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I State Information Center

Łvìsã&n-ë-č-
2023 2
China Sharing Economy Development Report (2023)
catalogs
I. Sharing economy market continues to expand ....... 2
(i) Sharing economy market transaction size i n c r e a s e d
b y 3.9% year-on-year..................................................... 2
(ii) Shared services and consumption become an important
force for stabilizing growth ........................................... 5
(iii) Sharing Economy Plays a Positive Role in Stabilizing Jobs
and Employment ........................................................... 10
(iv) Sharp decline in direct financing in the shared economy
............................................................................................ 13
II. Highlights in key areas of the sharing economy . 15
(A) New round of competition in shared mobility focuses on
compliant capacity......................................................... 15
(ii) Competition in the local living services market has
become more intense.................................................... 17
(iii) Accelerated pace of development of the manufacturing
sharing economy ........................................................... 19
(iv) Sharing economy contributes to green and low-carbon
development.................................................................... 21
III. Sharing Economy Governance Innovations to Protect
Normative Development ................................................... 23

I
 (i) Continuous improvement of the governance system 23
(ii) New results in system implementation .............. 25
(iii) Continuous promotion of governance innovation in key
areas.................................................................................. 27
IV. Outlook on the development trend of the sharing economy
................................................................................................... 29
(i) Mixed macroeconomic environment for the development
of the sharing economy................................................ 29
(ii) More optimized policy environment for the development
of the sharing economy................................................ 30
(C) Sharing economy becomes an important tool for
expanding domestic demand in the spelling economy 32
(iv) Technological innovations represented by the meta-
universe bring new opportunities .............................. 34
(v) New trends in the governance of sharing economy
platforms ......................................................................... 36

II
Attachment: Business Cases............................................. 38
Actively fulfilling social responsibility and
building a new type of catering takeaway ecology - The
practical exploration of Meituan Takeaway.....................
38
Innovative and upgraded services to help people
achieve fuller employment - A practical exploration of
the "Cloud Account" platform ...........................
43
by Digital technology empowered to help new business
workers' rights and interests protection system
construction-
-Practical Exploration of Good Living Technology ........ 47

Acknowledgements.............................................................. 50

III
 Chart Catalog

Figure 1 Structure of the Sharing Economy Market in China, 2022 3

Figure 2 Growth of Sharing Economy Market Size in Major Sectors in
China, 2022................................................................................................. 3
Figure 3 Share of Passenger Transportation between Internet Taxi and
Cruise Taxi, 2018-2022 ............................................................................ 6
Figure 4 Online Takeout Revenue as a Share of National Restaurant
Revenue, 2018-2022 .................................................................................. 7
Figure 5 Shared Lodging Revenue as a Share of National Lodging Industry
Room Revenue, 2017-2021....................................................................... 9

Table 1 Overview of China's Sharing Economy Development, 2021-2022 2

Table 2 Penetration of Shared Services in Key Lifestyle Services Sectors,
2022 ............................................................................................................. 7
Table 3 Share of Expenditure on Shared Services in Major Life Services
Sectors, 2021-2022..................................................................................... 8
Table 4 Scale of Direct Financing in Major Sectors of the Sharing
Economy, 2020-2022............................................................................... 14

IV
China Sharing Economy Development Report (2023)

The sharing economy is a new industry and new

model that uses the Internet platform to optimize the
allocation of dispersed resources, improve the efficiency
of resource utilization and facilitate people's lives by
promoting innovation in asset ownership,
organizational forms, employment models and
consumption patterns. Sharing economy emphasizes
the relative separation of ownership and usage,
advocating the advanced concept of sharing and
utilization, intensive development, and flexible
innovation; it emphasizes the elastic matching
between the supply side and the demand side, and
promotes the in-depth fusion of consumption and
usage and production services, realizing dynamic and
timely, accurate and efficient docking of supply and
demand. The sharing economy is a new type of
economic form that has emerged after the
information revolution has reached a certain stage of
development, and it is a new concept of consumption
and development that emphasizes human-
centeredness and sustainable development, and
advocates the best experience and the best use of
things.
This is the eighth annual report on sharing
economy launched by the National Information
Center, which provides a comprehensive analysis of the
1
latest situation and future trends of China's sharing
economy development in 2022, with a view to providing
reference for government decision-making, industry
development and public participation.

2022 is the year of the Party's twentieth

congress, but also a critical year for the
implementation of the "14th Five-Year Plan".
The international environment facing China's
economic and social development has become
more complex and severe, and the spread of
domestic epidemics has posed greater tests and
challenges. China has efficiently coordinated
epidemic prevention and control and economic
development, and solidly stabilized the economy
with a package of policies and measures that have
been put into effect, maintaining economic and
social stability, with a year-on-year growth rate of
GDP of 3%, and the overall scale of the economy
reaching a new level. 2022 saw the continued
expansion of China's sharing economy market,
which played a positive role in enhancing
economic resilience and stabilizing employment. ,
playing a positive role in enhancing the resilience of
economic development and stabilizing jobs and
employment, and highlighting the main areas of the
sharing economy.

2
The Platform has achieved new results in the
construction of its governance system and the
implementation of law enforcement, and the level
of standardized development has been further
improved.

I. Sharing economy market continues to expand

(i) Sharing economy market transaction size increased by

3.9% year-on-year

According to preliminary estimation, the

transaction scale of China's sharing economy
market will be about 3832 billion yuan in 2022, with
a year-on-year growth of about 3.9% (Table 1), and the
growth rate has slowed down compared with that of
the previous year. In terms of market structure,
sharing economy market size in the fields of living
services, production capacity and knowledge and
skills ranked the top three, amounting to 185.48
billion yuan respectively,
1254.8 billion and $480.6 billion.
Table 1 Overview of Sharing Economy Development in China, 2021-2022
Sharing Economy Transaction
realm
Volume (Billions of Dollars)
2021 2022 2022 year-on-year
growth rate
Transportatio 2344 2012 -14.2%
n
shared 152 115 -24.3%
accommodati
on
3
 knowledge 4540 4806 5.9%
and skills
Life Services 17118 18548 8.4%
shared 147 159 8.2%
medical care
shared office 212 132 -37.7%
production 12368 12548 1.5%
capacity
TOTAL 36881 38320 3.9%
Source: Sharing Economy Research Center, National Information
Center.

4
 Source: Sharing Economy Research Center, National Information
Center.

Figure 1 Structure of the Sharing Economy Market in China, 2022

The imbalance in the development of the

sharing economy in different sectors has been
highlighted. In terms of the market size of the
sharing economy in major sectors (Figure 2), the
market size of the living services and shared medical
services sectors grew by 8.4% and 8.2% year-on-year
respectively, with the growth rate increasing by 2.6
percentage points and 1.7 percentage points
respectively compared with that of the previous year,
presenting a favorable development trend of
sustained and rapid development. In the field of
living services, driven by the "house economy"
spawned by the epidemic, the online
consumption demand of residents surged, and
platform enterprises played an important role in
5
guaranteeing the supply of living materials and
meeting the consumption demand of residents.
The Meituan platform ensures fulfillment capacity
and service level through a powerful city logistics
network and a perfect station, warehouse, people
and cabinet distribution system. On the one hand,
it increases the construction of warehousing and
sorting power, and increases 70% of front-line
sorters to ensure supply; on the other hand, it
increases the power of terminal distribution, and
equips 1.5 times of manpower according to the
normal situation in the areas with serious
epidemics. In Beijing and Shanghai alone, there are
about 65,000 riders involved in guaranteeing supply.
Jingdong to the home platform comprehensively
upgraded to ensure the supply of initiatives, joint
core to ensure the supply of merchants to increase
the amount of essential commodities in stock,
while strengthening the Dada express delivery
distribution

6
Capacity mobilization, launching nationwide
contactless delivery, helping to safeguard people's
livelihood needs. In the field of medical services,
the content and scope of services continue to
expand to meet people's online consultation needs.
Data from the National Health Commission showed
that by the end of 2021, 100% of provinces, 85% of
cities and 69% of counties in China had established
regional universal health information platforms, and
more than 7,000 public hospitals above the second
level nationwide had access to regional universal
health information platforms. According to data
released by China Internet Network Information
Center, as of June 2022, the scale of online medical
users in China reached 300 million, accounting for
28.5% of the overall Internet users. In addition, the
market size of knowledge skills and production
capacity grew by 5.9% and 1.5% year-on-year
respectively, with the market size continuing to
expand steadily.

7
 Source: Sharing Economy Research Center, National Information Center.

Figure 2 Growth of Sharing Economy Market Size in Major Sectors in China, 2022

Influenced by a variety of complex factors, the

market scale of the sharing economy in the
three sectors of shared space, shared
accommodation and transportation declined
significantly, down by 37.7%, 24.3% and 14.2% year-
on-year, respectively; among them, the decline
in the field of shared accommodation expanded
further compared with that of the previous year.
The main reason is that the epidemic in 2022 was
characterized by multiple points, wide coverage and
frequent occurrence, which had a greater impact on
domestic tourism, accommodation, travel and other
aspects. Data released by the Ministry of Culture
and Tourism showed that the total number of
domestic tourist trips in 2022

8
 2.53 billion, down 22.1% from the previous year, domestic tourism
revenue (total tourism spending)
204 million, down 30% year-on-year; star-rated hotel
revenue fell 15.98% year-on-year in the first three
quarters of 2022. Data from the Ministry of
Transportation and Communications' interactive
platform for regulating information on net-chartered
vehicles showed that the number of orders on net-
chartered vehicle platforms for the whole year of
2022 declined by 16.8% year-on-year. In the shared
office sector, platform companies faced tremendous
operational pressure as many market players exited
during the epidemic. As of June 2022, the domestic
shared office
Public space operator YUKKOYO manages about 986,000 square
meters of space, which is the largest space in the world.
1,183,000 members served; data from its May 2022 earnings release
show that
Realized net income of $303 million in the fourth quarter of 2021,
an increase of 8.7%; net
The loss amounted to $1,697.6 million.

(ii) Shared services and consumption as an important force for

stabilizing growth

Due to multiple factors, China's consumption

will generally perform poorly in 2022. Data from the
National Bureau of Statistics showed that the total
retail sales of consumer goods for the year amounted
to approximately 43.97 trillion yuan, a year-on-year
9
 decline of 0.2%; the retail sales of consumer
goods other than automobiles amounted to
approximately
39.4 trillion yuan, a year-on-year decline of 0.4%; the
contribution of final consumption expenditure to
economic growth was only 32.8%. Under this situation,
the overall online retail market is growing steadily,
with online retail sales reaching 13.79 trillion yuan in 2022,
up 4% year-on-year. Online retail sales of physical
goods will reach 11.96 trillion yuan, up 6.2% year-on-
year, and its share in total retail sales of consumer
goods will reach a new high of 27.2%. The sharing
economy, as a new type of industry developed in
response to the trend of digitalization of human
production and life and relying on the Internet
platform, has become an important force in
bridging the gap in people's livelihood needs
during the epidemic, as well as an important vehicle
for meeting people's diversified, flexible and
personalized consumption needs in the context of the
general trend of consumption upgrading.
From the development trend, in the field of transportation and
travel, in 2022, the network car passenger transport
The share of the total cab passenger volume is about 40.5%
(Figure 3), which is higher than the share of the total cab
passenger volume.

