CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

In this chapter, the researcher presents review of related literature concerning to the self-
confidence, oral communication proficiency, willingness to communicate in the second
language, and the impact of COVID-19 to the academics of most high school students.

Related Literature

A. Local
J. Moneva & SM Tribunalo (2020) stated that there is a significant relationship
between students' level of self-confidence and their performance in tasks. The role
of teachers and facilitators of learning is critical in addressing this issue. Students
with high self-confidence tend to perform well academically, while those with low
self-confidence struggle to complete tasks. Self-confidence also has a positive
impact on academic achievement. Cooperative learning and guidance services can
help improve students' self-confidence. It is recommended that students enhance
their communication skills to speak confidently in front of others. Activities should
align with both student interests and curriculum requirements. (p.46-47)

As per Blanco, Q. A., Carlota, M. L., Nasibog, A. J., Rodriguez, B., Saldaña, X. V.,
Vasquez, E. C., & Gagani, F. (2020) argued that there is a strong positive
correlation between self-confidence and self-efficacy in online learning during the
pandemic. The study suggests that students who are confident despite the
challenges of the pandemic also tend to have higher levels of self-efficacy. These
findings are significant in the context of current online education due to COVID-
19. To support students and teachers, it is recommended to implement programs
that enhance self-confidence and self-efficacy in online learning. Future research
should explore similar gaps in public schools and remote areas to determine if
there are any differences in self-confidence and self-efficacy levels. Maintaining
high levels of self-confidence and self-efficacy is crucial for optimal learning
 outcomes in the virtual learning environment during the pandemic. (p.23). Age,
sex, or the respondents' parents' career are not the only factors that affect self-
esteem. Respondents demonstrated a passable level of calm when faced with a
challenge and uses their coping skills to overcome it. While students who have a
good sense of self-worth tend to be more confident, academic achievement is not
dependent on how well they exhibit self-worth in navigating daily life. (JJ del
Mundo, 2021; 67)

B. Foreign
AL-Hebaish (2012) said “Shared beliefs develop throughout childhood and arise
from the accumulation of interpersonal and intrapersonal experiences (Harris,
2009; Brown, 1994). The literature on sources of confidence generally shows that
confidence depends on many factors, the most important of which are (1) Personal
experience. Experiences of success promote high self-confidence, while
experiences of failure have the opposite effect. (2) Social messages received from
others. Community, family, school, and friends are all important to developing
confidence. “Sending positive messages to others is thought to hinder the
development of high self-confidence, while exposure to negative messages
reduces self-confidence” (p.60).

According to Brown (2000: 145), self-confidence is perhaps the most pervasive

aspect of human behavior. One could easily argue that no cognitive or emotional
activity can be successfully carried out without some degree of self-confidence,
confidence, knowledge about oneself, and belief in one's ability to carry out that
activity (Coppersmith 1967: in Brown, 2000: 145) Coopersmith (1981, cited in
Harris, 2009, p.9) argues that is a set of attitudes and judgments brought about
when a person faces the world. These include beliefs about whether success or
failure can be expected. Generally, it refers to attitudes and beliefs about the self.
Lauster (cited in Afiatin dan Martaniah (2000: 67-69)) has roughly formulated
aspects of self-confidence that characterize it or characterize it as an indicator of
self-confidence.

1. Ambition is the motivation for success. The subject usually has some level of
success in public life and tries to control their thoughts and make courageous
decisions through positive thinking and faith in life. Self-confidence allows people
to believe in their own abilities and be willing to face them. Also, there is no point
in comparing yourself to others. Furthermore, it is not easy to be influenced by
others.

2. Become an independent person People who become self-employed believe that

they are not dependent on others and can do their best for their own beautiful life,
no matter what difficulties they face. A confident person has enough potential and
skills to live a better life. And when someone has a problem or is sad, don't rely
on others. Independence means that a person does not depend on the support of
others to do something. Additionally, being able to complete a task without
bothering others.
3. Optimist is a positive attitude that always tries to control the mind and refers
to a good perception of oneself, expectations and abilities. This will strengthen
your confidence in successfully implementing your plan. You have a positive
attitude towards yourself and your future.
4. Compassion is not individualism, but always helps those in need. Moreover, a
person does not need to understand himself, but always tries to understand others.
You have a positive attitude towards yourself, others, and the environment.
Respond positively to life's challenges.
5. Tolerance means accepting opinions and actions that differ from one's own.
Generous people understand their selflessness and need others by their side. He
also gives others the opportunity to express their wishes. That's because she
selflessly tries to accept the existence of others. People who appear confident can
concentrate in any situation or situation.
Related Studies

