP IN AN ORGANIC COMPOUND
AIM: To identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.
S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Test for Unsaturation: 1. Pink colour of 1. Substance is
Test with KMnO4 solution: KMnO4 solution is Unsaturated
To a small amount of organic sample decolourised
1 add 2 mL of distilled water and add 2. Substance is
few drops of dilute alkaline KMnO4 2. No Decolourisation Saturated
solution. takes place
Test for Carboxylic acid group: 1. Brisk effervescence 1. Presence of
Action with NaHCO3: Carboxylic acid
2 Add 2mL of NaHCO3 to little of the group
given organic sample 2. No brisk
effervescence 2. Absence of
Carboxylic acid
group
Test for Phenolic group: 1. A violet colour 1. Presence of
Neutral FeCl3 test: solution is formed Phenolic group
3 To a little of organic sample, add
2mL of neutral FeCl3 solution 2. No violet 2. Absence of
colouration Phenolic group
Test for Alcoholic group: 1. Appearance of red 1. Presence of
Ceric ammonium nitrate test: colour Alcoholic group
To 1mL of the organic compound,
4 add few drops of ceric ammonium 2. No red colouration 2. Absence of
nitrate. Alcoholic group
Test for Aldehydic group: 1. Silver mirror is 1. Presence of
Tollen’s test: formed Aldehydic group
5 To 2mL of Tollen‟s reagent, add
little amount of organic sample and 2. No silver mirror is 2. Absence of
warm the mixture. formed Aldehydic group
Test for Ketonic group: 1. Red colouration 1. Presence of
Legal’s test: Ketonic group
6 To a little of the organic sample, add
1mL of sodium nitroprusside 2. No red colouration 2. Absence of
solution and then add NaOH solution Ketonic group
dropwise.

RESULT:
The given organic sample contains _____________ functional group.
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 ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONAL GROUP – CARBOXYLIC ACID
AIM: To identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.
S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Test for Unsaturation:
Test with KMnO4 solution:
To a small amount of organic No Decolourisation Substance is
1 sample add 2 mL of distilled water takes place Saturated
and add few drops of dilute alkaline
KMnO4 solution.
Test for Carboxylic acid group:
Action with NaHCO3: Brisk effervescence Presence of
2 Add 2mL of NaHCO3 to little of the Carboxylic acid
given organic sample group

Test for Phenolic group:

Neutral FeCl3 test: Absence of Phenolic
3 To a little of organic sample, add No violet colouration group
2mL of neutral FeCl3 solution

Test for Alcoholic group:

Ceric ammonium nitrate test:
To 1mL of the organic compound, No red colouration Absence of Alcoholic
4 add few drops of ceric ammonium group
nitrate.

Test for Aldehydic group:

Tollen’s test:
5 To 2mL of Tollen‟s reagent, add
little amount of organic sample and No silver mirror is Absence of
formed Aldehydic group
warm the mixture.
Test for Ketonic group:
Legal’s test:
6 To a little of the organic sample,
add 1mL of sodium nitroprusside No red colouration Absence of Ketonic
solution and then add NaOH group
solution dropwise.

RESULT:
The given organic sample contains carboxylic acid functional group.

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 ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONAL GROUP – ALDEHYDE
AIM: To identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.
S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Test for Unsaturation:
Test with KMnO4 solution:
To a small amount of organic No Decolourisation Substance is
1 sample add 2 mL of distilled water takes place Saturated
and add few drops of dilute alkaline
KMnO4 solution.
Test for Carboxylic acid group:
Action with NaHCO3:
2 Add 2mL of NaHCO3 to little of
the given organic sample No brisk Absence of
effervescence Carboxylic acid
group
Test for Phenolic group:
Neutral FeCl3 test:
3 To a little of organic sample, add Absence of Phenolic
2mL of neutral FeCl3 solution No violet colouration group

Test for Alcoholic group:

Ceric ammonium nitrate test:
To 1mL of the organic compound, No red colouration Absence of Alcoholic
4 add few drops of ceric ammonium group
nitrate.

Test for Aldehydic group:

Tollen’s test:
5 To 2mL of Tollen‟s reagent, add Silver mirror is Presence of
little amount of organic sample and formed Aldehydic group
warm the mixture.

