gs;spf; fy;tpj;Jiw

jpUts;@h; khtl;lk;

thif #LNthk;;
BIO-BOT & BOTONAY

Nky;epiy- ,uz;lhk; Mz;L

vspaKiw fw;wy; ifNaL

2023-2024
cd;dhy; KbAk;....
“Njh;r;rp vd;gij tpl rhjid vd;gNj
ekf;Fg; ngUik”
kjpg;gpw;Fhpa>
jpUts;@h; khtl;l Kjd;ikf; fy;tp mYtyh;>

jpU.ng.,utpr;re;jpud; vk;.v];.rp.>vk;.V.>vk;.vl;.>

mth;fspd; topfhl;Ljypd; gb

jpUts;@h; fy;tp khtl;l mYtyh;

jpU.k.R.Rfhde;jk; vk;.v];.rp.>vk;.vl;.>vk;.gpy;.>
kw;Wk;
nghd;Ndhp fy;tp khtl;l mYtyh;
Kidth; jpU.vk;.KfkJ mg;Jy;yh gp.vr;.b.>
MfpNahhpd; xUq;fpizg;gpy;....
Mrphpah; FOthy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 Mrphpah; FO
(caphpay;)
jpUkjp.J.[ha;];uhzp KJfiy jpUkjp.ghDNufh KJfiy
Mrphpah; (caphpay;) Mrphpah; (caphpay; )
m.Nk.ep.gs;sp>flk;gj;Jhh; b>Mh;>gp>rp>rp.Nk.ep.gs;sp>jpUts;@h;
jpUkjp.khyjp KJfiy jpUkjp.tdpjh
Mrphpah; (caphpay;) KJfiy Mrphpah; (caphpay;)
m.Nk.ep.gs;sp>tpilA+h; nfsb.Nk.ep.gs;sp>jpUts;@h;
jpUkjp.,e;jpuh KJfiy jpUkjp.rp.Ntzp
Mrphpah; (caphpay;) KJfiy Mrphpah; (caphpay;)
m.k.Nk.ep.gs;sp> Nguk;ghf;fk; Mh;.vk;.n[.m.k.Nk.ep.gs;sp>
jpUts;@h;
jpUkjp.kNf];thp jpU.VOkiy KJfiy
KJfiy Mrphpah; (caphpay;) Mrphpah; (caphpay;)
mMjp.e.Nk.ep.gs;sp> e.Nk.ep.gs;sp>jpUts;@h;
nrt;tha;Ngl;il
jpU.fNz~; KJfiy jpUkjp.nlNghuh md;gurp
Mrphpah; (caphpay;) KJfiy Mrphpah; (caphpay;)
m.Nk.ep.gs;sp> Cj;Jf;Nfhl;il e.Nk.ep.gs;sp> jpUts;@h;
jpUkjp.N[hgpn`yd; Nkhp jpU.Nldpay; [];bd;
KJfiy Mrphpah; (caphpay;) KJfiy Mrphpah; (caphpay;)
Jh.,.Nk.Nk.ep.gs;sp> fPor;Nrhp DONBOSCO,gd;Dhh;
jpUkjp.nky;gpd; fyh jpU.[hd; tpf;lh;uh[;
KJfiy Mrphpah; (caphpay;) KJfiy Mrphpah; (caphpay;)
m.Nk.ep.gs;sp>G+z;b TELC ,ghz;^h;

jpUkjp.My;gpd; Nkhp jpU.T.A.kNf~;

KJfiy Mrphpah; (caphpay;) KJfiy Mrphpah; (caphpay;)
Jh.,.Nk.Nk.ep.gs;sp> fPor;Nrhp m.Nk.ep.gs;sp ,Mw;fhL Fg;gk;

jpU.R.Mde;jd;
KJfiy Mrphpah; (caphpay;)
m.Nk.ep.gs;sp ,jpUthyq;fhL
 XII BIO – BOT & BOTANY
CHAPTER – I

TWO MARK QUESTIONS

1. What is reproduction.

1. It is process which helps an organism to perpetuate its own

species.
2. It can be classified into a sexual and sexual reproduction

2. List out two sub- qerial stem modifications with example.

1. Runner – Centella asiatica

2. Stolen – Fragaria and menthe

3. What are clones ?

The individuals formed by asexual reproduction are morphologically

and genetically identical and are called clones.

4. What is canthrophily ?

The cross pollination of flowers by beetles is called cantrophily.

The beetles feeds the pollen or on some of the juicy tissues of the
flowers.

5. What is endothelium ?

1. It is otherwise known as integumentary tapetum

2. In some species the inner layer of integument may become
specialised to perform nutritive function for the embryosac
and is called endothelium (ex) – Asteraceae

6. What is mellitophily ?

Pollination of flowers by bees is known as mellitophily.

7. What is layering ?

1. It is a conventional method of plant propagation

2. The stem of a parent plant is allowed to develop roots while still
intact
3. When the root develops the rooted part is cut and planted
to grow as a new plant
Ex. Ixora and Jasminum

8. Dintinguish tenunuinucellate and crassinucellate ovules

Tenuinucellate type Crassinucellate type

Sporogenous cell is hypodermal Ovules with subhypodermal

with a single layer of nucellar sporogenous cell are
tissue around in the ovule described as crasinucellate

9. Define grafting

1. In this parts of two different plants are joined so that

they continue to grow as one plant.
2. The plant which in contact with the soil is called stock and the
plant used for grafting is called scion (Eg) Citrus, Mango, apple

10. What is endosperm ? Explain the types

The primary endosperm nucleus divides immediately after

fertilization in to an endosperm nucleus. The primary
endosperm nucleus is the result of triple fusion.
1. Nuclear endosperm
2. Cellular endosperm
3. Helobial endosperm
 3-Mark questions

1. Write a note on contrivances of cross pollination

1. Dicliny (or) Unisexuality

2. Monocliny (or) Bisexuality
3. Herkogamy
4. Heterostyly

2. Define the terms Diplospory

A diploid embryosac is formed from megaspore mother cell

without a regular meiotic division

(Eg) Euphatorium and aerva it is a type of Apomixis

3. What is polyembryony how it can commercially exploited

occurrence of more than one embryo in seed is called
polyembryony

1. The seedlings formed from the nuclear tissue in citrus are

found better clones for orchards
2. Embryos derived through polyembryony are found virus free.
4. List out the functions of tapetum

1. It supplies nutrition to the developing micropores

2. It contributes sporopollenin through ubisch bodies
thus plays an important roll in pollen wall formation
3. The pollenkitt material is contributed by tapetal cells
and is later transferred to the pollen surface

5. Write short note on pollenkitt

1. It is a oily layer forming a thick viscous coating at the

surface of the pollen
2. The pollen kitt material is contributed by tapetal cells
and made of carotenoids or flavonoids
3. It attracts insects and protects damage from UV-radiation
6. Endothecium is associated with dehiscence of anther justify this
statement.

1. Endothecium is a single layer of radially elongated cells below

the epidermis of anther wall
2. In the cells along the junction of two sporangia the
thickinings are absent and this region is called stomium
3. This along with the hygroscopic nature of
endothecium helps in the dehiscence of anther at
maturity

7. Differentiate Grafting and layering

GRAFTING LAYERING

1. Parts of Two different 1. The stem o the parent plant

plants are joined so that
they continue to grow as one
plant stock is in contact with
the soil scion is the grafted
plant
2. The plant will show
characteristics of
scion
3. (Eg) Citrus Mango and apple
is allowed to develop roots
while still intact when the
roof develop rooted part is
cut and planted to grow as
new plant.
2. Layering only results in
propagation of parent
plant
3. (Eg) Ixora and jasminum

8. What is cap block

1. During germination of pollen grain on the stigma all the

cytoplasmic contents of the pollen move to the tip of the
pollen tube
2. The tip appears to be hemispherical transparent and is
called the cap block
3. It is cut off from the rest of the pollen by a vacuole
 5-Marks
Enumerate the characters of entomophilous flowers.
1. generally large of If small they are aggregated in dense
inflorescence – Asteraceae flowers
2. Flowers are brightly coloured – Poinsettia
3. Flowers are scented and produce nectar
4. If no secretion of nectar the pollen is either consumed as
food or used in building up its hive by honey bees
5. Flowers pollinated by flies and beetles produce foul odour to attract
insects.
6. In some flowers juicy cells are present which are pierced and the
contents are sucked by the insects

2 With a suitable diagram explain the structure of an ovule

1. Ovule is also called megasporangiam and is protected by

one or two covering called integuments
2. A mature ovule consists of a stalk and body. The stalk of the
funiculus is present at the base and it attracts the ovule to
the placenta.
3. The point of attachment of funicle to the body of the ovule
is known as hilum
4. In an inverted ovule the funicle is adnate to the body of the
ovule forming a ridge called raphe.
5. The nucellus is enveloped by one or two protective
coverings called integuments.
6. Integument encloses the nucellus completely except at the
top where it is free and forms apore called microphyle.
7. There is a large oval sac – like structure in the nucellus
toward the microphylar end called embryosac or female
gametophyte.
 Classical genetics
1. Two mark & answers:

1. What is back cross?

Back cross is a cross of F1 hybrid with one of the parental genotypes

The back cross is of two types. Dominant back cross, and recessive back
cross

2. What are multiple alleles?

Three or more allelic forms of a gene occupy the same locus in a given pair
of homologous chromosomes.

3. What is trihybrid cross?

The crossing of three plants differing in three pairs of contrasting

traits called Trihybrid cross

4. What is test cross?

Test cross is crossing an individual of unknown genotype with a

homozygous recessive. It is used to identify whether an individual is
homozygous or heterozygous for dominant character

5. What is lethal allele?

An allele which has the potential to cause the death of an organism is

called a “Lethal allele” E. Baur reported a lethal gene is snapdragon.