10
The increase is 6.4 percentage points. 1 The
development of the net taxi industry has shown
some new features. At the practical level, the
development of the net booking industry has
presented some new features. First, the number of
online car rental platform enterprises is growing.
According to the Ministry of Transportation's
National Net Charter Supervision and Information
Interaction Platform, as of 2022, the number of Net Charter
platform enterprises has been increasing.
By the end of the year, a total of 298 online car platform companies
nationwide had obtained the network car platform operation
licenses, an increase of 40 from the end of 2021. Second,
the industry management system has been further
improved.2022 The Ministry of Transport issued the
new Measures for the Operation and Management of
the Interactive Platform for Network Reservation
Taxi Supervision and Information, amending the
Measures issued in 2018 to strengthen the operation
and management of the interactive platform for
network reservation taxi supervision and
information, standardize the transmission of data,
and improve the effectiveness of the supervision of
the industry of network reservation cabs, thus
further promoting fair competition in the industry
and healthy development of the industry.
development of the industry. Thirdly, the
compliance rate of mainstream net charter
platforms has significantly increased. According to
data from the Ministry of Transportation and
11
 Communications ("MOT"), the compliance rate of net
yaoqi orders in 16 of the mainstream central cities
exceeded 80% in November 2022, and compared with
the beginning of 2021, the order compliance rate of
platforms such as DDT Travel, Meituan Taxi, and Cao
Cao Travel generally doubled.

Source: Sharing Economy Research Center, National Information

Center.

Fig. 3 Share of passenger traffic between internet cabs and cruising cabs, 2018-2022

1In the 2022 Annual Report on Sharing Economy, the share of passenger transportation volume
of net taxis is a preliminary estimate. Based on the passenger traffic volume of cruising taxis in
the Ministry of Transportation and Communications' 2021 Transportation Industry Development
Statistics Bulletin and the order volume of net taxis published by the National Interactive Platform
for Net Taxi Supervision and Information, the data was updated and recalculated, and the share
of net taxis in passenger traffic as a percentage of the passenger traffic volume of cabs in 2021
was revised to 34.1 percent.

12
 In the field of life services, online takeaway
revenue accounted for about 25.4% of the national
catering revenue in 2022, an increase of 4 percentage
points over the previous year (Figure 4). In recent years,
with the changes in people's lifestyle and
consumption patterns and the rapid development of
platform economy, the scale of China's takeaway
market has continued to expand, increasingly
becoming an important force driving the
development of the catering industry. Affected by the
epidemic, online takeaway has become an important
guarantee to meet residents' catering consumption
demand in 2022, and has also enabled a large
number of merchants to "close their stores and
not go out of business". Life service platforms such
as Meituan and Hungry Mou actively responded to
the government's call to give full play to the massive
distribution capacity and big data deployment
capabilities, and vigorously promote contactless
distribution, helping to stabilize operations,
stabilize merchants, and protect people's
livelihoods.2022, Meituan's automated delivery trucks
have already cumulatively delivered more than 2.5
million orders to users; in the four,
During the May epidemic, automated delivery vehicles had a
delivery capacity of nearly 20,000 orders per day in Shanghai.
The total number of deliveries exceeded 700,000
orders; the total amount of living materials delivered
in Beijing was worth more than one million yuan.

13
 Source: Sharing Economy Research Center, National Information
Center.

Figure 4 Online Takeaway Revenue as a Share of National Restaurant Revenue, 2018-2022

14
 In the lodging sector, the share of shared
lodging revenue in the national lodging industry's
room revenue in 2022 will be about 4.4% (Figure 5), a
decrease of 0.6 percentage points in the share
compared with the previous year2 in 2022 (Figure 5), a
decline of 0.6 percentage points from the previous
year, but the rate of decline is significantly narrower
than that of the previous year. In order to reduce the
impact of the epidemic on the tourism and
accommodation industry, the relevant departments
introduced a series of enterprise relief initiatives
to help enterprises tide over the difficult
times.2022 The National Development and Reform
Commission, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism
and 14 other departments jointly issued the
"Policies on Promoting the Resumption of
Development of Industries in Difficulties in
the Service Sector", and further implementation
measures were introduced around the country to
provide more support for the tourism and
accommodation industry in coping with the impact
of the epidemic. Ministry of Culture and Tourism and
other 10 departments jointly issued the Guiding
Opinions on Promoting the High-Quality
Development of Rural B&Bs, which further
strengthened the guidance on the development of
the industry, relaxed access and optimized the
policy environment, creating a better external
environment for the development of rural B&Bs.
On the other hand, in response to changes in
15
people's travel preferences under the impact of the
epidemic, such as the shrinking demand for urban
B&Bs and the continued rise in the heat of rural
B&Bs in the suburbs, platform enterprises have
actively adjusted their operation strategies to meet
people's diversified lodging service needs. In cities,
platform companies actively participated in urban
renewal and old housing renovation projects, and
cooperated with local governments to build smart
community ecosystems and help develop new shared
accommodation businesses.2021 The government of
Jinjiang District, Chengdu City, cooperated with
Piggy B&B in launching the country's first urban
renewal project that transformed old neighborhoods
into a new type of shared B&B. By the end of 2022, the
average annual occupancy rate of the old B&Bs
exceeded 80%, with an average unit price of RMB350
per night, and the project has become the newest
B&B spot in Chengdu. In the countryside, with the
implementation of the national rural revitalization
strategy and the transformation and upgrading of
national leisure tourism and vacation, rural B&Bs
ushered in a development bonus period, and
platform enterprises accelerated the pace of
"going up to the mountains and down to the
countryside" to deeply sink into the rural market.
in September 2021, Alibaba Group's Flying Pig Travel
strategically invested in piggy B&Bs, focusing on
the rural revitalization strategy and cooperating
with destination governments and enterprises to
16
promote the development of rural B&Bs. Focusing
on the strategy of rural revitalization, Alibaba
Group Flying Pig Travel strategically invested in
Piggy B&B, and cooperated with destination
governments and enterprises to promote the rural
B&B cluster project "Hostel Village" in the whole
countryside.

2 2022 Annual Report on the Sharing Economy, Shared Lodging Revenue as a Share of National Lodging Room Revenue
is a preliminary estimate. According to the National
The latest "Revenue of Lodging Industry Above the Limit" and "Room Revenue of Lodging
Industry Above the Limit" published by the Census and Statistics Department have been
updated and recalculated, and the "Share of Shared Lodging Revenue in Room Revenue of the
National Lodging Industry in 2021" has been revised to 5.0%. The proportion of shared lodging revenue
to national lodging room revenue in 2021 has been revised to 5.0%.

17
 The country landed, committed to relying on the
"Internet + rural industry" to introduce the brand
B&B clusters and other business, the countryside will
be idle hollow village house revitalization, with the
B&B industry as a lever, driven by the integration of
culture and tourism and rural new business.

Source: Sharing Economy Research Center, National

Information Center.

Figure 5 Shared Lodging Revenue as a Share of National Lodging Industry Room Revenue,
2018-2022

From the user and consumption side, the

penetration rates of online taxi users, shared
accommodation users and online takeaway users
among Internet users in 2022 will be 38.54%, 6.63% and
61.44%, respectively (Table 2).

Table 2 Penetration of Shared Services in Major Lifestyle Services Sectors, 2022

realm Size of users Internet
(10,000) penetration
rate
online taxi 40507 38.54%

18
 shared 6970 6.63%
accommoda
tion
online 64581 61.44%
takeaway

Note: ①Internet users in 2022, online takeout, online car users from CNNIC.
The 50th Statistical Report on China's Internet
Development (both for the first half of 2022); ② Shared
Accommodation Data Source: Sharing Economy Research
Center of the State Information Center.

19
 In terms of the share of shared-type service
expenditures in major areas (Table 3), per capita
consumption expenditures on online takeaways
accounted for about 25.4% of food and beverage
consumption expenditures in 2022, an increase of 4
percentage points from the previous year. Per capita
consumption expenditure on online car rental
accounts for about 7.8% of travel consumption
expenditure, down 1.1 percentage points from the
previous year. Per capita consumption expenditure
on shared accommodation accounted for about 4.4%
of accommodation consumption, down 0.6 percentage
points from the previous year.

Table 3 Share of Expenditure on Shared Services in Major Life Services Sectors, 2021-2022

Consumption Shared Services Percentage of

realm
expenditure per Expenditures ($) expenditure on
capita (yuan) shared services
2021 2022 2021 2022 2021 2022

online 2891.3 1818.9 256.4 142.5 8.9% 7.8%

taxi
stay at 215.2 183.0 10.8 8.1 5.0% 4.4%

gastrono 3319.8 3111.6 709.6 789.7 21.4% 25.4%

my
Source: Sharing Economy Research Center, National
Information Center.

(iii) Sharing economy plays an active role in stabilizing jobs and

employment

In 2022, under the over-expected influence of

20
multiple factors, the platform enterprise
operation faced great pressure and difficulties.
The State Council actively researched and
deployed a variety of policy work, and adopted a
series of policy measures to reduce burdens,
stabilize and expand employment, such as tax
rebates, tax reductions and fee reductions, easing
the payment of social security fees, and lowering
the cost of financing, so as to achieve solid results
in stabilizing employment. The target of creating
new jobs in urban areas nationwide was successfully
accomplished, with 12.06 million new jobs created in
urban areas nationwide in 2022, exceeding the
expected target of 11 million; and the national urban
survey unemployment rate fell to 5.5% at the end of
the year. In terms of employment structure, the
surveyed unemployment rate in large cities with a
high concentration of young people and service
industries is higher, and the structural
unemployment problem is more prominent.
Against this backdrop, the new sharing economy,
with its unique advantages, has played a positive
role in stabilizing jobs and employment and
increasing residents' incomes. At the same time,
government departments, trade union
organizations and platform enterprises have joined
forces to continuously improve the quality of
employment for flexibly employed persons.

21
 Sharing platforms help to improve the
efficiency of the job market and bring
opportunities for more people to increase their
incomes. With the powerful resource aggregation
and matching capabilities of digital technology
and arithmetic systems, sharing economy
platforms can achieve efficient and large-scale
matching and scheduling of labor supply and
demand, improving labor market efficiency.
During the epidemic, many platforms actively
adopted flexible and diverse forms of employment,
including crowdsourcing, and continuously
strengthened the training of new employment
groups, in an effort to make the takeaway and
instant logistics and distribution business a
"reservoir" for temporarily absorbing unemployed
people and entrepreneurial groups in need of
employment. The "Spring Breeze Job Delivery"
initiative launched by Meituan will open 50 jobs in the
first quarter of 2023.
10,000 delivery service positions for riders, station managers, and
others, and invested $100 million in recruiting new
In 2022, Dada Group and Jingdong Group will
provide hundreds of thousands of jobs for the
whole society, and Dada Express will recruit riders
for more than 2,700 counties, districts and cities
nationwide. Since the implementation of the
"58 Intelligent Home Economics Special Program"
on the "58 Tongcheng" platform, the number
of laborers on the platform has risen from 600,000
22
in 2021 to 1.3 million in 2022, with laborers' incomes
rising by 50% year-on-year. Fast Hire launched the
digital recruitment platform "Fast Hire", which
enables enterprises and candidates to understand
each other's needs more intuitively and efficiently
through traffic support and algorithmic matching;
in the second quarter of 2022, monthly active users
of "Fast Hire" amounted to 250 million, a 90%
increase compared to the first quarter; as of June
2022, monthly active users of "Fast Hire" had
increased by 90%; and as of June 2022, monthly
active users of "Fast Hire" had increased by 90%.
In the second quarter of 2022, the monthly active
users of "Fast Recruiter" reached 250 million, an
increase of 90% from the first quarter; as of June 30,
2022, there were more than 100,000 cooperating
enterprises, and the daily value of resume delivery
peaked at 1.5 million.
Over 360,000.
With the application of technological
innovations and the extensive penetration of new
employment forms in various fields, new
occupations continue to emerge.2022 In September,
t h e M i n i s t r y o f Human Resources and Social
Security o f f i c i a l l y r e l e a s e d t h e " D i c t i o n a r y
of Occupational Classification of the
P e o p l e ' s R e p u b l i c o f C h i n a (2022 Edition),"
which added 158 new occupations over the 2015
edition, amounting to
1639. For the first time, the new edition of the
23
Dictionary identifies 97 digital occupations,
accounting for 6 percent of the total number of
occupations. Data from the Ministry of Human
Resources and Social Security show that with the
rapid development of short videos, live broadcasts
and other new forms of online marketing, the scale of
users covered now exceeds 8 percent.