A. Local
De Goma, I.A., Moneva, J.C. (2020) states that there are different personality
types and levels of confidence are exhibited by High School Students. They still do
improve as their traits and areas of interest drew everyone's attention.
Respondents displayed several awareness-based viewpoints. Considering their
confidence level and personality type, only introverts did not exhibit any
noteworthy correlation. Students tend to be more confident and outgoing
individuality.

According to FK. Tipon, A. Villanueva, M. Baluyo, KLM. Juan, N. Dela Cruz (2021)
Individuals all throughout the world were impacted by the epidemic as a result of
COVID 19. Most of us use our time devote time using technology, particularly those
who take classes online. Online education was the primary cause of pupils to
virtually ever attain greater educational levels and accomplishments. Furthermore,
a few of them are dissatisfied owing to the many circumstances, one of the reasons
people are struggling with their academic accomplishments and scores perhaps
having trouble with time management, not being motivated to put in any effort in
every task, or being unable to due to the COVID-19 epidemic, complete
assignments and other assignments on time.

In addition to this, FC. Yapo, JP. Tabiliran, AT. Dagami, K.J Navales (2021) said
that the COVID-19 widespread has influenced numerous schools around the world
straightforwardly and by implication. The impact of the self-confidence and
inspiration of the students is the essential cause for higher accomplishment. On
the other hand, nearly everybody is troubled with their scholarly execution. school
errands. It has moreover been found and deciphered as tall for inherent scholastic
inspiration. The perusing involvement of high school students were over normal,
which suggests perusing this modern learning mode isn't agreeable for a few high
 school students. This proposes that, in spite of a widespread, students' inspiration
and self-confidence can be a way forward. In expansion, this e-learning
environment illustrates that students' eagerness and diligence stay clear, maybe
since of the time and weights they are required to perform. Students ought to be
more persuaded of accomplishing viable objectives and accomplishing their
scholastic and life choices.

B. Foreign
J. Sahibzada (2020: 14) demonstrated the degree of students' self-confidence in
their ability to learn in a variety of subjects. It demonstrated that pupils
possess a lack of confidence in some learning domains. However, the vast majority
of them exuded extreme confidence in themselves. The research
further learned about the effects of Kandahar University students' self-confidence
on their studying process. J. Sahibzada also discovered that kids who possess self-
confidence are more likely to participate well in class, like learning, have less test
anxiety, and interest in setting goals, development of comfort levels with their
teachers and peers, and, in the end, assistance in expressing their experiences
and viewpoints in the classroom.

Azimova M. (2020) yielded that larger part of students had low self-confidence in
spite of having a great execution in learning the dialect, they regularly felt
embarrassed when it came to take an interest in lesson as the shyness prevents
them from participating. In addition, some respondents had a few kinds of fear
and freeze amid the lesson whereas talking to instructor. Teachers should pay
consideration to each understudy who is greatly modest and feel moo certainty as
they might not dynamic within the lesson, but they may well be great learners.
The educator should energize students to take part in each lesson paying more
consideration for them who are gathered to be not so active.
Dornyei (2001), as cited in Songsiri (2007: 27) proposes the ways to advance
students' certainty were through giving encounter of victory, empowering the
learners and diminishing uneasiness. Gander (2006: 13-14) contended that
numerous people show up most fulfilled and effective when they have picked up
at slightest the free or familiar levels of capability, where they feel sure in their
work. In dialect learning, particularly talking, students‟ certainty is one of the
components to move forward their learning. Dornyei (2001) cited in Songsiri
(2007: 27) also proposed the ways to advance students‟ self-confidence was
through giving encounter of victory, empowering the learners and diminishing
uneasiness. Certainty in oneself or one's possessed capacities: "Without self-
confidence we are as darlings within the support". Self-confidence is more often
than not particular to specific errands, a firm conviction in one's possess powers:
aplomb, affirmation, certainty, self-assurance, self-possession. Self-confidence
hence upgrades inspiration, and this gives a time conflicting person a solid
motivating force to construct up the self-esteem of his future selves, so as to
constrain their lingering.