6. What is codominance?

A type of intragenic interaction in which simultaneous expression of

both alleles occurs in the heterozygote

7. What is heredity?
The transmission of parental characters to the offspring is called
heredity.
 8. Write note on pleotropy gene.

i) The single gene affects multiple traits and alter the phenotype
of an organism

ii) The pleiotropic gene influences number of characters

simultaneously and such genes are called pleiotropic gene
(ex) sickle cell anemia.

9. What is Polygenic inheritance ?

A group of genes that together determine a characteristic of an

organism is called polygenic inheritance. (ex) Kernel colour in wheat.

3 marks

1. What are the reasons for mendel’s successes in his breeding

experiments.

i. He applied mathematics and statistical methods to biology and laws

of probability to his breeding experiments.

ii. The pairs of contrasting characters which were controlled by factor

were present on separate chromosomes.

iii. His experiments were carefully planned and he used large samples.

2. State the law of independent assortment

i. When two pairs of traits are combined in a hybrid segregation of

one pair of characters in independent of other pair of character.

ii. Genes that are located in different chromosomes assort

independently during meiosis.
3. Differentiate incomplete dominance and codominance

Incomplete dominance Codominance

1. The effect of both alleles are
equally conspicuous
Both parental phenotypes are
mixed together to form a third
phenotype
Both parental alleles can be
observed in the offspring
The effect of one of the two
parental alleles is more
conspicuous
The two parental alleles are not
mixed together
Neither parental alleles can
be observed in the
offspring

4. What is meant by cytoplasmic inheritance?

i. genes located in nuclear chromosomes follow mendelian inheritance

ii. certain traits are governed either by the chloroplast or

mitochondrial genes this phenomenon is known as extra nuclear
inheritance

iii. it involves cytoplasmic organelles such as chloroplast and

mitochondria that act as inheritance vectors it is also called
cytoplasmic inheritance.

iv. It is based on independent, self-replicating extra chromosome

unit called plasmogene in the cytoplasmic organelles chloroplast and
mitochondria.

5. What is gene interactions.

A single phenotype is controlled by more than one set of genes each

of which has two or more alleles. This phenomenon is called gene
interactions.

6. What is test cross.

Test cross is crossing an individual of unknown genotype with a

homozygous recessive. It is used to identify whether an individual is
homozygous or heterozygous for dominant character.
7. Define atavism.

It is a modification of biological structure where by an ancestral

traits reappears after having been lost through evolutionary changes
in the previous generation.

Ex. Reemergence of sexual of sexual reproduction in the flowering

plant Hieracium pilosella.

8. Differentiate continuous variation and discontinuous variation.

Continuous variation Discontinuous variation

1. the variations fluctuate
around an average or mean of
species
2. Continuous variations also known
as quantitative inheritance
3. The variation may be due to
combined effects of many
genetic and environmental
factors
Ex. Human height and skin colour
A mean or average is
absent in discontinuous
variation
Discontinuous variatios also called
as quantitative inheritance
These variation are
genetically determined by
inheritance factors
Ex. Style length is primula height
of garden pea.

Five mark question & answers:

1. Explain dihybrid cross.

The crossing of two plants differing in two pairs of contrasting

characters is called dihybrid cross.

ii. Mendel considered the seed shape (Round / wrinkled) and

cotyledon colour(Y/G) as the two characters

iii. In seed shape round (R) is dominant over wrinked (r) in

cotyledon colour yellow (y) dominant over green (y)

iv. Hence the pure breeding round yellow parent is represented by the
genotype RRYY and the pure breeding green wrinkled parent is
represented by the genotype rr yy

v. During gamete formation the paired genes of a character

assort out independently of the other pair

F2 --- RY Ry rY ry x RY Ry rY ry

RY Ry rY ry
RY RRYY RRYy RrYY RyYy
Ry RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy
rY RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy
Ry RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy

Phenotypic ration: 9:3:3:1

Round yellow -9

Yellow wrinkled-3

Green round -3

Green wrinkled –1
2. Describe dominant epistasis with an example.

i. It is gene interaction in which two alleles of a gene at one locus

interfere and suppresses or mask the phenotypic expression of a
different pair of alleles of another gene at another locus

ii. In summer squash the fruit colour locus has a dominat allele “W”
for white colour and arecessive allele “w” for coloured fruit “W”
allele is dominant that masks the expression of any other

iii. In another locus hypostatic allele “G” is for yellow fruit and its
recessive allele ‘g’ for green fruit. In the first locus the white is
dominant to colour where as in the second locus yellow is dominant to
green.

iv. When the white fruit geno type WWgg is crossed with yellow
fruit with genotype wwGG the F1 plants have white fruit and are
heterozygous (WwGg) when F1 heterozygous plants are crossed the
give rise to F2 with the phenotypic ratio of 12 white 3 yellow 1 green

WG Wg wG wg
WG WWGG WWGg WwGG wwGg
White White White White
Wg WWGg WWgg WwGg Wwgg
White white white White
wG WwGG WwGg wwGG wwGg
white White Yellow yellow
wg WwGg Wwgg wwGg Wwgg
White White yellow green

F2- White fruit 12 : yellow fruit 3 : Green fruit 1

 PRINCIPLES OF ECOLOGY

2 – MARK QUESTIONS

1. Define ecology.

Ecology is the division of biology which deals with the study of

environment in relation to organisms

2. What are ecological equivalent? Give one example.

Taxonomically different species occupying similar habitats (niches) in

different geographical regions are called ecological equivalents.

e.g. certain species of epiphytic orchids of western ghats of India differ

from the epiphytic orchids of south America. But they are epiphytes.

3. Green algae are not likely to be found in the deepest strata of

the ocean. Give atleast one reason.

Deep inside the sea presence of sufficient light for photosynthesis

and brakish water are not available.. so green algae are not present at
this level.

4. What is phytoremediation?

Plants such as Rice and eochhorinia tolerate cadmium by binding it to

their proteins. These plants can also be used to remove cadmium
from contaminated soil. This is known as phtoremediation.

5. What is Albedo effect and write their effects?

Emission of dust and aerosols with small particles are reflecting the
solar radiation entering the atmosphere. This is called as albedo effect.
so it reduces the temperature limits, photosynthesis and respiration.
Sulphur compounds are responsible for acid rain. Destroy the ozone
layer.

6. What is co-evolution.
The interaction between organisms, when continue for generations,
involves reciprocal changes in genetic and morphological characters
of both organisms. This is called co-evolution.

7. How Raunkiaer classificed worlds vegetation based on the temperature.

1. Megatherms 2. Mesotherms 3. Microtherms 4. Hekistothersm

8. Write aquatic habitat thermal

stratification? Epilimnion – The upper

layer of warmer water

Metalimnion – The middle layer with a zone of gradual decrease in

temperature Hyolimnion – the bottom layer of colder water

9. What are solerophyllous forests?

Sclerophyllous forests are forests found where heavy rain fall occurs
during winter and low rain fall during summer.

10. What is seed ball?

It is an ancient Japanese technique.

Encasing seeds in a mixture of clay and soil humus (also in cow

dung) and scattering them on toa suitable ground, not planting
trees manually

11. Differentiate Euryhaline and stenonhaline

Euryhaline Stenohaline
Organisms which can live in Organism which can withstand
water with wide range of salinity only small range of salinity

Eg. Marine algae and marine Plants of estuaries.

angiosperms
12. What are Evergreen forests.

Evergreen forests are forests found where heavy rainfall occurs

throughout the year.

13. Define ecotope.

The habitat and niche of any organism is called ecotope.

14. What are pneumatophores?

The halophytes a special type of negatively geotrophic roots called
pneumatophores with pneumathodes are present to get sufficient
aeration. They are also called breathing roots. Eg. Aricennia

3 Marks

1. Distinguish habitat and hiche

Habitat
A specific physical space
occupied by an organism (
species)
Same habitat may be shared by
many organisms
Habit specificity is
exhibited by organism
Niche
A functional space occupied
by an organism in the same
eco system
A single niche is occupied by a
single species
Organisms may change their niche
with time and season.

2. How is anemochory differ from zoochory?

Anemochory
Dispersal of fruits and seeds by
wind
The fruits and seeds are
light, have wings, hairs etc for
wind dispersal
Zoochory
Dispersal of fruits and seeds
by birds animals and human
beings
They have sticky surfaces sticley
hairs, hooks etc for dispersal
3. Soil formation can be initiated by biological organisms. Explain hour?

It is initiated by weathering process. Biological weathering takes

place when organism like bacteria, fungi, lichens and plants help in
the break down of rocks through the production of acids and certain
chemical substances.

4. Define edge effect.

Those species are found in the ecotone areas are due to the effect
of environment of the two habitats. This is called edge effect.

Eg. Owl is the ecotone area between forest and grassland.

5. Sandy soil is not suitable for cultivation. Explain why.

Sandy soil is not suitable for cultivation of crops. Sandy soil loses
water at a high rate leading to a low level of water retention that is
unsuitable for growth. Sandy soil lack bacteria, fungi, earthworm and
microbes which increase fertility.

6. How is Rhytidome act as the structural defense by plants against fire?

Rhitidome is the structural defense by plants against fire . the

outer bark of trees which extends to the last periderm is called
rhytidomo.

It is composed of multiple layers of suberised periderm, costical and

phloem tissues. It protects the stem against fire, water loss, invasion
of insects and prevents infections by microbes.

7. What is mutualism? Mention any two examples where the

organisms involved are commercially exploited in modern agriculture.

Mutualism is an interaction between two species of organisms in which both

and benefited from the obligate association.
The cyanobacterium amabaena is found in the leaves of water fer
azollo. It is used as biofertifizer for wet land rice cultivation, since
anabaena fixes atmospheric nitrogen and lives in mutualistic
association with Azolla. The soil is thus rich in nitrogen.

Mycrrhiza increases the availability of phosphorous in the soil and

also assures water availability.

8. What is myrmecophily?

Some times, ants take their shelter on some trees such as mango, litchi,
jamun etc.

These ants act as body guards of the plants against any disturbing
agent and the plants in turn provide food and shelter to these ants.
This phenomenon is lenourn as mysmecophily.