24
billion, and the monthly growth rate of Internet
marketing practitioners reached 8.8%. Some data show
that3 that the market size of China's online performance
(live broadcasting) industry reached 184.4442 billion
yuan in 2021.
There are a total of 11 listed entities in the industry, of
which about 20 are headline platforms. As of
In December 2021, anchor accounts totaled nearly 140 million, and
in the first half of 2022 new
The number of live broadcasting accounts increased by
8.26 million. The number of network performance
brokers exceeds 24,000, providing support for the live
broadcast industry in terms of content production,
distribution and commercial realization. Takeaway
operators are also a new profession created with the
development of the new sharing economy. In recent
years, Meituan and the Education and Training
Center of the Ministry of Human Resources and
Social Affairs have jointly launched the
"Takeaway Operator Talent Training Program",
which will cultivate nearly 7,000 takeaway operators in
2022, with plans to cultivate 100,000 more in the next
five years.
Government departments, trade union
organizations and platform enterprises have made
concerted efforts to help improve the employment
quality of platform flexible employment workers.
First, the system for safeguarding the rights and
interests of flexibly employed persons has been
further improved.2022 In January and September, the
25
Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security
twice took the lead in convening administrative
guidance meetings on labor employment for
platform enterprises, urging the head of platform
enterprises to implement the Guidelines on
Safeguarding the Rights and Interests of New
Employment Patterns Workers in Labor Security
and other policies, and to regulate employment in
accordance with the law. In December, the Supreme
People's Court issued the Opinions on Providing
Judicial Services and Guarantees for Stable
Employment, which explicitly regulate the
employment of new employment forms in
accordance with the law, and put forward the
factors to be taken into account in confirming
labor relations in judicial rulings involving new
employment forms. Second, trade unions at all
levels have actively played a role in guiding
platform enterprises to regulate the employment
of workers and instructing workers in new
employment patterns to enhance their awareness
of the rule of law. The All-China Federation of
Trade Unions has vigorously strengthened the
construction of service stations for outdoor
workers; by the end of 2022, 11.17 service stations of
various types had been built nationwide.
In February 2022, the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs of the
People's Republic of China will launch a new campaign to promote
the development of the labor union system, with a total
investment of 1.89 billion yuan by labor unions at all levels.
26
(b) The publication of ten typical cases of disputes
over the recognition of labor relations of workers
in new forms of employment, guiding the majority
of workers in new forms of employment to enhance
their awareness of the rule of law and rationally
defend their rights in accordance with the law, and
guiding enterprises to regulate the use of labor and
fulfill their responsibility to protect the rights and
interests of workers; and, in O c t o b e r - N o v e m b e r .
3Department of Market Management directs the release of the 2021 Report on the Development of the Live Web
(Performance) Streaming Industry, website of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the People's Republic of China,
September 2022
https://www.mct.gov.cn/whzx/bnsj/jdgls/202209/t20220908_935869.html.

27
The "Warm Service Season for Workers in New
Employment Patterns" was launched, with a series
of caring measures for workers in new employment
patterns, such as online taxi drivers, truck drivers,
couriers, and takeaway delivery workers. In 2021, the
Beijing Municipal Federation of Trade Unions
formulated the "Working Measures on Defending
Rights and Interests and Taking a Step Forward to
Actively Build Harmonious Labor Relations",
which includes nine measures and five supporting
documents, and promoted them as the key work of
the city's trade unions in defending rights and
interests and launched a pilot project on defending
the rights and interests of workers with new forms
of employment in four districts. 2022, on the basis
of the summary of the pilot project, will expand
coverage and focus on the promotion of the rights
and interests of workers with business operations
in Beijing. In 2022, on the basis of summarizing
the pilot work, the coverage will be expanded,
focusing on promoting the collective consultation
and work council work of the nation's top 100
Internet enterprises with their operations in
Beijing, especially the 17 Internet platform head
enterprises and 14 branded express delivery
enterprises. Third, platform enterprises have taken
practical measures to improve the working
conditions of flexibly employed workers. The
Meituan platform has launched the "Same
Boat Plan" to optimize the experience of riders
28
and build a healthy ecosystem at four levels: job
security, experience enhancement, career
development, and rider care, and to light up the
"City Guardian" medallion for the
more than 100,000 riders who stayed at their posts
during the outbreak. T3 is the first company in the
world to have a "City Guardian" medal. T3 Travel, a
net taxi platform, implemented the "Reed
Plan", an exclusive care program for drivers,
covering various aspects such as drivers' salary
policy, holiday care, driver growth and offline
services. Hungry Mou launched a special care and
protection program for riders,
providing riders who stayed on the front line
during the epidemic with a maximum of 300,000
yuan in epidemic care and protection funds. The
company has also launched a special care and
protection program for riders who stayed on the front
line during the epidemic,
The truck help platform on-line "driver's home" service
function, has covered the whole country 315
The site of the driver's home, and effectively
improve the majority of truck drivers parking and
rest environment and conditions.

(iv) Significant decline in direct financing in the shared

economy

Preliminary estimates indicate that the scale

of direct financing in the sharing economy sector

29
will be about 13.2 billion yuan in 2022, a sharp decline
of 93.8% year-on-year (Table 4).

30
 Table 4 Scale of Direct Financing in Major Sectors of Sharing Economy, 2020-2022
Amount of financing (billions of dollars)
realm
2020 2021 2022 2022 year-on-
year growth rate

Transportat 115 485 23 -95.3%

ion

shared 1 6 33 455.5%

accommoda
tion
knowledge <1
467 253 -98.0%
and skills
Life 260 750 51 -93.2%
Services
shared 88 372 22 -94.1%
medical
care
shared <1
68 1 -99.0%
office
production 186 270 2 -99.4%
capacity
(grand) total 1185 2137 132 -93.8%
Source: Sharing Economy Research Center, National
Information Center.

There are major reasons for the sharp decline in direct financing in
the sharing economy:
First, the activity of investment and financing
in the domestic Internet sector has dropped
significantly. According to the data of China ICT
Academy, in the first quarter of 2022, the number of

31
investment and financing in the domestic Internet
field was 335, with a total amount of USD 3.51
billion, down 38.3% and 76.7% year-on-year; in the
second quarter, the investment and financing in the
domestic Internet field continued to hover at a low
level, with the number of cases being 345, with a total
amount of USD 2.85 billion, down 36% and 69.9%
year-on-year; in the fourth quarter, the number of
domestic Internet investment and financing was 517,
with a total amount of USD 2.85 billion, down 36%
and 69.9% year-on-year. In the fourth quarter, the
number of domestic Internet investment and
financing was 517, with a total amount of $2.85 billion,
down 36% and 69.9% year on year.
9.74 billion dollars, down 5.7% and 49.2% year-on-
year. The investment of head platform enterprises
in startups upstream and downstream of the industry
chain has declined significantly, and public
information shows that in the first half of 2022, the
number of investments made by Tencent, Ali, Baidu,
Xiaomi, Byte, B-Site and Meituan was only 133, a
year-on-year decrease of 50.9%. The proportion of
early-stage investment in the platform economy field
has decreased significantly, with the total amount of
seed and startup stage investment falling from 21% in
2016 to 8% in 2022.
Secondly, the weakening of Chinese
companies' willingness to go public in the U.S.
under the influence of a variety of factors has a
direct impact on the confidence of some investment
32
institutions in China's market. Vanguard (Wind)

33
Data shows that Chinese companies going public in the
U.S. in 2022 will raise a total of about $582 million, a
sharp decrease of 96% from 2021. Public data shows
that about half of the Chinese companies that went
public in 2018 chose U.S. and Hong Kong stocks. in 2021
and 2022, the proportion dropped to less than 20%.
Listing is the main way for capital to enter, and a
poor path to listing directly affects the incentive for
capital to enter.
Thirdly, the domestic platform economic
enterprise development is facing revenue and
profit "double drop" pressure, also directly affects
the market investment confidence. 2021, by the
demand side of the consumption is not vibrant,
supply side supply chain obstruction superimposed
on the epidemic emanation of multiple factors such
as the impact of China's platform enterprise
financial performance is dismal, the listed Internet
enterprise revenue growth rate is in the recent five
years at the bottom. In the first quarter of 2022, the
total revenue of China's listed Internet enterprises
amounted to RMB 922 billion, with a year-on-year
growth rate of 7.5%, a drop of 35.3% compared with the
same period of the previous year.2022 In the second
quarter of 2022, the performance of some
enterprises rebounded, but the growth trend was still
slow, and they were still facing the pressure of a
"double-dip" in business revenue and profit. The
market capitalization of platform enterprises has
fallen dramatically. According to the data of
34
Wudaokou Finance School of Tsinghua University,
the market capitalization of Chinese stocks has
dropped by nearly 10 trillion yuan in 15 months, which
is close to 10% of China's GDP in 2021. The total market
capitalization of the top 10 platform companies in
China and the U.S. has widened from 1:3 in 2021 to 1:10
in 2022. as of October 2022, the total market capitalization
of the top 10 platform companies in China and the U.S.
has increased from 1:3 in 2021 to 1:10 in 2022
Among the top 500 companies with the highest market
capitalization in the world, 16 of China's leading high-tech
companies are listed in the top 500 companies with the highest
market capitalization in the world.
The total market capitalization of technology companies is
about $1.41 trillion, while that of the U.S.-based Apple Inc. is
about $4.5 trillion.
The market capitalization alone is about $2.22 trillion.

II. Highlights of major areas of the sharing economy

(i) New round of competition in the shared mobility sector

focuses on compliant capacity

Since the second half of 2021, when the DDT

platform suspended the registration of new users,
more and more large platforms have entered the
shared mobility sector with an aggregation model,
setting off a new round of market competition and
further reconfiguring the industry's competitive
landscape.2022 In July, Tencent's WeChat and

35
Huawei both began to internally test the new ride-
hailing service, making the shared mobility

36
The competition in the field is making waves again.
Tencent relies on the WeChat ecosystem, open
access to compliant travel service providers, and
travel service providers together to provide users
with aggregated travel services. The WeChat
platform test access to Cao Cao travel, the first car,
sunshine travel, T3 travel, Ruqi travel, etc. Users can
use Tencent travel services in Beijing, Shanghai,
Zhengzhou, Wuhan, Nanjing, Chongqing and other
cities. Huawei launched the "Petal Travel" light
application for crowdsourcing users, accessing
third-party taxi software in the form of an
aggregation platform with light assets. On the whole,
Tencent Travel and Huawei Petal are basically brands
with high compliance and large scale that are currently
stationed on the two aggregation platforms.
The focus of competition in the industry has shifted from
individual C-suite users in the past to people who have a
combined
The level of compliance is increasingly becoming
the new competitiveness of platforms for online
car rental service providers or platforms with
regulated capacity. Transportation
administrations at all levels have continued to
improve the relevant systems and optimize services
around the access of net yaoqi platforms and the
processing of vehicle and driver certificates to
continuously enhance the level of compliance
development of the entire industry. Data from the
Ministry of Transportation and Communications
37
("MOT") showed that as of December 31, 2022, a total of
298 online car rental platform companies had
obtained licenses for the operation of online car
rental platforms; a total of 5,090,000 Network
Reservation Taxi Driver Licenses were issued
across the country, representing a year-on-year
increase of 28.9%; and a total of 2,118,000 Network
Reservation Taxi Transportation Licenses were issued
across the country, representing a year-on-year
increase of 35.9%. Between January 2021 and December 2022,
the national network reservation vehicle platforms
from 218 to 298, and the Network Reservation Taxi Driver's License
from
3,086,000 to 5,090,000, and the Network Reservation Taxi
Transportation License
from 1,611,000 to 2,118,000 books. In terms of user utilization,
2022
In the second half of 2012, the total number of
aggregation orders for net taxis nationwide
amounted to 855 million orders, with a daily
average of 4.65 million orders, accounting for
approximately 24% of the total order volume of the
net taxis industry in the second half of the year. In
the past, aggregation platforms were not included
in the supervision because they did not directly
carry out the operation and service of online car
rental, and some of the aggregation platforms had the
phenomenon of accessing unqualified online car
rental platforms to provide services, which caused an

38
impact on the order of the operation of online car
rental.2022 In September, the Ministry of
Transportation (MOT)

39
In the compliance data released, Tencent appeared
for the first time in the ranking of the compliance
rate of aggregation platforms, with the data
showing that its compliance rate was 57.4%; the
compliance rate of Meituan Taxi was 60.4%. In
terms of regulatory enforcement around the world,
since 2022, third-party service providers accessing
online car aggregation platforms have been
repeatedly penalized, mostly for compliance issues.