Test for Ketonic group:

Legal’s test:
6 To a little of the organic sample,
add 1mL of sodium nitroprusside No red colouration Absence of Ketonic
solution and then add NaOH group
solution dropwise.

RESULT:
The given organic sample contains Aldehyde functional group.

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ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONAL GROUP – KETONE
AIM: To identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.
S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Test for Unsaturation:
Test with KMnO4 solution:
To a small amount of organic No Decolourisation Substance is
1 sample add 2 mL of distilled water takes place Saturated
and add few drops of dilute
alkaline KMnO4 solution.
Test for Carboxylic acid group:
Action with NaHCO3:
2 Add 2mL of NaHCO3 to little of No brisk Absence of
the given organic sample effervescence Carboxylic acid
group
Test for Phenolic group:
Neutral FeCl3 test: Absence of Phenolic
3 To a little of organic sample, add No violet colouration group
2mL of neutral FeCl3 solution
Test for Alcoholic group:
Ceric ammonium nitrate test:
To 1mL of the organic compound, No red colouration Absence of Alcoholic
4 add few drops of ceric ammonium group
nitrate.
Test for Aldehydic group:
Tollen’s test:
5 To 2mL of Tollen‟s reagent, add
little amount of organic sample No silver mirror is Absence of
formed Aldehydic group
and warm the mixture.
Test for Ketonic group:
Legal’s test:
6 To a little of the organic sample, Red colouration Presence of Ketonic
add 1mL of sodium nitroprusside group
solution and then add NaOH
solution dropwise.

RESULT:
The given organic sample contains Ketone functional group.

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27
 CONTENT BASED EXPERIMENT
AIM:
To prepare a colloidal solution of starch.
THEORY:
Starch forms a hydrophilic solution when water is used as the dispersion medium. The
foundation of solution is accelerated by heating and the solution can be prepared by heating
starch and water at about 100ºC. It is quite stable and is not affected by the presence of any
electrolytic impurity.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Beakers, glass rod, funnel, filter paper, pestle and mortar, tripod stand, wire gauge and
burner.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Soluble starch (1g) and distilled water
PROCEDURE:
 Take 1g of starch in a mortar and add few ml of distilled water.
 Grind starch to make paste and transfer the paste to a 50ml beaker.
 Take about 100ml of distilled water in a 250ml beaker and heat the beaker so that
water starts boiling.
 Pour the paste slowly with stirring into boiling water in the beaker.
 Continue boiling it for about 10min and then allow the beaker to cool.
 Filter the content of beaker through a filter paper fixed in a funnel. Label the filtrate
„starch solution‟

PRECAUTION:
 The apparatus used for preparing solution should be used for preparing.
 Distilled water should be used for preparing solution in water.
 Starch should be converted into a fine paste before adding to boiling water.

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29
 CONTENT BASED EXPERIMENT
AIM: To prepare ferric hydroxide, [Fe(OH)3] sol.
THEORY
Ferric hydroxide forms a lyophobic sol. The substances such as metal hydroxides or
sulphides which are insoluble and do not readily give colloidal solutions on treatment with water are
called lyophobic colloids.
Ferric hydroxide sol is prepared by the hydrolysis of ferric chloride with boiling distilled
water. The reaction that takes place can be represented as
→
Ferric Chloride Red sol
The hydrolysis reaction produces insoluble ferric hydroxide particles which undergo
agglomerisation to yield bigger particles of colloidal dimensions. These particles adsorb Fe3+ ions
preferentially from the solution to give positive charge to the sol particles. Stability of the sol is due
to the charge on the sol particles. Hydrochloric acid which is produced during hydrolysis
destabilizes the sol and hence it must be removed from the sol by dialysis process, otherwise sol
will not be stable.
APPARATUS
Conical flask (250ml), beaker (250 ml), a boiling-tube, glass-rod, funnel, round-bottom flask,
iron stand with a clamp, wire-gauze, tripped, burner and a burette or a dropper.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
2% solution of ferric chloride (prepared by dissolving 2 g of pure FeCl3 in 100 ml distilled
water) and distilled water.
PROCEDURE
1. Take a 250 ml conical flask and clean it by steaming-out process as shown in Fig. 2.2
2. To this cleaned flask, add 100 ml of distilled water and heat it to boil by placing the flask on a
wire-gauze.
3. Add ferric chloride solution dropwise (by the use of a burette or a dropper) to the boiling water.
4. Continue heating until deep red or brown solution of ferric hydroxide is obtained. Replace the
water lost by evaporation during boiling at regular intervals.
5. Keep the contents of conical flask undisturbed for sometime at room temperature. Label the
solution as “Ferric hydroxide Sol”
PRECAUTIONS
1. Since ferric hydroxide sol is affected by impurities, the apparatus required for the preparation of
sol should be thoroughly cleaned by steaming-out process.
2. Add ferric chloride solution dropwise.
3. Heating is continued till and desired sol is obtained.
4. Hydrochloric acid formed as a result of hydrolysis of ferric chloride is removed by dialysis
process otherwise it would destablise the sol.