Eg. Acacia and acacia ants

9. Describe the mutual relationship between the fig and wasp and
comment on the phenomenon that operates in this relationship.
Mutualism exists between fig tree and wasp. The female wasp uses
the fruit not only for laying eggs but uses the developing seeds
within the fruit for nourishing its larvae. The wasp pollinates all the
flowers.

10. Water is very essential for life. Write any three features for
plants which enable them to survire in water scarce environment.

The stems and leones are covered with was coating or covered with dense
hairs.

In some xerophytes internodes in the stem are modified into a fleshy

gree structure called eladode. Asparagus.

In some the petiole is modified into a fleshy leaf like phyllode.

Leaves are modified into spines or reduced to scales .
5 Mark questions.

1. Explain different types of hydrophytes with example.

Free floating hydrophytes float freely on the surface of water. They

remain contact with water and air. But not with soil.

Eg. Eichhornia, pistia & wolfia.

Rooted floating hydrophytes are fixed in mud, but their leaves and
flowers are floating on the surface of water. Plant are in contact
with soil, water and air. Eg. Nelumbo & nymphaea. Submerged
floating hydrophytes are completely submerged in water and not in
contact with soil and air. Eg. Cetophylum and utricularia.

Rooted submerged hydrophytes are completely submerged in

water and not in contact with soil and air. Eg. Hydrilla.

Amphibious hydrophytes are adapted to both aquatic and terrestrial

modes of life. Eg. Ranunculus, typha.
2. List out any five morphological adaptations of halophytes.

 Tropical halophytes are mostly bushy

 Many stilt roots are developed
 A special type of negatively geotropic roots called
pneumatophores with pneumathodes to get sufficient aeration
are also present. They are called breathing roots. Eg.
Avicennia
 Presence of thick cutiole on the aerial parts.
 Leves are thick, entere, succulent and glossy. Some species are
aphyllous.
 Vivipary mode of seed germination.
 ECO SYSTEM

2 Mark questions.

1. Define eco system

Study of interaction between living and non living factors of the

environment

2. Define biomass

Bio mass can be measured as fresh weight on dry weight or

carbon weight of organisms

3. Productivity of profundal zone will be low. Why.

No effective light penetration and predominance of heterotrophs.

Hence producers are not found here.

4. Write some plants are found in sub alpine forest ( for pure

science group) Abies, pinus, betual, quecus, salice,

Rhododendron

5. Contruct the food chain with the following data Hawk, plants,
frog, snake, grosshopper

Plants ⇢ grasshopper ⇢ frog ⇢ snakes ⇢

hawks

Producers primary consumer secondary consumer tertiary

consumer Top carnivous

6. Define standing crop.

The amount of living materials present in a population at any given time

is known as standing crop

7. What is PAR? (Photo synthetically active radiation)

The amount of light available for photosynthesis of plants is
called Photosynthetically active radiation

The range of light is between 400 nm – 700 nm wave length

8. Define community productivity.

The rage of net synthesis of organic matter by a group of plants per

unit area per unit time is known as community productivity

9. Define energy flow.

The transfer of energy in an eco system between trophic levels can

be termed as energy flow.

10. Define ecological pyramid/ Estonian pyramids.

Graphic representation of the tropic structure and function at

successive trophic levels of an eco system is called ecological
pyramid

The concept was introduced by Charles eiton. Thus they are also called as
Eltonian pyramid

11. What is food web.

The inter locking pattern of a number of food chain form a web like
arrangement called food web.

12. What is a flag ship species?

Some species indicate the health of the eco system such species are
called flag ship species.

13. What is mineralization?

Some microes are involved in the release of inorganic nutrients from

the humus of the soil. Such process is called mineralicsation
3 Mark questions.

1. Pyramid of energy is always upright. Give reasons.

A graphical representation of energy flow at each trophic level in an

eco system is called pyramids of energy

The bottom of the pyramid of energy is occupied by the producers.

There is a gradual derease in energy transfer at successive

trophic levels from producers to the upper levels.

Therefore the pyramid of energy is always upright

2. What will happen if all producers are removed from ecosystem.

If all producers are removed, then there will be no primary

productivity and there will be no biomass available for conscemption by
her trophic levels or heterotrophs. Thus the food chain / food web will
collapse leading to destruction of organisms and will affect function of
eco system.

3. State the two laws of thermodynamics.

First law- states that energy can be transmitted from one system
to another in various forms.

It cannot be created or destroyed. But it can be transformed

from one form to another.

Second law –states that energy transformation results in the

reduction of the free energy of the system energy transformation
cannot be 100% efficient.

4. State the ten percent law.

This law was proposed by lindeman(1942). It states that during

transfer of food energy from one trophic level to another, only about
10% is stored at every level and rest of them (90%) is lost in
respiration, decomposition and in the form of heat. Hence the law is
called ten percent law.

5. The pyramid of number in a parasite eco system is always inverted. Why?

The pyramid of number in a parasitic eco system is always inverted.
Because it starts with a single tree. Therefore there is gradual
increase in the number of an organisms in successive trophic levels
from producers to tertiary consumers.

5 Mark questions.

1. Name the food chain which is generally present in all type of

eco system . explain & write their significance.

 Detritus food chain is present in all ecosystem.

 This type of food chain begins with dead organic matter
which is an important source of energy
 A large amount of organic matter is derived from the dead
plants, animals and their eccreta.
 The transfer of energy from the dead organic matter, is
transferred through a series of organism called detritus
consumers ⇢ small carnivores ⇢ top carnivores
With repeated eating and being eaten
respectively Fallen leaves ⇢ earthworm ⇢
black bird ⇢hawk
Detritus Detrivores small carnivore top carnoros

2. Generally human activities are against to the ecosystem, where as

you a student how will you help to protect ecosystem>

 Buy and use only eco friendly products and recycle them
 Grow more trees
 Reduce the use of natural resources
 Choose sustained form products (Vegetables, fruits, greens, etc)
  Reduce consumption and educate about eco system protection
among our friends and family
3. Write the characteristics of ecological succession

 It is a systematic process which causes changes in specific

structure of plant community
 It is a resultant of changes of abiotic and biotic factors.
 It transforms unstable community into a stable community
 Gradual progression in species diversity, total biomass, niche
specialization and humus content of soil
 It progresses from simple food chain to complex food web
 It creates interdependence of plants and animals
 Plant Breeding

2 marks:

1. Define Economic botany.

Economic botany is the study of the relationship between

people and economically important plants.

2. Name the three possible changes in the plant species due to the
domestication.

 Simultaneous / uniform flowering and fruiting

 Increased size of fruits and seeds
 Increase yield
3. How are microbial inoculants used to increase the soil fertility?

Latent cells of efficient strains of micro organisms that help

crop plants uptake of nutrients by their interactions in the
rhizosphere when applied through seed or soil.

4. What are Bio- pesticides.

Bio-pesticides are biologically based agents used for the control of

plant pests.

5. Define Green Manuring.

Green manuring is defined as the growing of green manure crops

and use of these crops directly in the field by ploughing.

6. Define Heterosis.

The superiority of the F1 hybrid in performance over its

parents is called heterosis or hybrid vigour.

7. What is pureline selection.

It is a collection of plants obtained as a result of repeated self

pollination from a single homozygous individual.
8. What is mutation.
Mutation means the sudden heritable changes in the genotype or
phenotype of an organism.

9. What are some examples of things that cause mutation.

Radiation such as UV short wave, X-ray, Alpha (α) Beta

(β),Gamma waves and many chemicals such as cesium, EMS, nitromethyl
urea induces mutation to develop new variety of crops.

10. Give an example of modern plant breeding.

Genetic engineering, plant tissue culture, protoplasmic fusion.

3 Marks.

1. Different types of hybridization.

i. Intravarietal hybridization.

ii. Intervarietal hybridization

iii. Interspecific hybridization.

iv. Intergeneric hybridization.

2. What is plant breeding?

Plant breeding is the science of improvement of crop varieties

with higher yield, better quality, resistance to diseases and shorter
durations which are suitable to particular environment.

3. What are the objectives of plant breeding?

 To increase yield, vigour and fertility of the crop

 To increase tolerance to environmental condition,
salinity, temperature and drought
 To develop resistance to pathogens and pests.
4. What is plant introduction.

Plant introduction may be defined as the introduction of

genotypes froma place where it is normally grown to a new place or
environments.

5. Differentiate primary introduction from secondary introduction.

Primary introduction Secondary introduction
When the introduced variety is When the introduced variety is
well adapted to the new subjected to selection to isolate
environment without any a superior variety and hybrized
alteration to the original with a
genotype local variety to transfer one
or few characters to them

1. Define selection.

Selection is the choice of certain individuals from a mixed

population for a one or more desirable traits.

2. What is hybrization?

Hybrization is the method of producing new crop varieties in

which two or more plants or unlike genetically constitution is crossed
together that result in a progency called hybrid.

3. What are the steps involved in hybridization.

i. Selection of parents. Ii. Emasculation

iii. Bagging iv. crossing v. Harvesting seeds and
raising plants.

4. What is Bio fortification?

Breeding crops with higher levels of vitamins and minerals or

higher protein and healthier fats is the most practical means to
improve public health.

5. Azolla is a biofertilizer what are their uses?

Azolla is a free floating water fern that fixes the atmospheric

nitrogen is association with nitrogen fixing blue green alga Anabacna
azolla it increasing the yield of rice crop, as it quickly decomposed in
soil.

6. Uses of sea weed liquid fertilizer.

Liquid seaweed fertilizer is not only organic but also eco

friendly it promotes vigorous growth. Improve resistance of
plants to frost and disease.

7. What are the benefits of alginates in the seaweed.

The alginates in the seaweed that reacts with metals in the soil and
form long polymers in the soil. These polymers improve the crumbing
in the soil, swell up when they get wet and retain moisture for a long
time.
NOTES FOR LONGVERSION BOTANY

1. What are the importance of using neem for the seed protection?

In traditional methods seeds are coated with neem leaf

powder. It controls insects and stored for short duration.