(ii) Increased competition in the local living services market

Content sharing platforms are actively

expanding into the local living services market
through cooperation with living services platforms.
Mobility and Meituan entered into a strategic
cooperation on interconnection at the end of 2021.
Meituan will go online with its small program on
the Shutterstock open platform, providing Meituan
merchants with the ability to display products
such as packages, vouchers and bookings, as well
as online transactions and after-sales services, and
Shutterstock users will be able to access these
services directly through the Meituan small
program. In addition to the on-line services in the
catering category, Meituan's small program will
also be on-line in the future for a number of life
service categories such as hotels, B&Bs, scenic
spots, leisure and fun, and beauty salons etc. In
September 2022, Crypto upgraded the integration of
local life into an independent department, and
40
local life became a first-class business division
parallel to the main site, commercialization, e-
commerce, internationalization and other
businesses, and its business expansion and
resource investment in local life services further
increased. Its business expansion and resource
investment in local life services has further
increased. In August 2022, ShakeMe and HungryMe
entered into a strategic cooperation. Hungry Mou is
based on the Jitterbit open platform and uses small
programs as a carrier to create a new experience of
local life services for users, from content seeding,
online ordering to instant delivery (i.e., watch,
order, and arrive). This means that Jitterbug
continues to develop takeout and other businesses in
the field of local life services after the formation of
a closed loop in the store business.
Short-video live-streaming platforms are increasingly
becoming the dominant mode of content consumption in
this
The local life field has huge conversion potential,
bringing new demand scenarios and growth
possibilities for the local life service industry. At
the same time, the local life market can also meet
the needs of short video platforms to commercialize
their user traffic for cash.

41
As a result, content sharing platforms represented
by Jitterbug and Shutterbug have continued to
accelerate their layouts in the local life service sector
through strategic cooperation with local life
service platforms, and competition in this sector has
become more intense.
Content sharing platforms have also been
more active in exploring e-commerce business.
The e-commerce business is becoming more and
more diversified. In addition to live broadcasting
with sales, the penetration and conversion rate of
Racer's e-commerce has also increased through the
expansion of short video seeding, etc. The monthly
active buyers of e-commerce exceeded the scale of
100 million, and the paid penetration rate exceeded
15%, which was up year-on-year.2022 During the third
quarter of this year, the e-commerce business has
become the biggest bright spot of Racer. Total e-
commerce transactions of Racer increased by 26.6%
year-on-year to 222.5 billion yuan during the
reporting period, which was higher than market
expectations. E-commerce was taken by the Racer
platform as an important engine for future growth
and became the center of Racer's entire business
ecosystem. Overall, "e-commerce + local life"
has become an important option for content sharing
platforms to further realize traffic in the era of
traffic inventory.
The level of standardized development of local life
service platforms continued to improve. Meituan,
42
HungryMall and other industry-leading takeout
platform enterprises vigorously promote the
reform of platform fee transparency, actively use
the platform's technical facilities to empower
merchants, and are committed to creating a win-
win platform economic ecosystem for platform
enterprises, merchants and consumers. In terms of
platform charges, the original packaged fixed-rate
fee model has been changed, and the platform
charges have been further detailed, including
commissions and delivery service fees. Among
them, the commission is charged at a fixed rate,
and the platform provides the relevant technical
support costs; the delivery service fee is charged
according to the actual situation of the order (such
as distance, order price and service hours and
other factors). The new billing method is clearer
and more transparent than in the past. For
example, the vast majority of merchants on the
MITUAN platform after the rate transparency reform
have commissions at the level of 6%-8%, and catering
merchants have more choices in delivery methods.
In terms of empowering small and medium-sized
merchants, in order to enhance the digitalized
operation level of takeaway merchants, Meituan

43
The Tuan platform has provided takeaway butler
services to 70,000 merchants, and through automated
order taking and dispatching services, merchants'
revenues have increased by more than 30% year-on-
year.

(iii) Accelerated pace of development of the manufacturing

sharing economy

The development of the sharing economy has

brought new opportunities for the transformation
and upgrading of manufacturing enterprises. With
the continuous improvement of China's industrial
Internet and other new infrastructures, the
technical support for the development of the
sharing economy in China's manufacturing
industry has become more solid, and the pace of
practical innovation continues to accelerate. At the
practical level, both traditional manufacturing
leading enterprises based on their own resource
advantages, relying on network platforms to open
and share resources, and constantly build an open
ecology to jointly create the best experience for
users, and realize the co-creative win-win situation
of enterprises, users and ecological parties; there
are also Internet platform enterprises playing a
technological advantage for the digital
transformation needs of the industry, and through
the digital transformation of the whole industrial
chain and cloud upgrading, to promote the

44
manufacture of There are also Internet platform
enterprises that give full play to their
technological advantages, face the digital
transformation needs of the industry, and through
the digital transformation and cloud upgrading of
the whole industrial chain, promote the accurate
matching of supply and demand for resources and
a higher level of dynamic balance, build a new
manufacturing mode with real-time response, and
help manufacturing enterprises and the industry
to improve quality and efficiency.
The pace of industrial Internet system and platform
construction accelerated. Industry and informatization
Data from the Ministry shows that at present,
China's multi-level, systematic industrial Internet
platform system has basically taken shape, and
there are more than 1,000 industrial Internet
platforms in the country, with a total capacity of more
than 1,000 platforms.
There are more than 150 industrial Internet platforms
with certain industry and regional influence, the
connected devices of key platforms exceed 79 million
sets, and the number of industrial APPs exceeds
590,000, and the proportion of enterprises carrying
out networked collaboration and service-oriented
manufacturing has reached 39.5 percent and 30.1
percent respectively. The proportion of enterprises
carrying out networked collaboration and service-
oriented manufacturing has reached 39.5% and 30.1%
respectively, and the number of "5G+Industrial
45
Internet" projects to be invested and constructed
nationwide in 2022 will exceed 4,000, with a batch of 5G
fully-connected factories being built.
Telecommunications companies have provided more
than 14,000 5G virtual private networks using 5G
slicing technology. In May 2022, the Ministry of
Industry and Information Technology selected 28
cross-industry and cross-field industrial Internet
projects, including COSMOPlat, RootCloud, Tencent
WeMake, Baidu Kaiwu, and UFIDA Jingzhi.

46
Industrial Internet platform, cross-industry and
cross-field industrial Internet platform
construction accelerated, providing important
support for the development of the manufacturing
sharing economy.
Shared manufacturing platforms built by
leading large manufacturing enterprises are
constantly enriching their functions and playing an
important role in empowering the digital
transformation of small and medium-sized
enterprises. The cross-industry and cross-field
industrial Internet platform "COSMOPlat" built by
Haier Group has linked 900,000 enterprises and
served more than 80,000 enterprises, helping them
improve quality, reduce costs and increase
efficiency. In terms of empowering industry
development, the platform has spawned 15 industry
ecosystems such as chemical industry and molds,
covering 29 major industries.
Class. Taking Zibo New's Dart as an example, Khaos
not only helps it docking more than 80,000 industrial
equipments and nearly 1,000 enterprises'
production data, which improves the working
efficiency of robots, but also jointly develops the
intelligent loading equipment cloud platform
scenario solution. With the ecological
empowerment of Kaos, Newstar's overall profit
margin increased by 20% and operation and
maintenance costs decreased by 40%. AeroCloud
has built an industrial Internet platform that is
47
cross-industry, cross-field, and cross-region
("three spans"), as well as system-wide, life-cycle,
and industry-chain-wide ("three wholes"),
helping enterprises shift to "intelligent
manufacturing, Its INDICS platform has connected
more than 1.7 million industrial equipments,
aggregated more than 18,000 industrial APPs,
deposited more than 412,000 mechanism models, and
served 122,000 enterprises in 29 regions across China;
the regional platform
of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay
Area (Huangpu) Industrial Cloud Platform, with the
INDICS platform as its core. With the INDICS platform
as the core, the regional platform "Guangdong-Hong
Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (Huangpu) Industrial
Cloud Platform" realizes access to 23,992 equipments,
and the accumulated industrial cloud models in the
platform have been used in the industrial cloud.
Number of models 390858.
Utilizing their own data resources and
information technology foundations, Internet
platform enterprises have taken advantage of
accurate resource matching and supply and
demand docking in cross-industry and cross-field
shared manufacturing. Alibaba's 1688 platform is
committed to providing production capacity
docking services, and its "1688 Find a Factory"
specializes in helping people in need through a
variety of operational methods, including "Factory
Manager Online", "Find a Manager with
48
Money", and "Industry
List". Its "1688
Factory Finder"
specializes in helping
merchants in need to find enterprises with
processing and customization capabilities to carry out
personalized customization through a variety of
operational methods, such as "Factory Manager
Online", "Finding a Manager with Models", and
"Industry Lists".

49
The 1688 platform has moved millions of factories and traders
online, allowing more than
50 million buyers have found suitable sources of
goods on the platform and concluded transactions.
The Rhino Smart Manufacturing platform can
provide one-stop flexible and quick-response supply
capability for more than 70% of apparel categories,
and has already served more than 200 brand enterprises.
Tencent Cloud is oriented to the industrial industry,
integrating cloud products, YouTu industrial AI, big
data center, IoT center, microtiling, enterprise
WeChat, enterprise point, and other internal
products to build the WeMake industrial Internet
platform, and exporting its product capabilities to
the outside world through the platform carrier.
Based on the root cloud platform, Shugen Internet
provides industrial Internet services for nearly 1,000
industrial enterprises in dozens of industrial
segments, such as equipment manufacturing, iron
and steel metallurgy, automobile vehicles and spare
parts. Through the mode of "universal platform +
industrial ecology", it also combines the industry
experience and application scenarios of ecological
partners such as industry leading enterprises and
industry chain innovation enterprises, helping to
build industrial Internet applications for many
industry chains such as environmental protection,
casting, textile, etc., and driving a large number of
upstream and downstream enterprises, especially
small and medium-sized enterprises, to practice
50
digitalization transformation.

(iv) Sharing economy for green and low-carbon

development

The sharing economy follows the principles of

reduction, reuse and recycling, and is able to rely
on the Internet to realize the reuse of idle
resources, which is conducive to improving the
use of resources and contributing to the green and
sustainable development of the economy, society
and the environment. In China's carbon peak
carbon neutral "1+N" policy system, there are many
references to encouraging the development of the
sharing economy, such as the National Development
and Reform Commission and other seven
departments, "Promoting Green Consumption
Implementation Plan" requires "expanding the
sharing and utilization of idle resources and second-
hand trading channels, and orderly development of
the sharing economy in the fields of travel, lodging
and freight transportation, encouraging the
sharing and exchange of idle goods, and
encouraging the sharing and exchange of idle
goods". The Ministry of Ecology and Environment
and other 18 departments put forward the "Working
Program for the Construction of Waste-Free Cities
in the 14th Five-Year Plan Period", which proposes
to "promote the formation of a green, low-carbon
lifestyle, actively develop the sharing economy,

51
and actively promote the development of a green,
low-carbon, low-carbon and low-carbon economy.
The Ministry of Ecology and Environment and
other 18 departments have proposed to "promote
the formation of a green and low-carbon lifestyle,
actively develop the sharing economy, and
promote the trading and circulation of second-
hand goods" in the Work
Program for the
Construction of a
Waste-free City in
the 14th Five-Year
Plan Period. With the extensive
penetration of the sharing economy in the fields of
transportation, catering services and daily life, the
sharing economy has become a key factor in the
development of a green and low-carbon lifestyle.

