Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Subject: Biology
Chapter-2
Sexual reproduction is the process of fusion of male and female gamete resulting in the
production of a diploid zygote which ultimately develops into a new organism. All flowering
plants show sexual reproduction.
A typical angiospermic flower has following parts arranged in four whorls. They are
Calyx, Corolla, Androecium and Gynoecium.
1. Calyx: It is the outer most whorl of the flower. It is composed of leaf like green
sepals.
2. Corolla: It is the second whorl of flower and consists of number of petals.
3. Androecium: It is the third whorl of flower consisting of stamens. Stamen is the male
reproductive organ of flower. Each stamen is made up of filament and anther.
4. Gynoecium: This is the last and fourth whorl of the flower consisting of pistil or
carpel. Pistil is the female reproductive organ of the flower. Each pistil is composed
of ovary, style and stigma.
ANTHER:
STRUCTURE OF MICROSPORANGIUM
POLLEN GRAIN:
The megaspore mother cell divides meiotically to form four haploid megaspores.
One of the megaspore is functional while the other three degenerate in majority of
the angiosperms.
Only the functional megaspore develops into female gametophyte or embryo sac.
This method of embryo sac formation from a single megaspore is termed as
monosporic development.
Nucleus of the functional megaspore undergoes mitotic division to form two nuclei
which move to the opposite poles forming, the 2-nucleate embryo sac.
To more sequential mitotic divisions result in the formation of 4-nucleate and later
the 8-nucleate stages of the embryo sacs.
The cell wall is laid down leading to the formation of embryo sac.
Structure of an Embryo sac: Embryo sac consist of—
i. Egg apparatus – present at the micropylar end. It consists of two synergids and
one egg cell.
ii. Antipodals – Three cells present at the chalazal end.
iii. Central cell—It has two polar nuclie.
The transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of a pistil is called pollination.
Kinds of pollination:
Autogamy : Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of the same flower.
e.g viola,oxalis
Geitonogamy: Transfer of pollen grains from anther to the
stigma of another flower of the same plant.
e.g cucurbits
Xenogamy:Transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of another
flower of the different plant.
e.g. papaya.
Agents of pollination:
b) water- Hydrophily
b) Birds- Ornithophily
c) Bats- Chiropterophily
d) Mammals- Zoophily
Wind pollination-
Insect pollination-
OUTBREEDING DEVICES
Plants have many mechanism and devices that promote cross pollination.
Dichogamy- In this mechanism the stigma and the anther mature at different time.
Heterostyly- Stigma and anther are placed at different levels.
Self-sterility or self-incompatibility – This is a genetic mechanism that prevent self
pollen from fertilizing the ovules by inhibiting pollen germination.
Unisexuality- (Dioecism) –The plant produces either male or female flower.
Emasculation- Removal of anther from the bisexual flower before the anther is
mature is known as Emasculation.
Bagging- The emasculated flower is then covered with a bag to prevent unwanted
pollination. This process is called Bagging.
POLLEN PISTIL INTERACTION - All events from pollen deposition on the stigma until pollen
tubes enter the ovule are together called as pollen pistil interaction.
The pollen tube releases two male gamete into the embryo sac.
One of the male gamete fuses with egg to form diploid zygote. This is called
syngamy.
The second male gamete fuses with two polar nuclei to produce triploid endosperm
nucleus(PEN). As this involves the fusion of three haploid nuclei it is termed as triple
fusion.
Since two types of fusion takes place in an embryo sac the phenomenon is called
double fertilization.
PEN develops into endosperm and zygote develops into embry
ENDOSPERM
The primary endosperm cell(PEC) divides repeatedly and forms triploid endosperm
tissue.
The endosperm tissue is filled with reserve food material and are used for the
nutrition of developing embryo.
Two types of endosperm development:
1 Free nuclear type
2 Cellular type
Zygote divides by mitosis an gives rise to the proembryo and subsequently to the
globular ,heart shaped mature embryo.
A typical dicotyledonous embyo consists of two cotyledon and an embryonal axis
between them. The part of embronal axis above the level of cotyledon is the epicotyl
which becomes plumule(shoot). The part ofembryonal axis below the level of
cotyledon is the hypocotyl which becomes radicle(root).
Monocot embryo consists of only one cotyledon which is termed as scutellum.
Embryonal axis has the radicle on its lower end, it is covered by a sheath called
coleorhiza. Plumule is covered by coleoptile.