2. What is seed certification and its aim.

Seed certification is a legally sanctioned system for quality

control of seed multiplication and production. The purpose of this
certification is to maintain the seeds and make them available to the
public.

3. What is the purpose of seed coat?

 It protects seed from disease and insects

 It increase seed performance and seed germination
4. What is seed pelleting?

The process of enclosing seed in a filter inert material using an

adhesive with bio active chemicals.

5. List out the benefits of seed treatment.

 Prevent spread of plant disease

 Protects seeds from seedling blights
 Improves germination
6. List out the benefits of seed hardening.

 It increases the yield, root growth and vigour of seed

germination
 The uniformity of seedling emergence
7. How do you save seeds for long term storage using modern methods.

 Seed storage in cryopreservation

 Seed storage in gene bank
 Svalbard seed bank
 Economically Useful plants and Entrepreneurial Botany

Two and Three Mark Questions.

1. What is Pseudo – cereal ?

Foods that are prepared and eaten as a whole grain, but
are botanical outliers from grasses.
Eg. Chenopodium Quinoa

2. What are the health benefits of drinking coffee in moderation?

1. Caffeine enhances release of acetyl choline in
brain, which in turn enhances efficiency.
2. Lower the incidence of fathy lives diseases, cirrhosis and
cancer
3. Reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes.

3. What is palm sap?

Exudate collected by tapping palm
inflorescence axis. It is used as health drink.

4. Why ground nut oil is a premium

cooking oil? It does not smoke.

5. What is curcumin? Give its use.

A Chemical extracted from Turmeric
Uses: A very good anti – oxidant which may help to fight various
kinds of cancer.
It has anti – inflammatory, anto – diabetic, anti- bacterial, anti –
fungal and anti – viral activities.

6. What are the king and queen of spices?

King of spices – Piper nigrum (Black pepper)
Queen of spices – Elettaria
Cardamom(cardamom)

7. What are new world and old world species of

cotton? OLD WORLD Species:
Gossypium arboretum, Gossypium
 herbaceum. NEW WORLD Species:
Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium barbadense.

8. What are the uses of Teak?

1. Chief railway carriage and wagon wood in India.
2. Used in ship building and bridge-building,
3. Used in making boats, toys, plywood, doorframes and doors.
9. What is Vulcanization of rubber?
The defects in rubber with articles could be overcome by
heating rubber with Sulphus under pressure at 1500c.

10. What are the trees used to produce paper pulp?

Melia azadirachta, Neolamarkia chinensis,
11. Write the major tribal communities of
Tamilnadu? Irulas, Malayalis, Kurumbas,
Paliyans and Kaanis.
12. Differentiate Bio – medicine and Botanical medicine.
Bio – medicine Botanical medicine
Medicinally useful molecules Medicinal plants which are
obtained from plants. marketed as powders or in other
modified forms.
13. Which is called as king of Bitters? Mention its
uses? Andrographis Paniculata is Known as
king of Bitters.
Use: 1.A potent hepato protective – Used to treat liver disorders.
2. Nilavembu Kudineer is effectively used to treat malaria and
dengue.
14. What are psychoactive drugs? Give example.
Phutochemicals/ drugs from some of the plants alter an
individual’s perceptions of mind by producing hallucination.
Eg. Papaver somniferum – Opium poppy.
15. What is THC? Mention its uses.
The active principle in Marijuana (cannabis)
is Trans – tetra hydro canabinal (THC)
Use: 1. An effective pain reliever.
2. Reduces hypertension.
3. Used to treat Glaucoma
4. Provides relief to asthma
16. What is Entrepreneurial botany?
The study of how new business are created using plant
resources as well as the actual process of starting new business.
17. Mention the entrepreneurial activities for botany
students. Mushroom cultivation,
Single cell protein
production, Seaweed liquid
fertilizer,
Organic farming, Terrarium, Bonsai,
Cultivation of medicinal and aromatic
plants.
18. What are uses of vegetable eating?
1. Potassium, fiber, folic acid are present.
2. Vitamins A, E and C and many nutrients are present.
19. Write the uses of Rice.
1. Easily digestible calorie rich cereal food
2. Flaked rice, Puffed rice/parched rice are used oil is
used in culinary and Industrial Purposes.
3. Rice bran oil is used in culinary and Industrial purposes.
4. Husks are used as fuel, manufacture of packing material and
fertilizer.
20. Define Bonsai. (Long version)
A Japanese art form using miniature trees grown in containers
that mimic the shape and scale of full size trees.

21. Which is more sweeter than sugar? What is responsible for its
sweetness?
(Long version)
Stevia, a sugar substitute extracted from the leaves of stevia
rebavdiana.
It has no calories. It is 200 times sweeter than sugar. The
Steveocide is the chemical responsible for sweetness.
 BIO – ZOO & ZOO
REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS

2 MARKS

1. Name the Phenonnenon of development of female gamete in to new

individual. Name the bird where this phenomenon takes place.

Ans. Parthenogenesis Eg. Turkey

2. Among asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction, and sexual

reproduction, which is the effective method of reproduction?

Ans. Sexual reproduction is more effective than asexual

reproduction.
Because it leads to variation.

3. Organisms of unicellular, which reproduce by binary fission

doesn’t leads to death. Justify.

Ans. Amoeba is an unicellular organisms. It is immortal. Mature

Amoeba undergoes mitotic division to produce two daughter Amoebulae.

4. Why is the offspring formed by asexual reproduction referred as clone?

Ans. The offspring’s produced by asexual reproduction show

’’uniparental inheritance” without any genetic Variation. So we call the
offspring’s as clone.

5. Differentiate the regeneration in planaria and lizard.

Regeneration in Lizard Regeneation in Planaria

1. It is a restorative 1. It is a reparative regeneration.
regeneration. 2.Severed 2. Certain damaged tissue
can be regenerated.
parts can develop
6. Difference between Syngamy and fertilization:-

Syngamy
It takes place after the union
of male and female gamete
nuceli. Diploid nature of the
zygote is maintained
Fertilization
Fusion of male and female
gametes It is the process of
rendering fertile.

7. What are the various types of fission

1. Binary fission 2.Multiple fission 3. Spore formation 4.Strobilization

8. What are the stages at which multiple fission of plasmodium takes

place?

In Plasmodium, multiple fission occurs in the Schizont and in

the oocyte stages.

9. What is strobilation?

In some metazoans, several transverse fissions occur

simultaneously giving rise to a number of individuals.

10. What is paedogenetic parthenogenesis?

In this the larvae produce a new generation of larvae by

parthenogenesis. Eg.
Sporocysts and Reclia larvae of liver fluke.

11. Difference Oviparous and Viviparous,

Viviparous
It is the type of development
in which the young ones are
born alive after being
nourished in the uterus
through placenta
Eg.Mammals.
Oviparous
1. The young hatch from eggs
laid outside the mother’s
body.
2. Eg. Reptiles and Birds.
1. Give Reasons :- 3 marks

a) Some organisms like honey bees are called parthenogenetic animals.

b) A Male honey bee has 16 chromosomes and female honey

bee has 32 chromosomes.

Ans : Queen honey bee lays some unfertilized eggs. These eggs develop
in to male ( drones) so males have only 16 chromosomes.
2. Difference between

a) Exogenous budding Endogenous budding

1.When buds are formed on the
outer surface of the parent
body called exogenous budding.
Eg.Hydra
b) Multilple Fission
Parent body divides in to many
similar daughter cells.
e.g.Amoeba
1. when hundred of buds
formed inside cytoplasm
and remains in the parent
body.
Eg.Noctiluca
Fragmentation
Parent body breaks in to
fragments and each of the
fragments have the polencial to
develop in to new individual .

3. Differentiate Binary fission in Amoeba and Multiple fission in

Plasmodium.

Binary Fission in Amoeba Multiple fission in

1. It is a simple method.
2.Contractile Vaculoes
disappears Nucleolus also
disappears.
3.Nuclevs divides mitotically
followed by cytokinesis
4. Define Gemmules:-
Plasmodium.
1. It takes place in the
schizont and oocyte stage.
2. Multiple fission in the schizont
stage called schizogony.
Individuals formed are
called merozoites.
3. when multiple fission occurs
in the oocyte and the
Phenomenon called sporogomy
forming sporozoites.

* Gemmules are formed by internal buds through a sexual

reproduction.

* It is a hard ball, consisting og food laden

archaeocytes. Eg.In sponges during unfavourable

conditions
5.
a) Complete Parthenogenesis
It is the only form of
reproduction incetain animal
and there is no biparental
sexual reproduction.
There are no male organism
only females are there.
6. Define Plasmotomy : - Give examples
Incomlete Parthenogenesis
In some animals both sexual
and parthenogenetic
reproduction takes place.
Eg.honey bees
Fertilized egg –
female
(Unfertilized males) (
queen & workers)

Plasmotomy is the division of multinucleated parent in to many

daughter cells with division of nuclear.

Eg. Opalina & Pelomyxa (Giant amoeba)

7. During unfavourable conditions, how the Amoeba reproduces?

* During unfavorable conditions Amoeba reproduces by encystment.

* Amoeba withdraw its pseudopodia, and secrets 3 layers

protective covering, chitinozes cyst wall around it and becomes in
active. It is called as encystment.

8. What are the types of natural

parthenogenesis? Types are:-

1. Arrhenotohy :- Only makes are producer eg.honey bees.

2. Thelytohy :- Only female are produced. Eg.Solenobia
3. Amphitohy :- Egg may develop in to individuals of any sex.

9. Why the honey bees undergo incomplete parthenogenetic reproduction?

Ans : In honey bees, reproduction is by both sexual and

parthenogenetic reproduction

Fertile eggs : - Produces worker & queen. (Female)

Unfertile eggs : Produces Drones (Male)

10. Define Parthenogenesis & Mention its types:

Devlopment of an egg in to complete individuals without

fertilization is called parthenogenesis.