52
Its role in enhancing the value of green
development and fostering green consumption
habits is becoming increasingly prominent.
In the field of shared mobility, green mobility
is a necessary part of a green lifestyle, and shared
mobility concepts such as carpooling, hitchhiking,
and two-wheeled vehicles have cultivated green
mobility habits among the general public, and
have played a positive role in advancing the green
transformation of China's transportation sector
and facilitating the realization of the dual-carbon
goals in the transportation sector. China's Green
Industry Guidance Catalogue (2019 Edition) codifies
shared motorcycles and explicitly encourages the
development of the construction and operation of
shared transportation facilities and the
development of shared transportation business.
Shared bicycle and motorcycle travel has shown
significant emission reduction and carbon
reduction effects. Since its operation until
September 2021, the cumulative reduction in the
number of users of Meituan's bicycles and
motorcycles has amounted to CO2
Carbon emissions amounted to 1.187 million tons,
equivalent to reducing the carbon dioxide
emissions of 270,000 private cars for one year.
Among them, the carbon reduction effect of
motorcycles is even better, with a net carbon
reduction of 558.05 kilograms in the whole life
cycle of a motorcycle, while that of a bicycle is
53
 213.70 kilograms.4 The net carbon reduction of a
motorcycle is better. Compared with high-carbon
travel modes such as cars and motorcycles, shared
motorcycles realize zero emissions in the use phase,
and if we consider electricity consumption and
carbon emissions from the upstream power
generation process, the average carbon
emissions per unit are 10 percent of those of fuel-
fired cars, 20 percent of those of fuel-fired
motorcycles, 30 percent of those of rail transit, and 30
percent of those of buses.
.
80%5

In the field of catering takeaway, the monthly

active users of China's takeaway platform have
exceeded 500 million people, which is a key area of
green consumption, and the platform merchants
are guided to provide green services through
environmentally friendly bags, recycled packaging,
and no cutlery required to incentivize consumers
to reduce carbon at the source. In the case of
Meituan, for example, it launched the "Green
Mountain Plan" in 2017, and by the end of 2022,
it will have incubated and placed a total of 2.91
million pieces of green packaging products of 31
models, and will have a total of 2.91 million pieces of
green packaging products in 7 cities.
More than 1,500 communities and establishments in the provinces
are implementing waste separation and lunch boxes on a large scale.
The large-scale recycling program has collected more than 6,400 tons
of plastic food containers;
54
More than 300 million Meituan users have selected the "no cutlery
required" feature; on the ordering page
4 Central Joint Certification Center, Environmental Development Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment,
"Shared Riding Full Life Cycle Pollution Reduction and Carbon Reduction Report," September 2022
Ministry of Ecology and Environment Publicity and Education Center, Green Orange Bicycle, "2021 Report on Green
5

Development Value of Shared Electric Bicycle".

55
With the online text alert function, when
consumers order a certain amount of food, they
will receive the alert message "Order in
moderation, be environmentally friendly and
healthy"; the online publicity of environmental
protection concepts has reached more than 3 billion
people; the opening of the merchants' Qingshan
profiles, and more than 330,000 merchants have the
"Help Low-Carbon Consumption" badge, and the
promotion of green consumption awareness has
begun to bear fruit. More than 330,000 merchants
have the "Help Low-Carbon Consumption" badge,
and the awareness of green consumption has
begun to show results.
In the field of online office, online office
platforms such as Nail, Flying Book and Tencent
Meeting have constructed online workspaces to
support paperless office, remote meetings,
electronic approvals, etc. On the one hand, they
have reduced the carbon footprint of
transportation and travel by lowering the need for
travel, and on the other hand, they have
drastically reduced the use of paper and
meeting supplies, gradually realizing a "low-
carbon office". Since the launch of Tencent's meeting
products, more than 15 million tons of carbon
emission reductions have been generated (after
deducting the carbon emissions generated by the
use of data centers), equivalent to the carbon
emission reductions generated by stopping 229
56
million private cars nationwide for 14 days 6 On
average, each
The emission reduction generated by an online
meeting is equivalent to the carbon sink generated by
about 20 trees per year. more than 200 million users
used Tencent Document's cloud-based editing and
collaboration function in 2021, achieving a total of
199,700 tons of carbon emission reduction, which is
equivalent to the carbon sink generated by at least
60,000 acres of forests in a year.7 。

III. Sharing economy governance innovations to escort

normative development

(i) Continuous improvement of governance rules and

institutional norms

First, data governance. Over the past five years,

China has established a top-level legal system for
data governance, including the Cybersecurity Law,
the Data Security Law, and the Personal
Information Protection Law.2022 China is further
implementing the relevant requirements of the top-
level legal system, and accelerating the research
and introduction of supporting systems and
measures. In terms of cross-border flow of data, in
June 2022, the State Internet Information Office
issued the
6 China Environmental Protection Association Green Cycle Inclusion Specialized Committee, Publicity and Education
Center of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Quantitative Research Report on Carbon Emission Reduction
through Online Conferencing

57
The report was published in September 2021 and is available on the Web site of the United Nations Office on Drugs and
Crime (UNODC).
7 China Environmental Protection Federation, China Internet Development Foundation Digital Carbon Neutral
Special Fund, China Environmental Protection Joint Certification Center, Tencent, "Online Document Production
Carbon Emission Reduction Performance Study Report," September 2022

58
Provisions on Standard Contracts for Personal
Information Outbound (Draft for Public
Comments), which stipulates the main contents of
the contract and the standard contract text when
providing personal information out of the country
by way of signing a standard contract, is an
important supporting system for the cross-border
provision of personal information in China, which
is of great significance in promoting the safe,
standardized, and free flow of personal
information across the border.In July, the State
Internet Information Office issued a
The Measures for Security Assessment of Data Exit
have further clarified the specific processes and
requirements for security assessment of data exit,
and made innovative provisions for the
circumstances that require data to be provided
outside China by way of security assessment, the
examination requirements of competent
authorities at different levels, and the factors that
need to be emphasized in the assessment, etc.,
which provide a systematic basis and guidance of
operability for the development of platform
enterprises with the need for data exit. In terms of
data security management in key areas, in December
2022, the Ministry of Industry and Information
Technology (MIIT) issued the Measures for Data
Security Management in the Field of Industry and
Information Technology (for Trial Implementation),
and the standardization and institutionalization of
59
data security management in the field of industry and
information technology has been accelerated.
The second is algorithmic governance. One is in the area
of algorithmic recommendation services, 2022 3
The Regulations on the Administration of Algorithmic
Recommendation of Internet Information Services,
which came into effect on January 1, is the first
departmental regulation focusing on algorithmic
governance in China, and also the first
comprehensive, all-encompassing and systematic
legal document regulating algorithms in the world.
This provision clarifies the main responsibility of
algorithm recommendation service providers,
builds a platform accountability system, and
makes relevant provisions specifically for the
protection of users' rights and interests, including the
algorithm's right to know and the algorithm's right to
choose, as well as specific specific norms for the
algorithm recommendation service providers that
provide services to minors, the elderly, laborers,
consumers, and other subjects. Secondly, in terms of
deep synthesis services, in December 2022, the State
Internet Information Office and other three
departments jointly issued the Administrative
Provisions on Deep Synthesis of Internet
Information Services, responding to the
requirements of the management system for the
innovative application of deep synthesis
technology and clarifying the responsibilities of the
main bodies related to deep synthesis services.
60
 Third, anti-unfair competition.2022 In January, the
National Development and Reform Commission
(NDRC) and nine other departments jointly issued
the Opinions on Promoting the Standardized,
Healthy and Sustainable Development of the
Platform Economy, proposing to amend the Anti-
Monopoly Law and to formulate and introduce
regulations prohibiting unfair competition on the
Internet.2023 In August, the amended Anti-Monopoly
Law came into effect. The new law lists "data"
and "algorithms" as important antitrust
considerations, and the accompanying antitrust
regulations are also being accelerated and
improved to address the issues of "strangling
mergers and acquisitions" in the platform
economy. It is also proposed to introduce market
capitalization and valuation as the criteria for
declaration of operators. The new Anti-Monopoly
Law and its supporting regulations provide strong
safeguards for law enforcement through innovations
at the legislative design level, and in November, the
State Administration for Market Supervision and
Regulation released the "Anti-Unfair
Competition Law (Draft Revision)", which makes
further provisions on unfair competition in the
field of the platform economy in relation to the
access to and use of data, implementation of
algorithms, and impediments to open sharing.
provisions, further clarifying the responsibilities of
platform operators in terms of compliance
61
management.
Fourth, the ecological governance of online platforms. In the
field of webcasting, t h e 2022 phase
The relevant departments have strengthened the
management of live game broadcasting on
platforms, further standardized live webcast
rewarding, and strengthened the protection of
minors. In terms of network information content
management, the relevant departments have
formulated the Regulations on the Administration
of Mobile Internet Application Information Service
The Regulations on the Administration of Internet
Pop-up Information Pushing Services and the
Regulations on the Administration of Internet
Follow-up Services, which provide institutional
safeguards for the creation of a clean, healthy and
upwardly mobile cyberspace.

(ii) New results in the implementation of the system

2022 Relevant departments to increase law

enforcement in the fields of network security, data
security, personal information protection, etc., in
accordance with the law, through special
remediation, comprehensive remediation, regular
law enforcement supervision, law enforcement
interviews, orders to correct, warnings,
notification of criticisms, fines, orders to suspend
the relevant business, closure of the business, and
other disposal of penalties, according to the

62
The law cracks down on illegal acts that jeopardize
national network security, data security and
infringement of citizens' personal information,
effectively safeguards national network security,
data security and social public interests, and
vigorously protects the legitimate rights and interests
of the general public.
In July, the State Internet Information Office,
based on the conclusions of the cybersecurity review
and the problems and clues found, and in
accordance with the Cybersecurity Law, the Data
Security Law
Personal Information Protection Law and imposed a
fine of RMB 8,026 million on DDT, which is the largest
fine issued in China in terms of data governance
since the official implementation of the three laws,
fully reflecting the great importance that China
attaches to strengthening data governance on
platforms, safeguarding national security and
enhancing the protection of personal information.
The State Administration for Market Supervision
issued administrative penalty decisions on 28 cases of
illegal implementation of operator concentration
without declaration in accordance with the law, most
of which involved digital platform companies,
including in the areas of shared mobility, Internet
healthcare and content sharing.
In December, the State Administration of Market
Supervision (SAMS), taking into account the
nature, extent, duration and elimination of the
63
consequences of China Knowledge's illegal
behavior, made a decision on administrative
punishment in accordance with the law, ordering
China Knowledge to stop its illegal behavior and
imposing a fine of 5% of its sales in China in 2021
amounting to 1,752 million yuan, which was calculated
as follows
87.6 million yuan. At the same time, it supervised
Zhi.com to fully implement the rectification
measures and eliminate the consequences of illegal
behavior, and required Zhi.com to carry out
comprehensive rectification around lifting the
exclusive cooperation, alleviating the burden on
users, and strengthening the internal compliance
management, so as to promote the standardized,
healthy and innovative development of the industry.
Secondly, we continue to strengthen the
comprehensive management of cyberspace and
resolutely investigate and deal with all kinds of
cases of violation of the law.2022 In the first half of
the year, the State Internet Information Office
interviewed a total of 3,491 websites and platforms in
accordance with the law, fined and punished 283 of
them, and suspended the functions of 419 of them or
updated them.
177 mobile applications were taken down, and illegal websites were
canceled in conjunction with the telecommunication authorities.
It has licensed or recorded and closed 12,292 illegal
websites. In addition, solid progress has been made
in regulating the management of mobile Internet
64
application information services, and in-depth
management of APPs, small programs, fast
applications and other applications. By the first half
of 2022, the industrial

65
The Ministry of Information Technology of the
People's Republic of China has completed a total of
6.3 million APP inspections, basically realizing full
coverage of APPs on the shelves of mainstream
application stores.

