a) The indicator or recorder shall be gradu-
ated in increments of not more than 0.1°C
(02°F).
b) The temperature-sensitive element shall
be accurate to i 0.05°C (0.1°F).
c) The temperature-sensitive element shall
be shielded from direct sunlight or from other
significant sources of radiant heat. The
shielding device shall be within 1°C (2°F)
of the surrounding dry-bulb temperature.
d) When inlet dry-bulb temperature is mea-
sured for a mechanical-draft cooling tower,
either forced or induced draft design, a mea—
surement accuracy of 1°C to 3°C (2°F to 5°F)
for the average inlet dry-bulb temperature is
usually acceptable. In most cases this can
be achieved by means of a single psychrom-
eter of the type described above.
e) The air velocity over the temperature-sen-
sitive element should be at least 2 m/s (400
FPM) and preferably the same as the wet-
bulb psychrometer.
3.3.2.] For the measurement of inlet dry-
bulb temperature, instrument location, the
number of stations, the frequency of read—
ings, and the reading and averaging proce-
dures shall be as described in Paragraphs
3.3.1.1, 3.3.1.2, and3.3.1.3 forwet-bulb tem—
perature measurement.
3.3.2.2 For natural-draft cooling towers, the
inlet dry—bulb gradient temperature is very
important since it affects the inlet air den-
sity which is part of the driving force that
makes the cooling tower perform. The fol—
lowing are the dry-bulb temperature mea—
surement requirements for natural—draft tow-
ers:
a) For the direct measurement of natu-
ral-draft cooling tower vertical ambient
dry-bulb temperature gradient, the plan
location of the instruments shall neither
be down-wind of nor within the influ-
ence of the cooling tower nor any other
site sources of turbulence or thermal
gradients which might substantially af-
fect the data. The vertical elevations
shall be as specified in Paragraph 2.3.7.
Instrumentation locations and tech-
niques will be site-specific and shall be
based upon mutual agreement prior to
testing.
b) As an INDICATOR of the vertical
dry—bulb temperature gradient on natu—
ral-draft towers, two dry-bulb instru-
ments shall be located at the same cir-
cumferential position around the tower,
one at 1.5 m (5 it) above grade level,
and the other near or above the top of
the air inlet. The instrument placed near
or above the top of the air inlet may be
located on a stairway at or above the el—
evation of the top of the air inlet if the
location otherwise satisfies the criteria
herein. The instruments shall not be
placed downwind of the cooling tower.
Attempt shall be made to place the in-
struments in locations not subject to ra-
diation or to convective air heating ef-
fects due to solar heating of the shell.
The placement of the gradient indicator
instruments shall be mutually agreed
upon by the parties to the test.
3.4 Wind Velocity (Speed and Direction). Wind
velocity shall be measured with a meteorological type
anemometer and wind vane, preferably remote read-
ing and recording. Rotating cup anemometers with
separate wind direction vane or combination self-
aligning propeller and direction vane devices are
readily available and acceptable. Measurements shall
be made in an open and unobstructed location, up-
wind of the tower and beyond the influence of the
inlet air approach velocity. Care shall be taken to as—
sure recorded wind speed and direction are represen—
tative of wind conditions affecting the tower. Place-
ment of the wind measurement device shall be sub-
ject to mutual agreement by all parties to the test. Wind
direction shall be recorded in compass degrees with
the tower orientation and reference North clearly in-
dicated.
3.4.1 For mechanical-draft towers with an over—
all height of 6 m (20 ft) or less, wind velocity
shall be measured 1.5 m (5 ft) above curb eleva-
tion, at a point within 15 to 30 m (50 to 100 it) of
the tower, if practical. For mechanical-draft tow-
ers where the distance between curb and discharge
elevations exceeds 6 m (20 ft), the wind velocity
shall be measured at an elevation above the curb
elevation that is approximately one-half the dif-
ference between the curb and discharge eleva-
tions and at a point at least 30 m (100 it) from the
tower, if practical.
3.4.2 For natural—draft towers, the Wind shall be
measured at the top of the shell at a point within
45 to 450 m (150 to 1500 ft) from the curb ofthe
tower, if practical. In addition, the wind velocity
shall be measured at a height of one-halfthe inlet
height and at a distance greater than twice the air
inlet height and at least a quarter of the base di-
ameter from the cooling tower. Section 2.3.2.2
gives the wind speed limitations.
3.5 Tower Pumping Head. Tower pumping head