Types: 1.Natural Parthenogenesis

2.Artificial Parthenogenesis.
 2.Human Reproduction
I. 2 MARKS:-

1. Difference between Spermatogenesis & Spermilogenesis.

Spermatogenesis Spermiogenesis

1.It is the sequence of 1. The spermatids are transformed

events that produce male in to
gametes intestes mature spermatozoa by the
process called spermio
genesis.
2. Expand

FSH – Follicle Stimulated

hormone. LH – Leutinising

hormone

HCC – Human placental

gonadotropin. HPL – Human

Placental Lactogen

3. What is Inhibin ? Mention its function.

Inhibin is a hormone secreted by Sertolicells of tests. Which is

involved in the negative feedback control of sperm production.

4. What is the composition of Semen?

Semon or seminal fluid is a milky write fluid which contains

sperms and the seminal plasma, which is secreted from the seminal
vesicles, prostate gland and the bulbozerethral gland.

5. Where is Prostate? Make a short note on it? Prostate encircles the

urethra and it is just below the urinary bladder.

It is secretes a slightly acidic fluid that contains citrate, several

enzymes and prostate specific antigens.
6. What is Placenta?

Placenta is a temporary endocrine organ formed during pregnancy and it

connects the foetees to the uterine wall through the umbilical cord. It is
the organ by which the nutritive, respiratory and excretory functions are
fulfilled

7. Role of oxytocin:-

Oxytocin causes let – down reflex – the actual ejection of

milk from mammary glands.

It also stimulates the uterus to regain its pre-pregnancey size after

child birth.

8. List out the three endometrial layers.

1. Perimetrium – outer most, thin serous layer

2. Myometrium – Middle, muscular layer

3. Endo metrium – Inner, glandular layer

9. Why the hymen presence or absence cannot be considered as

indicator of virginity for women?

The hymen of ten torn due to a sudden foll or jolt and also during
strenuous physical activities like cycling etc., so therefore cannot be
considered as an indicator of a womans virginity

10.What is cyplorchism?

Failure of one or both testes to descend down in to the scrotal

sacs is known as Cryptorchism.

3 marks :-

1. What is colostrum? What is its importance. Colostrum is nutrient

rich yellowish fluid secreted after the few days of parturition

It acts as antimicrobial agent with immune, growth, and tissue

repair factor. A also rich in Ig A antibodies.
2. Name the hormones produced from the placenta during

pregnancy. hcg – human chorionic gonadotropin

Hpl – human Placental Lactogen.

Relaxin.
3. Draw the sperm of human and label it.

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
4. Write a short notes on structure of ovum.

• Non – vlerdoic, a lecithal, microscopic in nature

• Its cytoplasm ooplasm contains a nuclees called germinal vesicle.
• Ovum is surrounded by 3 coverings called inner vitelline, middle
zona pellucida outer follicular cell layer corana radiate
• Between vitelline membrane and zone pellucide a narrow
per vitelline membrane space is present
 5. What is the importance of relaxin during parturition ?

Relaxin is a hormone secreted by the placenta and also found in

corpus luteum

It promotes parturition by relaxing pelvic joints and

dilations of cervix continued powerful contractions.

6. What is the role of FSH and LH

FSH – Follicle stimulating hormone

Stimulates testicular growth and enhances the production of antigen

binding proteens by sertolicells and helps in spermiogenesis

LH : hutinising hormone

Acts on leidig cells and stimulate the synthesis of testosterone which

inturn stimulates spermato genesis.

7. Menstruction doesnot occur during pregnancy. Why?

Stimulation of the pituitary to increase the level of prolaclen,
this concentration in the mothers blood may prevent
menstruation cycle and suppress the release of GnRH from
hypothalamen and gonado tropins from pituitary.

8. Difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins.

Monozygotic
Monozygotic ( identical ) twins
ae produced when a single
fertilized egg splits in to two
during the first cleavage.
Twins are same sex, look alike
Dizygotic
Dizygotic ( Fraternal )
Twins are produced when two
separate eggs are fertilized by 2
separates sperms.
Twins may be of same sex or
different sex and non -
identifical
 Reproductive Health

I. 2 MARKS:-

1. What is Amniocentesis? Why a statutory ban on this technique?

Amniocentesis is a prenatal technique used to detect any
chromosomal abnormalities in the foeters
A statutory ban is imposed on this technique because it is
being used to determine the sex of the fortes and there may be a
chance of female foeticide.

2. Differentiate
Foeticide Infanticide
Foeticide refers to aborting the Infanticide is killing of child after
child in the mother’s womb. the birth.

3. Write the preventive measures of STD.

1. Avoid sex with unknown partner/ multiple partner
2. Use condoms during sex with unknown partner
3. In case of doubt of having disease consult a doctor and
have complete treatment

4. Differentiate
GIFT IUT
Transferring of an ovum collected Transferring of an embryo with
from donor in to the fallopian more than 8 blastomeres in to
tube is called the uterus is
Gift called IUT

5. What is ART?
ART – Assisted Reproductive technology is a collection of procedures, in
which handling of gametes/ or embryos outside the body to achieve a
pregnancy.

6. Mention any two chemical barriers used in contraceptive methods.

(i) Foaming tablets
(ii) Melting suppositories
7. Expand
ZIFT – Zygote intra – fallopian
transfer ICSI – Intra cytoplasmic
sperm injections.

8. Difference between vasectomy & Tubectoncy.

Vasectoncy
a) It is a surgical procedure
for male sterilization
b) Both vas deference are cut
and tied through on scsotum
c) It prevents the entry of
sperm in to the wrethra
Tubectoncy
a) It is the surgical
sterilization in woman.
b) Oviduct is cut and tied
through vagina
c) It prevent the fertilization

9. List out the copper releasing IUDs & its mechanism.

Cu – T – 380 A, Nova T,CuT, Cut 380Ag, Multiload 375, it
releases free copper and copper salts in to the uterus to suppress
sperm motility.
3. What are the health care programmes taken up by Indian government?
1. Massive child immunization
2. Supply of nutritional food to the pregnant woman
3. Implementation of Janani Suraksha Sojana, etc
4. Write a short note on cervical cancer.
1. Definition: It is the abnormal growth of cervical cells
earned by STV namely Human Papilloma Virus
2. Synyotoms: Pelvic pain, increased vaginal discharge & abnormal
vaginal bleeding.
3 Marks
1. Write 3 strategies implemented by India to attain total reproductive
health
a) Creating awareness and providing medical assistance to build
a healthy society
b) Introducing sex education in schools to provide
information about adolescence and their related hormonal
changes
c) Creating awareness about care for pregnant woman, post-
natal care for mother & child.
2. How will you detect the foetal disorders, during the early stages of
pregnancy?
1. Ultra sound scanning
2. Amniocentesis
3. Chorionic villus sampling
4. Foetoscope
5. Name sexually transmitted fungal discare & its symptoms & causative
agents.
1. Disease - Candidasis
Agent – Candida
albicans
Symptoms – attack mouth, throat, intestinal tract and
vagina. Vaginal discharge and pain during urination.

2. Risk factors: Prolonged use of contraceptive pills, having

multiple sexual partners.
3. Diagnosis: Pap smear
4. Prevention: modification of life style, healthy diet, avoiding
tobacco usage.
5. Define Azoospermia?
It is defined as the absence of spermatozoa in the ejaculated
semen on at least two occasions.
6. Write about sexually transmitted any one
bacterial disease. Syphilis: - Causative agent
Trepenoma Palladium
Symptoms: Primary Stage: formation of painless ulcers on
external genetalia Sec. stage : swollen joints, fever,
loss of hair
Ter.stage: Mental disorder, Visual impairment.
7. How the cryopreservation helps in IVF?
Cryopreservation of embryos is often used when there are more
embryos is often used when there are more embryos needed for a
single IVF transfer. It provides additional opportunity for pregnancy
through frozen Embryo technique.
8. Write three causes of infertility
a) Undescended testes and swollen veins in scrotum.
b) Tight clothing in men may raise the temperature in the
scrotum & affects production
c) Females may develop antibodies against her partner’s sperm
d) Underdeveloped ovaries & testes.
9. Write a note on ultra sound scanning
This technique is usually done in the first trimester, for dating,
determination of no.of footages and for assessment of early pregnancy
 4 – PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION

2 MARKS

1. What are holandric genes?

 Y- linked or holandric genes – the genes present the

region of y- chromosome
 Y linked genes inherit along with y-chromosome and
phenotypically express only in the male.

2. What is haplodiploidy?

 It is a sex determination mechanism which is common in

hymenopteran insects
 In this sex of the off pring is determined by the
number of sets of chromosoms it receives
 Example in honey bees the fertilized diploid egg becomes the
female and the unfertilized haploid egg becomes male bees

3. Mention the symptoms of Down’s syndrome.

 Severe mental setardation

 Defective development of the central nervous system
 Flattened nose
 Ears are malformed
 Mouth constantly open and the tongue protrudes

4. What is karyotyping?

It is a technique through which a complete set of chromosome is

separated from a cell and the chromosomes are arranged in pairs.

5. What is criss cross inheritance?

This type of inheritance of recessive sex linked character from

father to daughter and then from the daughter to her sons is known as
criss cross inheritance or sex linked or x – linked inheritance
6. What are sex linked recessive characters more common in the
male human beings?

Sex linked recessive characters are more common in males

because, makes are hemizygous and therefore express the trait
when they inherit one mutant allele.

7. Draw a schematic diagram to show that the marriage between colour

blind male and normal female results in all normal individuals in F1

Normal female Colour blind

male Parent X+ X + X Xc
X Y
Y- Gametes X X

F1 X+ Xc X+ Y -

Normal but carrier Normal male

8. Pedigree analysis:

It is the study of traits as they have appeared in a given family line for
several past generations.

9. Pedigree:

Pedigree is a “family tree” drawn with standard genetic symbols, showing

the inheritance path way for specific phenotypic characters.