(iii) Continuous promotion of governance innovations in

key areas

As a fast-growing sector of the sharing

economy, governance innovation in the shared
mobility industry continues to advance, presenting
new features in 2022.
All-chain joint supervision is
strengthened.2022 In early February, the Ministry
of Transportation, the Ministry of Industry and
Information Technology and other eight departments
jointly revised and issued the Notice on Strengthening
the Relevant Work of All-Chain Joint Supervision
of the Network Reservation Taxi Industry
Beforehand, During and After the Event. On the
one hand, it strengthens the joint supervision and
service beforehand, and requires the relevant
departments at all levels of the local government
to optimize the service process, and facilitate the
application for permits and other matters for
qualified network car reservation platform
companies, drivers and vehicles; network car
reservation platform companies shall not access
drivers and vehicles that have not obtained the

66
corresponding permits for rental cars, and shall
strictly verify the permit documents of the drivers
and vehicles when they are newly registered, and
shall not register those that cannot be provided
and be reminded to apply for the corresponding
permits. Remind to apply for the corresponding
license. On the other hand, the matters and
processes of whole-chain joint supervision have
been refined, and it is proposed to explore the
establishment of a multi-party collaborative
governance mechanism involving government
departments, enterprises, practitioners,
passengers and industry associations, to
strengthen the joint supervision of emergency
response and disposal of the net booking industry,
to explore the use of the Internet thinking to
innovate supervisory methods, to realize the
interoperability of information and the sharing of
resources, and to enhance supervisory efficacy.
Aggregate platform compliance has become a new
focus.2022 In August, the Department of Transportation in
When interviewing the 11 net car platforms, the rights
and responsibilities of the aggregation platforms were
mentioned for the first time, and the aggregation
platforms were required to ensure that the
accessed net car platforms comply with the
relevant regulations, i.e. the aggregation platforms
should ensure that the accessed net car platforms
comply with the relevant regulations, and the
accessed net car platform companies should be
67
urged to strengthen the management of vehicles
and personnel. When a safety incident occurs, the
aggregation platform company should fulfill its
responsibility to pay compensation first in
accordance with the law, and do a good job of
handling the accident together with the network
car platform company involved. Many places will
aggregate platform reference electricity

68
Sub-commercial platforms are regulated. For
example, the Implementing Rules for the
Administration of Network Reservation Taxi in
Chengdu City defines a network car aggregation
platform as a "third-party information service
platform" and stipulates that "if a network car
platform company accesses a third-party
information service platform to engage in
operation services, it still bears the responsibility of
a carrier". December 1, 2022
The Jinan Regulations on the Management of
Passenger Taxi Vehicles have been formally
implemented, clarifying the regulatory system for
online taxi aggregation platforms in the form of
local legislation. The regulations define the
aggregation platform as "a third party that
provides information intermediary and
transaction aggregation services for network car
operators and passengers", and the
aggregation platform should audit the network
car operators for access, and should not be accessed
without obtaining a business license.
Price regulation continues to be promoted.2022
In February 2022, the Ministry of Transport (MOT)
made the "implementation of the 'sunshine
action' on profit-taking by platform
companies in new transportation industries" one
of the practical matters in 2022 that are closer to
people's livelihoods. In the field of online taxi, the
Ministry of Transport urged major online taxi
69
platform companies to disclose their pricing rules
to the public, reasonably set the upper limit of
their platform's profit-taking ratio and publicly
release it, and display the profit-taking ratio for each
order in real time on the driver's side. In the field of
road freight transportation, the main road freight
transportation platform companies are urged to
disclose their pricing rules to the public, set a
reasonable upper limit on the amount of fees
charged for orders on their platforms or on the
percentage of profit-taking, and on the maximum
membership fee, etc., and publicly release them to the
public.
In addition, in the field of shared health care, the
epidemic forced the situation of institutional innovation
steps
In December 2022, the State Council's Medical Rescue
and Treatment Group of the Joint Prevention and
Control Mechanism for Responding to the New
Coronavirus Pneumonia Epidemic issued the
Circular on Improving the Internet Medical
Service for New Coronavirus Pneumonia, which
clarifies that healthcare institutions (including
Internet hospitals and healthcare institutions
carrying out Internet-based diagnostic and treatment
services) can, through the Internet-based diagnostic
and treatment platform, provide online
prescriptions to patients who present with
symptoms related to new coronavirus pneumonia
and who are in line with the "Guidelines for the
70
Treatment of New Coronavirus-Infected Patients
at Home". The Internet diagnosis and treatment
platform allows medical institutions (including
Internet hospitals) to issue online prescriptions
for patients with symptoms related to
neocoronavirus pneumonia and in line with the
Guidelines for Home Treatment of
Neocoronavirus Infected Patients, and encourages
third parties to deliver medicines to patients'
homes. This initiative breaks the long-standing
"forbidden zone" in which Internet healthcare
is unable to provide patients with first
consultation services. Relevant practice in

71
After a period of exploration, it is expected that a
long-term policy will be formed to provide
institutional guarantee for the continuous
enhancement of the scope and quality level of shared
medical services.

IV. Outlook on the development trend of the sharing

economy

(i) Mixed macroeconomic environment for the

development of the sharing economy

The year 2023 is the third year of China's 14th

Five-Year Plan, and a key year for economic and
social normalization and vitality restoration
after the optimization of epidemic prevention
and control measures. The Central Economic
Work Conference in December 2022 emphasized the
need to adhere to the principle that "development is
the first priority," "vigorously boost market
confidence," and "promote an overall
improvement in economic performance." "We
should adhere to the principle of real work,
stimulate the vitality of the whole society, so that
cadres dare to act, localities dare to break
through, enterprises dare to do, and the masses
dare to be the first to create". At the same time,
since 2023
Since January 8, 2 0 0 8 , China has implemented
"Category B B control" for new coronavirus infections,

72
focusing on "health protection and prevention of
serious illnesses", and has taken corresponding
measures to maximize the protection of people's
lives and health, and to minimize the impact of the
epidemic on economic and social development.
China's war "epidemic". China's battle against
the epidemic has entered a new phase, namely,
optimizing and improving prevention and control
measures to create conditions for normal economic
and social operation. A number of international
organizations have predicted that China's economy
will grow considerably i n 2023, based on a low base i n
2022, for example, the International Finance
Forum (IFF) predicted that China's economic
growth rate is expected to reach 4.6%, and the latest
prediction of the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
and the World Bank is 4.3%.
However, it is also important to recognize the greater pressures
facing the macroeconomic environment. Domestically.
The foundation of China's economic recovery is
not yet solid, and the triple pressures of demand
contraction, supply shocks and weakening
expectations remain strong. The optimization and
adjustment of epidemic prevention and control
measures will release some suppressed consumer
demand in the short term, but the expected
income level of residents and the expected profit
status of enterprises profoundly affect the
consumption of residents and the investment
behavior of enterprises, and it is not a small
73
challenge to comprehensively boost confidence
and enhance the endogenous momentum of
economic development. Internationally, the world
economic recovery is weak, global inflation remains
high, and the global economy is likely to experience a
recession in 2023. on January 10, 2023, the World Bank
announced that it was going to launch a global
economic recession in the near future.

74
The Bank released the latest edition of its Global
Economic Prospects report, which lowered its forecast
for global economic growth to 1.7 per cent in 2023 from
3.0 per cent in June 2022, the third-lowest growth rate in
nearly 30 years and higher than that of 2009, the year
of the global recession.
World Economic Situation and Prospects to 2023 The United
Nations World Economic Situation and Prospects
2023 report, released on January 25, revised global
economic growth in 2023 downward to 1.9%.
From the point of view of the development of
the sharing economy itself, on the one hand, the
three-year epidemic under the impact of the
platform business pressure is huge, with the
platform economy regulation towards
normalization, the pressure of business
compliance is bound to increase, the capital
market on the platform business investment
confidence recovery still needs a certain process,
so the sharing economy development will face
greater growth pressure. On the other hand, there
are many favorable factors for the future
development of the sharing economy: the national
level vigorously develop the digital economy, the
platform economy policy orientation is further
clarified, fully affirmed the platform economy, the
sharing economy, the new industry in the
expansion of domestic demand, promote
consumption, create employment and other
positive effects; people's online consumption
75
habits further developed, the pace of enterprise
digital transformation accelerated, not only for the
sharing economy development puts forward new
requirements, but also continues to give rise to
new economic development. The further
development of people's online consumption
habits and the accelerated pace of enterprises'
digital transformation have not only put forward
new requirements for the development of the
sharing economy, but also given rise to new
demands and new business models, and the
sharing economy is expected to continue to
accelerate the penetration of various economic and
social fields and expand new development space.

(ii) More optimized policy environment for the

development of the sharing economy

The Central Economic Work Conference in 2022

made a comprehensive deployment of economic
work in 2023 and beyond, highlighting the need to
effectively implement the "two unwavering",
protect the property rights of private enterprises
and entrepreneurs' rights and interests in
accordance with the law, and support the
platform enterprises to lead the development,
create employment, and make great achievements
in international competition. Through the policy
deployment on platform economy development at
the national and local levels in the past two years,

76
it can be seen that the policy environment for the
development of China's sharing economy will be
more optimized in the next few years.

77
 At the national level, the development of the
platform economy and platform enterprises has
been better positioned and the policy tone has
become more positive. Regarding the development
of the platform economy, the National Economic
Work Conference in 2020 p r o p o s e d
"s t r e n g t h e n i n g anti-monopoly and
p r e v e n t i n g t h e d i s o r d e r l y expansion of
c a p i t a l . The National Economic Work Conference
in 2020 proposed to "strengthen anti-monopoly and
prevent uncontrolled expansion of capital. ......
regulate the development in accordance with the
law", and in 2021 it proposed to "set up a 'traffic
light' for capital, strengthen effective
regulation of capital in accordance with the
law, and prevent the barbaric growth of
capital". In May 2022, the State Council issued the
"Package of Policy Measures for Solidly Stabilizing
the Economy," which elaborated on the important
role of platform economic development and its
positioning, such as stabilizing employment,
providing relief to enterprises, preventing
epidemics and ensuring supply, and making
breakthroughs in technological research and
development.2022 The Central Economic Work
Conference in 2022, on the other hand, saw obvious
positive changes, standing on the height of
accelerating the construction of a modernized
industrial system, and proposing to "vigorously
promote the development of capital" and to
78
"vigorously promote
the development of
capital". In 2022, the
Central Economic
Work Conference has
seen a significant
positive change,
standing at the height of
accelerating the construction of a modernized
industrial system, proposing to "vigorously
develop the digital economy, improve the level of
normalized supervision, and support platform
enterprises to make a big difference in leading the
development, job creation, and international
competition", which can be seen that the
positioning of the platform enterprises and the
development of the platform economy at the
national level has been further improved, which
means that the space for the development of the
sharing economy in the future is further expanded.
Platform economic regulation towards normalization and
institutionalization will further stabilize the market
Expectations and confidence.2023 On January 13,
the central bank announced that Ant Group and
other 14 large platform enterprises had basically
completed the rectification; on January 16, DDT
announced that after a comprehensive rectification,
it would resume the registration of new users from
now on. These two events are market concerns and
landmark events in the process of platform
79
economy rectification. The requirements of the
Central Economic Work Conference on the
regulation and standardized development of the
platform economy, from the previous
"implementation of normalized regulation" to
the later "enhance the level of normalized
regulation", also means that the special
rectification of China's platform economy is
basically over, and the regulation will move
towards the normalization and institutionalization
of the platform economy, and comprehensively
enhance the level of regulation. Normalization
and institutionalization, and comprehensively
improving the government's regulatory capacity
will become the next step, which will help stabilize
market expectations and confidence.
Participation of market players represented by individual
businessmen in the innovative development of the sharing
economy
The business environment has been improved.2022
The Regulations on Promoting the Development of
Individual Business Enterprises, which came into
effect on November 1, institutionalized the results
of the "release of administrative services" reform,