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 PREPARATION OF INORGANIC SALT (POTASH ALUM)
AIM:
To prepare double salt potash alum.
THEORY:
When a mixture containing equimolar proportions of two constituents of double salt is
crystallised from its solution, a double salt is formed as follows.

Dilute sulphuric acid is added to the solution to prevent the hydrolysis of ions in
the mixture.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Two beakers (50ml), glass rod, filtration apparatus, tripod stand and spirit lamp.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
Potassium sulphate , Aluminium sulphate [ ] and dilute sulphuric
acid.
PROCEDURE:
 Dissolve 1.7g Potassium Sulphate in 10ml distilled water taken in a 50ml beaker.
 Dissolve 4.5g Aluminium Sulphate in 10ml distilled water in another 50ml beaker.
Add 4-5 drops of dilute .
 Mix the two solutions.
 Concentrate the resulting solution by heating, till the saturated point is reached. Check
it by dipping the tip of a glass rod in the solution, take it out and blow this end of the
glass rod with air. Small crystals appear on the tip of the glass rod at saturation point.
 Allow the solution to cool to room temperature slowly and leave it for a few hours.
Gradually, the crystals of Potash alum will separate out.
 Separate the crystals by filtration, wash with cold water, dry between the folds of a
paper and record the yield.

RESULT:
Yield = 2.5g
Colour = Colourless
Shape = Octahedral
PRECAUTIONS:
The crystals may not appear immediately on cooling. If so, leave the solution
overnight.

31
DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY THE SOLVENT = 9.5

DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY
COMPONENT Rf VALUE
COMPONENT

Chlorophyll b (dark green) 6.2 0.6

Chlorophyll a (light yellow) 7.5 0.7

xanthophyll (yellow) 8.4 0.8

Carotene (Orange) 8.9 0.9

32
 CONTENT BASED EXPERIMENT
AIM:
To study the separation of pigments from extracts of leaves and flowers by paper
chromatography and determination of their Rf values.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Chromatography jar with cork and hook, strip of filter paper – 6mm×15cm, capillary tube
and black pencil.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
Ethanol and extract of leaves / flowers / ink.
PROCEDURE:
 Draw a horizontal reference line with the help of a pencil about 3cm away from one edge
of 15cm long strip of filter paper.
 Put a spot of extract of leaves, flowers etc. with help of a capillary tube on the reference
line.
 Transfer 5-6ml of Ethanol in jar.
 Mount he paper strip on the hook fixed to a cork.
 Carefully insert the filter paper into the jar to that the lower end dips in Ethanol. The spot
should be above the level of Ethanol.
 Wait for the Ethanol to rise up to three fourth length of paper strip.
 Remove the spots and solvent front on the filter paper.
 Measure the distance travelled by different spots and the solvent from the reference line;
 Repeat the procedure by using a new strip of filter paper and water as solvent.

RESULT:
The components of the leaves separate in the form of spots lying between origin line and
solvent front.
PRECAUTIONS:
 Use a fine capillary to put a spot on the paper to avoid its spreading.
 After putting the spot on the filter strip allow it to dry completely before fixing the paper
in the jar.
 Dip in the paper strip in solvent in such a way that spot of mixture in above solvent level.
 Ensure that the filter paper strip hangs freely in the jar covered with a lid when the
chromatogram is being developed.
 Once experiment is set, do not disturb the jar as long as the chromatogram is being
developed.

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