10. What are the symptoms of phenyl ketonuria?

Several mental setardation. Light pigmentation of skin and hair.

Phenylpyruvic acid is excreted I the urine
 3 Mark questions.

1. Write the applications of karyotyping

 It helps in gendor identification

 It helps to identify the abnormalities of chromosomes like aneuploidy
 It is also used in predicting the evolutionary relationship between
species

2. What is lyonisation?

 It is an condition where the one of the copy of chromosome is

inactivated in some female mammals
 The inactive chromosomes becomes tightly coiled called
as hetero chromation
 Heterochromation is also called as barr bodies

3. Distinguish between heterogametic and homogametic sex determination

Heterogametic Homogametic
sex sex
determination determination
In this type two In this type only one
types of gametes are type of gametic is
produced produced
Sex chromosomes Sex chromosomes
are dissimilar are similar
Eg. Human male Eg. Human female
producing two types of producing single
type of gametic
gametes

4. What is Heterologous type of sex determinations.

 It is also called as XX – XY type

 Females are homogametic with XX chromosomes
 Males are heterogametic with XY chromosome
 Gender depends on the type of

fertilizing sperm Parent

P1 AA X X AA X Y
Gametis AX AX AX AY

F1 generation AA XX AA XY

5. Erythro bastosis foctalis / haemolytic discase of the new born

 Marriage between Rh + man and Rh – women results in

this type of incompatibility
 During the second pregnancy the Rh+ child may be exposed to
antibodies produced by the mother
 This is carried across the pracenta into the foctal blood circulation
 This causes harmolysis of foctal RBC’s resulting in haemolytic
jaundice and anaemia

6. What is meant by kin selection?

All other females which are diploid having developed from fertilized
eggs help to raise the queen’s egg and so contribute to the queen’s
reproductive success and indirectly to their own which is known as kin
selection.

7. Kline feltor’s synchrome

 These are XXY males

 They have additional copy of X-chromosome with 47 chromosomes
(44AA
+ XXY)
 The symptoms are sterile males, tall, obese, long limbs, high
pitched voice, under developed genitalia

8. Turners syndrome

 These are Xo females

 They have 45 (44 AA + XO) chromosomes
 The symptoms are
Sterile female, low stature, webbed neck, under developed
breast and rudimentary gonads
9. Multiple allelism

When three or more alleles of a gene contrl a particular trait

occupy the same locus on the homologous chromosomes of an
organism, they are called multiple alleles and their inheritance is
called multiple allelism

10. Huntingtons chorea

It is inherited as an autosomal dominant bethal gene in man. The

symptoms of this condition are

1. involuntary jorking of the body 2. Degeneration of the nervous

system 3. Gradual deterioration of mental & physical health 4.
They die between 35-40
5 – MOLECULAR GENETICS

1. Give reason why genetic code is universal.

 Genetic code is universal because in all organisms genetic code

is a triplet codon
 It directs the synthesis of same kind of protein from amino acids
 For example, the mRNA( UUU) codon codes for phenylalanine in
all living organisms.

2. Name the parts marked ‘A’ and ‘B’ in the given transcription unit. AB 3’3’
3’ A-
A
Promoter B-

Coding strand

B 3’

3. Differentiate leading strand and lagging strand

Leading strand Lagging strand

1. The strand grows
continuously without any gap
2. The direction of growth
of the leading strand is 5’ to
3’
3. It is a rapid process
4. Only one single RNA
primer is required
Its growth is discontinuous
The direction of growth is 3’ to 5’
It is a slower process
More number of RNA
primer is required.

4. Differentiate between template and coding strand

Template strand Coding strand

1. Template strand is directed in
the 5’ to 3’ direction
2. Transcribed into mRNA
3. contains anti codons
4. contains the same
nucleotide sequence as the
rRNA
Coding strand is directed in the
3’ to 5’ direction
Not transcribed into mRNA
Contains codons
Contains the complementary
nucleotide sequence as the tRNA
5. Mention any two ways in which single nucleotide polymorphism
(SNPs) identified in human genome can bring revolutionary
change in biological & medical science.

Identification (SNPs) is helpful in finding chromosomal locations for

diseases .

To trace human history

6. State any three goals of human genome project (HGP)

 To identify all the genes (app 30,000) in human DNA

 To store this information in databases
 To improve tools for data analysis

7. Name the anticodons required to recognize the following codons

Codons AAU CGA UAU GCA

Anticodons UUA GCU AUA CGU

8. Why the human genome project is called a mega project?

 It took about 13 yrs to sequence every human base pair

 It was a large scale project, which aimed at developing new
technology and generating new information in the field of
genomics

9. What is the energy source for DNA replication? What are the
enzymes involved in it?

The energy source for DNA replication is Dc-oxy nucleotide

triphosphate. Enzymes required : DNA polymerase, DNA

helicase, DNA ligase

10. If the coding sequence in a transcription unit is written

as follows: 5’ TGC ATG CAT GCA TGC ATG CAT GCA TGC 3’

3’ ACG UAC GUA CGU ACG UAC GUA CGU ACG 5’

11. The central dogma of protein synthesis

DNA RNA PROTEIN

Transcription

translati

on 3 –Marks

Metero chromatin Euchromatin

Region of the nucleus where Region of the nucleus where
chromatin is 100sely packed chromatin is tightly packed
Transcriptionally active Transcriptionally inactive

2. What is operon?

Operon is defined as a cluster of genes with related functions

3. Write the salient features of HGP.

 The encode proteins are only 5% even though more than 3 billion
nucleotide bases are present
 The largest human gene is dystrophic with 2.4 million bases
 Chromosome 1 has 2968 genes while ‘Y’ chromo some has only 231
genes

4. What are the uses of HGP.

 To examine a persons DNA and to identify genetic abnormalities

 To diagnose disease and provide genetic counseling
 To solve challenges in healthcare, agriculture, energy and
environmental remediation

5. What are the challenges in HGP?

 Some people may attempt to use this information for profit or

for political power
 Insurance companies may refuse to people with genetic risk
 The fear of attempting to “breed out” certain genes of
people to create “perfect race”
6. What are the advantages of DNA finger printing.

Forensic analysis: It can be used in identification of a person involved in

criminal activities

Pedigree analysis: Inheritance pattern of genesthro generation

and to detect inherited of diseases.

Conservation of wild life: to protect endangered species.

7. Difference between DNA and RNA

DNA RNA
It is double stranded It is single stranded
Deoxy ribose sugar is present Ribose sugar is present
Adenine, guanine, cytosine Adenine, guanine,
and thyamine cytosine & Uracil

8. What is pharmacogenomics?

This is a new field which combine pharmacology and genomics. This is

effective in developing safe medication.

9. What are genetic codon?

The genetic codon is a triplet code and 61 codons code for

amino acids. Three codons ⇢ do not code any amino acid and

act as stop codon.

10. A low level of expression of lac operon occurs at all the windows
for treatment of various genetic disorders. Justify the statement.

A very low level of expression of lac operon has to be present in the

cell all the time/ otherwise lactose cannot enter the cell.
 6. EVOLUTION

I. Two mark question

1. Define Evolution.

The term evolution is used to describe changes in one or

more characeteristics of a population of species from one
generation to the other.

2. List out the major gases seem to be found in the

primitive earth. Ammonia, methane, hydrogen and

water vapour.

3. Does the single organism have two different group characters?

The organisms which possess the characters of two

different groups are called connection links.

Ex. Peripatus- connecting link between Annelida and

Arthropoda. Archeopleryx – Connecting link between

reptails and aves

4. Who are all supported the Neo Darwinism.

Wallace, Weismann, Haeckel, mendel,

5. What is gene flow.

Movement of genes through gamets or movements of individuals

in and out of a population is referred to as gene flow.

6. What is mutation.

Mutation is the original source of all genetic variation.

Mutation rare for most organisms is low. Hence new mutations on an
allele frequencies from one generation to the next is usually not
large.
7. What are coacervates?

Coacervates are the first pre-cells which gradually

transformed into living cells, according to theory of chemical
evolution.

8. Re arrange the descent in human evolution.

Austrolopithecus ⇢ Homo erectus ⇢Homo sapiens ⇢ Ramapithicus ⇢

Homo habilis

Ans. Ramapithicus ⇢Austrolopithecus ⇢ Homo habilis ⇢ Homo erectus ⇢

Homo sapiens.
9. Differentiate between the eating habit and brain size of
Austrolopithecus and Ramapithicus
Ramapithicus Austrolopithecus
Food habit They lived on tough Good are softer foods
food consisting of consisting of grass,
seeds and savannah
grasses and had well leaves and fruits.
developed grains and
heavy molars
Brain size 1300 CC 350 – 450 CC

10. Atavistic organs.

Sudden appearance of vestigial organs in highly evolved

organisms. Ex- presence of tail in a human baby is an

atavistic organs

11. Define micro evolution.

1. Micro evolution refers to the changes in allele frequencies with in a

population

2. Allele frequencies in a population may change due to four

fundamental forces of evolution such as natural selection, genetic drift,
mutation and gene flow.
12. Write a few lives about homo habilis.

1. Homo habilis was a ancestral form of modern human

2. Homo habilis lived about 2 mya. Their brain capacity between 650-
800 cc and was probably vegetarian. They had bipedal locomotion and
used tools made of chipped stones.

Three and five mark questions.

1. Differentiate between divergent evolution and convergent

evolution with one example for each.
Divergent evolution
1. Structures which are
similar in origin but perform
different functions are
called homologus structures
that brings
about divergent evolution
Ex. Thorn of Bougainvillea
and tendril of curcurbita are
homologus structures but
their functions are different
Convergent evolution
Organisms having different
structural patterns but similar
function are termed as analogous
structurs.
Ex. The wings of birds and insects
are different structurally but
perform the same function of
flight that brings about
convergent evolution

4. Darwin’s theory of natural selection.

According to his theory huge variety and remarkable

similarities among organisms and their adaptive features to cope up
to their environment. He proved that fittest organisms can survive
and leave more progenies than the unfit ones through natural
selection.