80
It has standardized 19 specific support policies in
various aspects such as registration services, annual
report services, various information services, precise
assistance, supply of business premises, as well as
funding, taxation, finance, social security,
entrepreneurship and employment, community
convenience, digital development, intellectual
property protection, and relief assistance, etc. It
has explicitly stated that "the state guides and
supports individual businessmen to accelerate
their It clearly states that "the State guides and
supports individual business owners to accelerate
digital development and realize integrated online
and offline operations" and requires platform
operators "not to make use of service agreements,
platform rules, data algorithms, technology and
other means to impose unreasonable restrictions,
attach unreasonable conditions or charge
unreasonable fees on individual business owners
on the platform."
In addition, the financial policy environment for the
development of the platform economy has further
improved.2023
In January 2011, the relevant person in charge of the
Finance Division of the People's Bank of China said
that the next step would be to support the healthy
development of the platform economy in three
aspects, including: continuing to promote the
relevant platform enterprises to speed up the
rectification of the remaining few problems,
81
improving the level of regularized supervision,
and studying and formulating financial support
measures to promote the healthy development of
the platform economy. The platform economy
may re-emerge as an important hand to boost
economic confidence and step into a new stage of
development. From an international perspective,
on December 15, 2022 the U.S. Public Company
Accounting Oversight Board
The PCAOB issued a report confirming that in fiscal year 2022 it
will be able to assess the impacts on mainland China.
The US and Hong Kong CPA firms have completed
their inspections and investigations, and have
revoked the decision to delist the company in 2021
if it fails to provide audit reports for three years.
This means that the cooperation between China
and the US on audit regulation has achieved
positive results, releasing a positive signal for
Chinese companies listing in the US. Overseas
listings of platform economy enterprises are expected
to pick up, ushering in a new phase of development
in 2023.

(iii) The sharing economy has become an important tool for

expanding domestic demand in the economy.

From the perspective of strategic planning for

economic development at the national level, the
new sharing economy is expected to play an
important role in expanding domestic demand,

82
promoting consumption, and improving the
quality of supply. The Fourteenth Five-Year Plan
for National Economic and Social Development of
the People's Republic of China

83
The Outline of the National Plan and Vision for 2035
and the report of the Twentieth National Congress of
the Communist Party of China all mention
"combining the implementation of the strategy of
expanding domestic demand with the deepening of
supply-side structural reform". "During the 14th
Five-Year Plan period, the objectives of China's
national economic development are to promote
consumption and investment, improve the distribution
pattern, enhance the quality of supply, perfect the
market system and smooth the economic cycle.
Considering that the global economy may fall into
recession in 2023, the weakening of external demand
will be an important unfavorable factor for China's
economic development, and the expansion of
domestic demand will become the focus of China's
economic work in 2023. Among the domestic demands,
consumption is the lasting endogenous driving
force for economic growth compared with
investment. China's "Outline of Strategic Plan for
Expanding Domestic Demand (2022-2035)" puts
forward a new strategic positioning for expanding
domestic demand, which is an inevitable choice
under the new development pattern of
"constructing a large domestic cycle as the main
body, and mutually promoting domestic and
international double cycles" in the new
situation. The new strategic positioning of
domestic demand is an inevitable choice under the
new situation of "constructing a new development
84
pattern with the main body of the domestic
macrocycle and mutual promotion of the domestic
and international double cycle". It is explicitly
stated that we should "promote the development
of the sharing economy and other new forms of
consumption". Encourage enterprises to open up
platform resources and fully tap the application
potential of idle stock resources; encourage
manufacturing enterprises to explore business
models and applicable scenarios of shared
manufacturing. It can be seen that the new sharing
economy is expected to accelerate the penetration of
social production, people's lives, public services
and other areas.
It can also be seen from local government policy plans that the
new sharing economy is in the
The role of the digital economy in the overall
development of the digital economy has received
further attention and emphasis. The Beijing
Municipal Regulation on the Promotion of the
Digital Economy proposes to encourage innovation
in the sharing economy and support the
optimization and upgrading of online services and
products, such as telecommuting; and the
Guangdong Provincial Regulation on the
Promotion of the Digital Economy proposes to
clarify, in accordance with law and regulations,
the positioning of platform enterprises and the
rules of supervision, and to promote the
standardized, orderly, innovative and healthy
85
development of the platform economy and the
sharing economy;
The Regulation on the Promotion of Digital
Economy in Hebei Province proposes the
development of the sharing economy such as
shared mobility, shared rental, and shared goods;
the Regulation on the Promotion of Digital
Economy in Guangzhou Municipality

86
It is proposed to encourage the exploration of new
organizational models of the sharing economy, such
as shared equipment, shared workshops, shared
factories, shared scientific and technological
resources, shared logistics and shared travel. Hubei,
Chongqing, Xiamen and other places have also
made clear the policy orientation of encouraging the
development of the sharing economy in their local
digital economy development plans or
implementation programs.
At the practical level, the scale advantage of
domestic demand in the context of counter-
globalization is an important support for China's
economic development. To expand domestic
demand, on the one hand, it is necessary to
improve the quality of supply to stimulate and
drive more demand with high-quality supply; on
the other hand, it is necessary to comply with the
general trend of residents' consumption
upgrading, and focus on meeting personalized
and diversified consumption demand, and
promote consumption improvement in all aspects
and at multiple levels. The new production mode
brought about by the integration and innovation
of digital technology will promote the
improvement of industrial level and added value,
and the platform economy will become an important
guarantee of high-quality supply in the future digital
economy. The sharing economy, as a new mode of
consumption based on the development of network
87
platforms, provides greater growth space for
consumption upgrading, thus stimulating the
release of domestic consumption potential to a greater
extent.

(iv) New opportunities arising from technological

innovations represented by the meta-universe

Meta-universe, as a comprehensive integration and

coupled innovation of a new generation of digital
technologies, its technological development and
application popularization will also have a huge
impact on the sharing economy. Specifically, 5G
will provide stronger network support capability,
artificial intelligence will fully activate the value of
data, the Internet of Things will promote the
interconnection of everything, blockchain will
empower credible authentication, and virtual
reality will enhance the ability to integrate online
and offline. The coupling of technologies will drive
a twofold shift in the sharing economy.
First, the integration of online and offline. The
holographic immersion and physical interaction
features of the metaverse will make the online and
offline lifestyles of human beings to be integrated
and reconstructed. On the one hand, the meta-
universe will break through all the constraints
and limitations of traditional offline life,
triggering profound changes in the fields of online
education, online medical care, online tourism

88
and so on. For example, in the medical field, high-
quality resources will be popularized in the form of
digital extension.

89
With the support of naked-eye 3D, VR/AR and other
technologies, remote consultation and remote
teaching can be carried out more reliably and with
higher quality. On the other hand, the meta-
universe will break through the layers of barriers
to online consumption, overcoming the limitations
of asymmetric information and unidirectional
dissemination brought about by remote exchanges,
and allowing consumers to observe and experience
products online in an all-encompassing, multi-
dimensional, and detailed manner. This will make
the information more transparent and transactions
smoother in live e-commerce, shared
accommodation and other business areas that rely
on online information for consumption decisions
and ultimately need to complete the closed loop of
transactions offline.
The second is the interaction between the virtual
and the real. The combination of meta-universe, as
an innovative industry spanning the dual space of
virtual and real, and the sharing economy will also
result in the extension of innovation from the
physical to the virtual. On the one hand, the
production and operation methods of digital twin
and virtual-real interaction will be increasingly
popularized, creating a new mode of production
and manufacturing. The Three-Year Action Plan
for Industrial Meta-Universe (2022-2025) issued by
the Ministry of Industry and Information
Technology points out that "industrial meta-
90
universe brings about full-scene and digital-real
fusion applications, aggregates rich digital assets,
greatly enhances industrial value creation, and
will reconstruct a new ecology for digital
industrial development. " In the future, in the
industrial field, through the virtual space to create
a digital twin of the physical product, simulation
monitoring, simulation experiments, virtual
assembly and other forms, to achieve the analysis
and prediction of product design, production,
operation, service processes, to optimize the
digital results to guide the physical product to
improve the iteration; through the construction of
a virtual reality open service platform to support
multi-subject collaboration and simulation,
through the design, operation and maintenance,
manufacturing and other aspects of product
design, operation and maintenance. By building a
virtual reality open service platform that supports
multi-subject collaboration and simulation, it
connects product design, operation and
maintenance, manufacturing and other links, and
promotes more efficient sharing of manufacturing
resources, service capabilities and innovation
capabilities. On the other hand, in the future,
digital people, digital products, digital scenes, etc.
will become new elements of the sharing economy,
which may give rise to a new type of consumption
industry. The supply and demand sides of the
sharing economy may use digital bodies to
91
establish connections and carry out transactions,
such as digital anchors, digital shopping guides,
and digital doppelgängers of consumers, etc.;
digital products may become a new hotspot for
the public to co-create, including digital artwork,
digital clothing, digital real estate, etc., and the
creation of digital products will generate a new
sharing demand around the creation of digital
products.

92
requirements, such as computing resources,
creation tools, etc.; and the transaction venues of
the sharing economy will likely take place more in
meta-universe spaces, such as meta-universe
experience stores, exhibition halls, learning
platforms, and office spaces.

(v) New trends in the governance of sharing economy

platforms

First, the establishment of a regulatory system

covering the entire chain and combining multiple
regulatory approaches will be accelerated. First, the
relevant departments will give full consideration to
the characteristics of platform enterprises in different
fields and at different stages of development, and will
further clarify regulatory matters and processes in
key areas such as market access, platform operation,
data management, user services and employment
management. Secondly, it will continue to
optimize government services, clean up and
regulate unreasonable administrative permits,
qualifications and other matters, and provide
convenient and efficient access and business
services for various types of subjects to enter the
relevant markets. Once again, the relevant
departments will strengthen the governance
linkage between departments, regions and the
central government on the basis of further
clarification of regulatory responsibilities. Full-

93
chain supervision also implies comprehensive
supervision with a combination of measures,
including both mandatory measures based on
external investigations, civil sanctions and even
criminal sanctions, as well as non-mandatory
measures based on education, persuasion and
warnings, etc.; the relevant departments will also
pay more attention to the use of a variety of
different supervisory methods, such as
compliance guidelines, administrative interviews
and guidance, and notification of warnings, to
urge platforms to take the initiative to carry out self-
examinations and self-corrections.
Second, the innovation of regulatory models supported by
technologies such as big data and blockchain has been
accelerated.
In the Guiding Opinions on Promoting the
Standardized and Healthy Development of Platform
Economy issued by the General Office of the State
Council, it is proposed that we should actively
promote and rely on the national
"Internet+Supervision" and other systems to
strengthen the data analysis of all aspects of platform
transactions, carry out information detection, online
evidence preservation, online identification, and
source tracing, and enhance the ability to detect
and screen the platform economic risks and illegal
and irregular clues, and "realize the integrated
supervision by network control network, online
and offline". In April 2022, the CPC Central
94
Committee and State Council issued the Opinions
on Accelerating the Construction of a National
Unified Big Market, proposing to take full
advantage of the "Internet+Supervision" system.