Dicot Embryo
SEED
FRUIT
APOMIXIS
POLYEMBRYONY
Occurrence of more than one embryo in a seed is known as polyembyony. E.g. citrus
MODEL QUESTIONS WITH ANSWER
Ans: a)sporopollenin
Ans : a) Microspore
Ans: Entomophily
Ans: a) Emasculation
Ans : c) Tapetum
Ans: a) Polyembryony
Ans: a) Bilobed
Ans: The method of embryo sac formation from single megaspore is called monosporic
development.
Ans: The flower which are always closed and shows autogamy is known as cleistogamous
flower.
Q6. Name the parts of angiospermic flowers in which development of male and female
gametophyte takes place.
Ans: Plants that have both male and female sex organs or flowers are called monoecious
plant whereas a dioecious plants have either male or female sex organ.
Ans: The part of embryonal axis below the cotyledon is known as hypocotyl whereas the
part of embryonal axis above the cotyledon is known as epicotyl.
Ans: Apple is a false fruit because thalamus develops into fruit here ,not the ovary.
Ans: Seed dormancy is a state in which seeds are prevented from germinating even in
favourable environmental condition.
Ans:
Q2. What is triple fusion? Name the nuclei involved in triple fusion.
Ans: Fusion of male gamete with diploid secondary nucleus to form triploid primary
endosperm nucleus is known as triple fusion. In triple fusion two polar nuclei and one male
gamete are involved.
Q3. Mention three strategies evolved to prevent self-pollination in flowers.
3. self-incompilibility
Ans: The process of fusion of one male gamete with egg to form diploid zygote and
another male gamete with the polar nuclei or secondary nucleus to form primary
endosperm nucleus is called double fertilization.
Ans:
Microsporogenesis Megasporogenesis
Q1. With neat, labeled diagram, describe the parts of a typical angiospermic ovule.
Ans:
Q2. What do you mean by pollination? Explain the differents types of pollination.
Ans: The transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of a pistil is called pollination.
Types of pollination:
1. Autogamy: Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of the same flower. E.g
viola,oxalis
2. Geitonogamy: Transfer of pollen grain from the anther to the stigma of another
flower of the same plant. E.g cucurbits
3. Xenogamy: Transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of another flower of
the different plant. E.g papaya
Ans: The process of formation of haploid microspores from a pollen mother cell (PMC) or
microspore mother cell through meiosis is called Microsporogenesis.
When the anther develops, each cell of sporogenous tissue functions as microspore mother
cell (MMC) which undergoes meiotic divisions to form four haploid microspores . The
microspores get arranged in a cluster of four cells which is known as microspore tetrads. As
the anther matures and dehydrates, the microspores dissociate from each other and
develop into pollen grains.
Fig: Microsporogenesis
Prepared by
Dolly Dey
PGT Biology
East Singhbhum
Class 12
Subject: Biology
Chapter-2
Sexual reproduction is the process of fusion of male and female gamete resulting
in the production of a diploid zygote which ultimately develops into a new
organism. All flowering plants show sexual reproduction.
1. Calyx: It is the outer most whorl of the flower. It is composed of leaf like
green sepals.
2. Corolla: It is the second whorl of flower and consists of number of petals.
3. Androecium: It is the third whorl of flower consisting of stamens. Stamen is
the male reproductive organ of flower. Each stamen is made up of filament
and anther.
4. Gynoecium: This is the last and fourth whorl of the flower consisting of
pistil or carpel. Pistil is the female reproductive organ of the flower. Each
pistil is composed of ovary, style and stigma.
ANTHER:
STRUCTURE OF MICROSPORANGIUM
POLLEN GRAIN:
Agents of pollination:
b) water- Hydrophily
b) Birds- Ornithophily
c) Bats- Chiropterophily
d) Mammals- Zoophily
Wind pollination-
Water pollination-
OUTBREEDING DEVICES
Plants have many mechanism and devices that promote cross pollination.
POLLEN PISTIL INTERACTION - All events from pollen deposition on the stigma
until pollen tubes enter the ovule are together called as pollen pistil interaction.
The pollen tube releases two male gamete into the embryo sac.
One of the male gamete fuses with egg to form diploid zygote. This is called
syngamy.
The second male gamete fuses with two polar nuclei to produce triploid
endosperm nucleus(PEN). As this involves the fusion of three haploid nuclei
it is termed as triple fusion.
Since two types of fusion takes place in an embryo sac the phenomenon is
called double fertilization.
PEN develops into endosperm and zygote develops into embry
ENDOSPERM
Dicot Embryo
SEED
Monocot seed
FRUIT
APOMIXIS
Prepared by
Dolly Dey
PGT Biology
S S +2 High School Patamda
East Singhbhum