5. What are the objections to Darwinism theory?

 Darwin failed to explain the mechanism of variation

 Darwin explains the survival of the fittest but not the arrival of the
fittest
 He focused on small fluctuating variations that are mostly non
heritable
 He did not distinguish between somatic and germinal variations
6. Explain the natural selection exhibited by the peppered white and black
moth.

 Biston betulation of industrial peppered moth is a example

for natural selection.
 Pre industrialization witnessed white coloured back ground of the
wall of the buildings hence the white coloured moths escaped
from their predators.
 Post industrialization the tree trunks became dark due to smoke
and soot let out from the industries.
 The black moths camouflaged on the dark bark of the trees
and the white moths were easily identified by their predators.
 The dark coloured moth population was selected and their
number increased when compared to the white moths.
 Organisms that can adopt will survive and produce more
progenies resulting in increase in population through natural
selection.

7. Who disproved Lamarck’s theory? How does he explained ?

August weismann disproved the Lamarck’s theory. He conducted

experiments on mice for twenty generation by cutting their tails and
breeding them. August Weismann did the experiment in 20 generation.
All mice born with tail.
Weismann proved that change in the somatoplasm will not be
transferred to the next generation but changes in the germplasm
will be inherited.
 Human Health and Diseases & Immunology
1. What is Kala – azar? Write about its
symptoms ? It is caused by
Leishmania donovani
Transmitted by phlebotomus
Symptoms : 1. Weight loss 2. Anaemia 3. Fever

2. Mention any two malarial preventive measures.

i. Spraying oil on the water surface
ii. Intoducing Gambusia – Fish which feed on
mosquito larvae into the
pond

3. Define Communicable diseases /

infectious diseases.

Diseases which are transmitted from one person to

another are called infections or communicable disease.

4. How the viral diseases are classified? And what are they?

Based on the symptoms viral diseases are classified into 4 types:

They are.

1. Phemotropic diseases
2. Dermotropic diseases
3. Viscerotropic diseases
4. Neurotropic diseases

5. What is known as central African sleeping sickness? How it is

transmitted ?

 African sleeping sickness occurs in human beings

 Caused by T. gambiense
 Transmitted by Tsetse fly.

6. Which is the causative agent of chagas disease? Mention its other name?
 Caused by T.cruzi
 Transmitted by Triatoma megista (bug)
 Also called as American trypanosomiasis
 7. Why do you think it is not possible to produce vaccine against common
cold?

In case of common cold, more than 200 strains of viruses are

responsible for causing the disease. Hence

It is practically difficult to develop vaccine against it.

3 Marks questions

1. Write about the swine fever causative agent and its symptoms.
 Caused by H1 N1

virus Symptoms : Fever, Cough, Throat

pain, Chills.

2. What is amoebiasis? Mention its symptoms.

It is caused by Entamoeba histolytica
It penetrates the mucous wall of the

intestine (color) Symptoms: Causes ulcer and bleeding,

stool with excess mucus.

Infective stage – Trophozoite.

3. Define ookinete?
In mosquitos gut male and female gamete of plasmodium
fertilize to form diploid zygote called ookinete.
4. List out any 3 viral infection / diseases.
 Chicken pox
 Dengue fever
 Common cold.
5. How filariasis is transmitted? Write the name of the causative
agent and the symptoms.
 Transmitted by female culex mosquitos
 Disease causing agent – Wuchereria banerofti.
 Block in the lymphatic system
 Inflammation of the lymph nodes
 6. Mention the symptoms of Nipah virus.
 Acute respiratory illness
 Fatal encephalitis
 Asymtomatic infection
Immunology 2 marks

1 What is called as Interferon ? and its role in Immunity?

 Interferonus induce antiviral state in uninfected

 Complementary substances produced from
leucocytes to lyse the pathogenic microbes.

2 Name and Explain the type of barriers which involve macrophages.

 Innate/ Natural immunity
 Kills the microbes by phagocytosis
3 A person is infected by HIV How will you diagonose for AIDS ?
 ELISA TEST
 WESTERN BLOT TEST
4 What are the cells involved in innate immune system ?
 Mast cells
 Neutrophils
 Monocytes
5 What is the role of saliva in Human immune system.
Lysozyme present in saliva acts as anti
bacterial agent
3 Marks

1 List out the chemical alarm signals produced during inflammation.

1. Serotonin
2. Histamine
3. Prostaglandin
 What are

vaccines and its

types

A Vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active

acquitted
immunity to a particular disease and resembles a disease causing micro
organism.

4. First
5. Second and
6. Prostaglandi

3. Differentiate Paratope and

Epitope

EPITOPE PARATOPE

1 Active part of Active part of antibody

Antigen / Antigenic
determinant
Binds with the antigen
2 Binds with the antibody

4 Define Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxs is the classical immediate hypersensitivity

reaction. It is a sudden, Systematic, Severe and immediate
hypersensitivity reaction occurring as a result of rapid
generalized mast – cell degranulation.

5 Give an example of any three autoimmune diseases.

 Graves disease
 Addisons disease
 Rheumatid arthritis
 6 Define Hapten:
Haptens are substance that are non – immunogenic but can
react with the products of a specific immune response.

MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE

1. What is biological oxygen demand(BOD)

BOD refers to the amount of oxygen that would be consumed, if
all the organic matter in one litre of water were oxidized by
bacteria.
2. Explain the role of cry-genes in genetically modified crops.
Bacillus thuringiensis produces a toxin called cry-toxin with the
help of cry- genes. These genes were introduced into plants and
genetically engineered insect resistant plants were raised. Eg. Bt-
Cotton
3. Write about the key features of organic farming.
 Protecting soil quality and biological activity.
 Indirect provision of crop nutrients.
 Nitrogen fixation in soil using legumes.
 Weed and pest control.
4. Give any two bioactive molecules produced by microbes and
state their uses.
i) Streptococcus -> Streptokinase -> ‘clot Buster’
(Genetically engineered) removes clot from blood
vessels
ii) Monoscus Purpureus -> Statins -> Lowers blood
(Cholesterol levels)
5. Write about the significance of Ideonella Sakaiensis
 Used in recycling PET plastics
 The bacteria use PETase and MHET ase to breakdown
terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol of PET plastic.
6. Name any three Nitrogen fixing bacteria.
 Nostac
 Anabaena
 Oscillatoria
7. What is Organic farming>
Organic farming s a technique which involves cultivation of plants and
rearing animals in natural ways.
8. Define Bioremediation.

The use of naturally occurring or genetically engineered micro

organisms to reduce or degrade pollutants is called bioremediation.
9. What is prebiotics?
 They are the compounds(fibres) in food.
 nduce growth or activity of beneficial micro organisms
10. What is probiotics?
 Live micro organisms intended to provide health benefits when
consumed.
 Improves gut flora
2 - MARKS
1. When does antibiotic resistance develop?
Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria develop the ability to
defeat the drug designed to kill or inhibit their growth.
2. What is Oenology?
Oenology is the science and study of wine and wine making
3. Define Zymology.
Zymology is an applied science which deals with the biochemical
process of fermentation and its practical uses.
4. Write short notes on Biodiesel.
From the oil of Jatropha curcas and pongamia vegetable oil, fats and
greases biodiesel is produced.
5. Write about the super bugs.
‘Super bugs’ is a term used to describe strains of bacteria that
are resistant to the majorigy of antibiotic commonly used today.
6. What is the term methanogen means.
The bacteria which produces methane is called as “methanogens”.
7. What is called as mycorrihiza?
A symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of the plants
is called mycorrhiza.
 Applicatons of Biotechnology
1. What is genetically engineered Insulin?
Artificial production of Ansulin by recompinent DNA technology
is known as genetically engineered Insulin. This kind of Insulin is known
as humulin.
2. What is dwarfism?
Deficiency of human growth hormone causes dwarfism, which
could be treated by injecting HGH extracted from the human
pituitary glands.
3. What are stem cells?
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells found in most of the
multicellular animals. These cells maintain their un differentiated
state even undergoing humorous mitotic divisions.
4. What are transgenic animals are those animals which contain a
foreign gene in their genome, introduced by recomplinent DNA
Technology.
E.g.: Transgenic mice and Transgenic rabbit.
5. What is gene therapy?
The process involves the transfer of a normal gene in to a person’s
cells that carries one or more mutant alleles.
6. Define – Tot potency ?
Tot potency is the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all of
the differentiated cells in an organisms.
7. What are animal cloning?
Cloning is the process of producing general identical
individuals of an organism either nature or artificially
8. Define – Biological products.
A biological product is a substance derived from a living organism
and used got the prevention or treatment of disease.
9. What are stem cell Banks.
Stem cell banking is the extraction, processing and storage of
stem cells, so that they may be used for treatment in the future, when
required.
 Three Mark Questions :
1. Define – Genetic engineering?
Genetic engineering involves the manipulation of DNA and
naturally occurring process such as protein synthesis for a wide range
of applications including the production of therapeutically important
proteins.
2. What are interferons?
Interferons are protein acetous, antiviral, species specific
substances produced by mammalian cells when infected with
viruses.
3. Write short notes on ELISA

ELISA is a biochemical procedure discovered by Eva Engvall

and peter Perlman in to detect the presence of specific
antibodies or antigens in a sample of serum urine etc. It is a very
important diagnostic tool to determine if a person is positive or
negative.
4. Differentiate between somatic cell gene therapy and germline gene
therapy
Somatic cell gene therapy Germ line gene therapy

1. Therapeutic genes Therapeutic genes transferred

transferred in to the somatic
cells
2. Introduction of genes in to
bone marrow cells, blood cells
skin cells etc. 3.will not be
inherited in later
generation
in to the germ cells
Genes introduced in to eggs
and sperms
Heritable and passed on to later
generations.

5. Write short notes on polymerage chain reaction?

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an invitro
amplification technique used for synthesizing multiple
identical copies of DNA of interest. The technique was
developed by kary mullis
6.What are the applications of PCR
1) PCR is very importats in the study of evolutions more
specifically phylogenetics.
2) PCR technique can also be used in the field of forensic medicine.
3) It is also used in amplification of specific DNA Segment to
be used in gene therapy.
7. What are the uses of Biological products
Monoclonal antibodies, which are used to treat cancer, heart
disease and transplant rejection are produced by this technology.
Natural protein adhesives are used to reattach tendons and
tissues, fill cavities in teeth, and repair broken bones.
A biological product is a substance derived from a living organism
and used for the prevention or treatment of disease.
Five Mark Questions
1. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of
cloning? Advantages
 Offers benefits for clinical trials and medical research. It
can help in the production of proteins and drugs in the field
of medicine.
 Aids stem cell research
 Animal cloning could help to save endangered species.
Dis advantages
 The process is tedious and very expensive.

 It can cause animals to suffer

 Cloned animals were affected with disease and have high
mortality rate.
 Human health affected through consumption of cloned animal
meat.
 Cloning can lead to occurrence of genetic disorder in animals
 More than 90% of cloning attempts fail to produce a viable off
spring.
 Organisms and population
Two mark
questions: 1.What
is a Habitat ?
A habitat can be considered as the “address” of the organism
The collection of all the habitat arma of a species constitutes its
rang geographical
e.
Eg. : xerophytic habitat
2. Define ecological niche
As every organisms has its unique habitat so also it has an
ecological niche which includes the physical space occupied by an
organism and its functional role in the community
3. What is Acclimatisation ?
Animals are known to modify their response to environmental
changes in reasonably short time spans. This is known as
Acclimatization.
4. What is pedogenesis ?
The soil zone is known as pedosphere. Soil is formed from rocks
which are the parent materials of soil by weathering and is called
embryonic soil.
5. What is soil permeability ?
The characteristic of soil that determines the movement of
water through pore space is known as soil permeability. It is directly
dependent on the pore size. 6.What is Ethology ?
Ethology is the scientific study of animal behavior, under natural
conditions.
7. What is adaptation?
In biology, adaptation is a dynamic evolutionary process that fits
organisms to their environment and enhancing their evolutionary
fitness.
8. What is Taiga Biome ?
The Taiga is 1300 – 1450Km wide zone south of the Tundra.
This area has long and cold winters.
9. What is Biotic potential ?
It is the maximum reproductive capacity of an organism under
optimum environmental conditions.
 Three mark Questions:-
1. Write short notes on migration?
Migration is a peculiar and unique kind of mass population
movement from one place to another and back. To avoid the
severe winter cold Siberian cranes migrate from Siberia to
vedanthangal
2.What is mortality?
Mortality can be expressed as a lodd of individuals in unit time or
death rate. Death rate(d) = number of deaths per unit time
Average population
3.What is population ?
Population is defines as any group of organism of the same
species which can interbreed among themselves, and occupy a
particular space and function as part of a biotic community
4.What is Natality
Natality is equivalent to birth rate and is an expression of the
production of new individuals in the population by birth, hatching
germination
Birth rate(b) = number of birth per unit time
Average
population 5.Define – van’t Hoff’s
rule.
Van’t Hoff proposed that, with the increase of every 100c, the
rate of metabolic activity doubles or the reaction rate is halved as
the van’t Hoff’s rule.
6. Differentiate between Eurytherms and stenotherms

Eury therms Stenotherms

1.Organism which can survive a Organisms which can tolerate
wide range of temperature are only a narrow range of
referred to as Eurytherms temperature are stenotherms.
E.g.Cat, dog , human E.g.Fish, Frogs,snakes

7. Explain hibernation and aestivation with examples.

1. Hibernation is a winter sleep which is useful
adaptations to overcome extreme winter.E.g.Bears
2. Aestivation is reffered as summer sleep which is useful
adaptationsto overcome extreme summer E.g.Snails and fish.
8. What are the major functions of soil?
 Medium for plant growth
 Means for water storage and purification
 Modifier of earths atmosphere
 Habitat for many organisms, which in turn modify
the soil.
9.Differentiate ‘J’ and ‘S’ shaped curve ?
J shaped curve S shaped curve
1.when a population increses Some populations, as in a
rapidly in an exponential fashion population of small mammals
and then stops abruptly due to increase slowly at first then more
environmental rapidly and gradually slow
resistance or due to sudden down where by
appearance of a limiting factor equilibrium is maintained.
2.This growth is represented by 2.This growth is represented by
“J’ shaped growth curve ‘s’ shaped growth curve.

10. What are the characters of biome ?

 Location, Geographical position
 Climate and physio chemical environment
 Predominant plant and animal life

Five Mark
Questions 1.What are the essential
properties of water ?
 Water is one of the main agents in pedogenesis
 It is the medium for several different ecosystem
 Water is physically unique because it is less dense as a solid
than as a liquid
 Water is considered as the universal solvent
 Water has high surface
tension. 2.What are the adaptation of
aquatic animals ?
 Stream lines structure helps in the swift movement of
the animals in water.
 Respiration by gills making use of gases dissolved in water
 Presence of air – bladders filled with air for buoyancy
 Integuments rich in mucous glands are protected by scale.
Maintain water and ionic balance in its body with excretory
  structure. 3.Give an account of properties of soil ?
Page No.175 , 176
4. List the adaptation seen in terrestrial animals ?
 Earthworms, land planarians a secrete a mucus coating to
maintain a moist situation.
 Arthropods have an external covering over the
respiratory surfaces and well developed tracheal system.
 In vertebrate skin, there are many cellular layers besides
the well protected respiratory surfaces besides the well
protected respiratory surfaces that help in protected
respiratory surfaces that help in preventing loss of
water.
 Some animals obtain their water requirement from food
as partial replacement of water lost through excretion
 Birds make nests and breed before the rainy season
as there is availability of abundant food.
5. Zoology Long Version 1.Differentiate
between predator and prey ?
Predator Prey
1.The animal which kills another The animal which gets killed
animal for its food is called a by the predator is called prey
predator
2.It is larger than the prey . The prey is smaller than the
The predator catches the predator. E.g.Deer is a prey for
prey externally and then lions and tigers.
consumes
Eg.Lion is a predator.
 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

3 MARKS

1.What would earth be like without the greenhouse effect?

1. Green house gases like co2, methane and water vapour trap
radiation from sunlight act like a thermal blanket.
2. The earth temperature of -18’c covered in ice.
3. The green house keeps the earthworm to sustain life

2. Eutrophication :

Nutrients stimulate the growth of algae this covers the water surface.

3. Define algal bloom:

1. Algal bloom cause clogging of canals, rivers & lakes.

2. It cause unpleasant odours

3. Affects aquatic animals.

4. What effect can fertilizer run off have on an aquatic eco system?

1. Aquatic plants and animals grow rapidly

2. Increased toxicity and may even lethal

3. Accelerate aging process

5. What is SMUG? How it is harmful for us?

1. Smug is a type of air pollution caused by tiny particles in the air.

2. Smug make breathing difficult

3. Affects plants and animals

6. How does recycling helps to reduce pollution?

1. Prevents the emission of greenhouse gases,

2. Reduces the water pollutants

3. Save energy
7. Why does ozone hole form over antarction?

1. Special atmospheric and chemical condition that existed there and

nowhere else in globe.

8. Describe how deforestation might contribute to global warming ?

1. Deforestation refers to cutting down of trees

2. Trees are the sources of co2 uptake

3. Co2 is a major green house gases.

4. Destruction of forest, the level of co2 will be increased

leading to global warming.

9. How does forest conservation help to reduce air pollution?

1. Forests decreases the co2 level.

2. Increases the oxygen level.

3. Particulate matters in air will settle down on leaves

4. To reduce water pollution.

10. Discuss the role of women in protection and conservation of forests.

1. Chipko movement (1974) women hugged the trees and prevented

felling by contractors

2. Amrita devi hugged the trees to save from cutting.

11. Mention the causes of enhanced ultraviolet radiation

1. Premature skin aging

2. Wrinking of skin

3. Suppression of the immune system

4. Skin cancer

5. Eye damage

6. DNA damage
12. In what way peyang conserves the forest ?

1. The forest man of India.

2. He started to sow the seeds and shoots on the eroded island (1979)

3. 36 years later unproductive land into a forest.

13. Catalytic converter

1. A device converts toxic gases into less toxic pollutants by

catalyzing redox action.

2. Green houses gases.

Gases that trap the heat within the atmosphere are called greenhouse
gases eg. Co2, methane, water vapour nitrous oxide

3.Ecosan

Ecosan is a sustainable system for handling human excretes by

using by decomposing toilets.

2 marks

1. Define Rapidly degradable (or) Non – Persistent

pollutants. These can be broken down by natural
processes.
Ex. Domestic sewage
2. Define slowly degradable or persistent pollutants.
1. Pollutan that remain in the environment for
many years Eg. DDT

3. Define Non degradable pollutants

These cannot be degraded by natural

processes Eg. Mercury, lead.

4. Write air
pollutants
SO2, NO2, CO,
 CO2
5. What are the sources for air pollution
1. Transport sources
2. Stationary sources
3. Area sources

4. Natural sources

6. What are ozone depleting substances?

1. Chlorofluorocarbons
2. Methyl chloroform
3. Carbon tetrachloride
4. Methyl bromide

7. What is Chipko movement?

1. Sunderal bahuguna was the leade of this movement

2. The people in the movement hugged the trees and prevented felling
of trees.

8. What is acid rain ?

1. Forms of precipitation contains sulfuric acid or nitric acid

2. It damaged trees, crops and animals.

9. What is the permissible limit of noise in

commercial area. 65 decibels – During day

55 decibels – During night

10. How to manage the Bio – medical waste ?

1. Involved by incineration

2. Chemical disinfection

3. autoclaving

11. Harmful effects of mosquito repellents.

1. Itching, burning, tingling, sensation or numbness