95
Big data and other technical means are used to
accelerate the promotion of intelligent
supervision, and to improve the level of
informationization for cross-provincial common
and shared collaboration in market supervision
and government services, network transaction
supervision, consumer rights protection, and key
product traceability. First, the application of big
data technology has become more widespread and
deepened. Relevant departments can implement
wide-coverage, all-weather, multi-directional
monitoring, perception, analysis and early
warning of key platforms, key behaviors, key risks,
etc., through innovative data capture, model
calculation, intelligent analysis and other methods, so
as to promote the platform governance from static
to dynamic and from passive to active. Secondly,
collaborative governance supported by blockchain
will be effectively promoted. The platform
economy has the characteristics of network
operation and participation of multiple subjects,
etc. Traditional governance means have difficulties
in data sharing, evidence collection and storage,
and efficient collaboration among network nodes,
etc. Blockchain has the characteristics of
decentralization, non-counterfeiting, leaving traces
throughout the whole process, traceability, and
openness and transparency, etc., which can better
overcome the above pain points. In terms of data
sharing, blockchain technology plays a huge role
96
in guaranteeing the security of data transmission
and use, and clarifying the ownership of data, etc.
It can vigorously promote data sharing between
platforms, governments and enterprises, and
provide technical guarantee for the realization of
efficient collaborative governance. In terms of
justice, the application of blockchain technology
can effectively support the credible recording of case
data and the efficient verification of electronic
evidence.

97
 Attachment: Business Cases

Actively Fulfill Social Responsibility and Build a

New Catering Takeaway
Ecosystem - The Practical
Exploration of Meituan
Takeaway

Meituan is a technology-based retail company with a

strategy of "retail + technology" to fulfill its
mission of "helping people eat better and live better". Since
its establishment in March 2010, Meituan has been promoting
the digitalization and upgrading of service retail and
commodity retail on both the demand and supply sides,
providing quality services for local life service merchants and
consumers. In order to better shoulder its social responsibility,
create more social value, and build a new digital food and
beverage business ecosystem, Meituan Takeaway has
launched the "Prosperity Plan" for merchant
development, the "Boat Plan" for rider development,
and the "Green Mountain Plan" for green development,
to promote the development of food and beverage
takeaways. MMT has launched the "Prosperity Program"
for merchant development, the "Boat Program" for rider
development, and the "Green Mountain Program" for
green development to promote the high-quality
development of the catering takeaway industry.
I. Prosperity Program: Efforts to Cultivate a Symbiotic and Co-
Prosperous Merchant Platform Development Ecology
98
 The real economy is a key component of the national
economy, and individual entrepreneurs are an important
part of the real economy and an important force in
participating in and promoting the development of the real
economy.2022 Document 12 of the State Council pointed out
that "give full play to the stabilizing role of the
platform economy in stabilizing employment, stabilize the
development expectations of the platform enterprises and
their symbiotic small, medium and microenterprises, and
drive the development of small, medium and
microenterprises with the development of platform
enterprises. The development of platform enterprises will
drive the relief of small and medium-sized enterprises." In
order to realize Meituan's vision of building a new
ecosystem of symbiotic and co-prosperous merchant
platforms, and to help catering merchants better survive
and develop, in April 2022, Meituan comprehensively
implemented the merchant-specific "Prosperity Plan". The
"Prosperity Plan" gives full play to
Meituan's rich experience accumulated in the field of
digitization of the service industry, its ability and
advantages in driving the digital transformation of
traditional industries with technology, and actively builds a
good ecosystem for the platform and takeaway merchants in
the era of digitization, and has made positive progress in its
various efforts.
Listening to the voices of merchants and discussing ways
to alleviate their difficulties, in 2022, Meituan held more than
100 plea meetings with takeaway merchants, covering 280
cities above prefecture level and 3,272 food and beverage
99
brands, and resolved a number of representative problems
reflected by merchants. Meanwhile, in response to the special
requirements of merchants and the timeliness of feedback,
Meituan established a green channel within the company,
forming a regularized communication mechanism and
problem-solving mechanism for the forums.2022 In August,
the Ministry of Commerce guided and organized a meeting of
the Ministry of Commerce and the Ministry of Commerce of
the People's Republic of China.

100
The forum includes industry associations, platforms, merchants, industry
experts and other parties involved in the plebiscite, and the various
The parties jointly discussed how takeaway platforms can
digitally empower merchants in the epidemic era, help small
and medium-sized merchants recover better and help the
industry develop better. This form of communication achieved
positive results and was highly praised by all parties.
Increase assistance to overcome the difficulties of the
epidemic. In order to help small and medium-sized merchants
affected by the epidemic, Meituan has increased its support
for small and medium-sized merchants affected by the
epidemic, with a cumulative investment of more than 100
million yuan, to help merchants tide over the difficulties of
the epidemic. At the same time, in order to help the platform
takeaway merchants trading recovery, Meituan to increase
support for takeaway consumption, cumulative subsidies of
more than 10 billion, more than a million merchants benefit.
The subsidies have produced good results, and according to
the platform's calculations, the actual pull transaction volume
exceeded 100 billion yuan, which had a positive effect on
promoting the recovery of the catering takeaway industry and
even the entire catering industry.
Strengthen platform governance to build a favorable
environment. In order to meet the needs of merchants,
improve their experience, and help them better calculate their
takeout accounts, MMT has increased its efforts to promote rate
transparency reform, which has covered more than 90% of
directly operated cities. After the reform of rate
transparency, the charges on the Meituan takeaway
platform have become clearer, with commission charges
101
mainly concentrated at the level of 6%-8%, which has
significantly enhanced merchants' sense of gain. At the same
time, the platform has carried out systematic management of
the problems reflected by merchants, including the
management of marketing scrolls, the management of
malicious bad reviews and the management of dissatisfaction.
Accelerating industry empowerment and building a
digital ecosystem. In order to improve the digital operation
level of takeaway merchants, Meituan has provided takeaway
butler services to 30,000 merchants, and through automated
order taking and dispatching services, the merchants' income
has increased by more than 50% year-on-year. At the same
time, the platform vigorously promotes the digitalization of
old brands, supports the digital transformation and upgrading
of old brands, and improves their risk-resistant ability. In
addition, Meituan has increased its support for the
government's digital governance, and based on various types
of data from the Meituan platform, it has reported to the
government on a number of catering industry developments
and governance policy recommendations, which has strongly
promoted the digitalization of catering industry governance.
Boosting consumption recovery and sharing development
opportunities. Meituan distributes consumption vouchers
through an online platform, boosting consumer confidence,
releasing consumption potential, optimizing the consumption
structure, amplifying the leverage effect of government funds,
and effectively stimulating domestic demand and promoting
consumption. In total, Meituan has been operating in more
than 200 counties and cities.
Organized more than 400 consumer promotion activities, invested
102
billions of dollars, and actively cooperated with local governments in the

103
 A total of more than 50 regional or city-specific consumer festivals were
supported in 29 cities.
The Color Consumption Festival has effectively promoted consumption
recovery and development.
Second, the same boat program: take the lead in promoting the
establishment of a benign rider platform development ecology
In November 2020, Meituan launched the "Same
Boat Plan", starting from listening to the voices of all
sectors of the community, including riders, and continuously
promoting the improvement of products and services, with the
aim of optimizing the experience of riders and building a
benign ecology for the development of the rider platform at
four levels, namely, job security, experience enhancement,
career development, and rider care.
Guarding the safety of riders and strengthening job
security In 2022, Meituan Delivery cumulatively placed
120,000 new artificial intelligence safety helmets across the
country, and riders can use the helmets to complete
operations such as answering phone calls and receiving order
information from the system, improving job safety and
convenience. Meituan Delivery is also piloting the "rider
accident warning" capability in some cities, efficiently
recognizing abnormal situations of riders and providing
online and offline emergency assistance. In addition, MMT
Delivery is actively participating in the pilot of occupational
injury protection under the guidance of relevant departments.
Focusing on rider experience, improving and optimizing
algorithms Since 2021, Meituan Delivery has continued to
listen to the voices of riders with the help of riders'
symposiums, product experience officers, and other
104
channels, and has pushed the algorithms to be disclosed and
improved for six times, for example, by changing the
"estimated point of time of delivery" to the "estimated time
period of delivery", so that users have a more reasonable
expectation of the delivery time, leaving more buffer space for
riders. For example, the "estimated delivery time point" has
been changed to "estimated delivery time period", so that users
can have a more reasonable expectation of the delivery time,
and more buffer space has been reserved for the riders. Data
show that after the implementation of the relevant
improvements, riders due to overtime, bad reviews and
other issues led to a 52% reduction in the abnormal situation,
the rate of bad reviews of users fell 67%. In order to strengthen
the income protection of riders, Meituan Delivery has
promoted the pilot "service star" incentive mechanism for
partners in more than 80 cities across the country, and
changed the handling of riders receiving bad reviews,
overtime and other situations from deduction to deduction
of points, in order to minimize the impact of occasional
situations on the income of riders. In the pilot city of
Shaoxing, nearly 80% of the riders are satisfied with the new
service evaluation rules and believe that the delivery
experience has improved. For special groups, Meituan
Delivery has also launched convenient functions for hearing-
impaired riders, including voice outbound calling, pickup
and delivery electronic communication cards, asking for
directions electronic cards, and skill learning.
Help riders grow and organize learning and training.
Meituan Delivery is gradually establishing a multi-level career
development system that meets the needs of riders. In order
105
to help new riders adapt to their positions more quickly,
increase

106
Plus income, Meituan Delivery launched a newbie "three-piece set", including
the promotion of one-on-one passing on the
The "Rider Older than New"
program prioritizes the allocation of "Newbie
Care Orders", which are less difficult, and "Newbie
Duty-Free Cards", which provide additional
opportunities to avoid responsibility. The "Station
Manager Training Program", which aims to help riders
open up promotion channels, has helped thousands of
riders transition to management positions, and research
data shows that about 86% of the managers in the current
Meituan distribution ecosystem are promoted from riders.
The "Rider Transfer Program" also opens up transfer
channels for customer service, trainers and operation
supervisors to meet the diversified career needs of riders.
Meituan has also partnered with the National Open
University, and by the end of 2022, it had sponsored 248 riders
to further their college or bachelor's degree.
Focusing on the life of riders and enriching care
activities. Meituan Delivery continuously improves the
logistical support for riders in special weather, in addition
to strengthening the issuance of heat- and cold-prevention
materials and optimizing the distribution of orders, it has
invested more than 2 billion yuan in distribution subsidies
for the whole year of 2022, so as to effectively safeguard
the labor income of the majority of riders. In addition,
Meituan Delivery is continuing to promote the
"Kangaroo Baby Public Welfare Program" and "Care
Fund for Major Diseases" to help riders experiencing
difficulties due to illness, and has helped more than 3,000
107
riders and their families across the industry. In order to
promote the sense of professional identity of riders, on
the "717 Rider's Day" in 2022, Meituan Delivery also held
a rider awards ceremony, awarded a number of
commendations to outstanding riders, and lit up the "City
Guardian" medallion for more than 100,000
riders who stood firm at their posts during the epidemic
around the world. Medal.
III. The Green Mountain Project: Systematic Advocacy and
Promotion of Green Development in the Takeaway Industry
In order to accelerate the process of environmental
protection in the takeaway industry, in August 2017, Meituan
launched the Green Mountain Plan, the first action
plan in the takeaway industry that focuses on
environmental protection, focusing on topics such as plastic
pollution control, reducing food waste, promoting
sustainable consumption, and responding to climate change.
It focuses on topics such as plastic pollution control, food
waste reduction, promotion of sustainable consumption,
and climate change response, and establishes four major
sections, namely, green packaging, low-carbon ecology,
Qingshan science and technology, and Qingshan public
welfare, so as to join hands with merchants, consumers,
and all ecological parties to explore systematic solutions for
environmental governance in the industry, and to help the
country and society transform into a low-carbon society.
Participate in the construction of green packaging and
promote the common treatment of plastic pollution.
Meituan has carried out in-depth environmental impact
assessment of the whole cycle of "production-
108
circulation-use-disuse-disposal" of
takeaway packaging, established the idea of
"reduction, substitution and recycling" as the equal
importance of the management of plastic pollution, and
formed an organization that covers the whole industry
chain.

109
In 2022, Meituan will be the first company in the world to implement
green packaging, which will be downstream and lead to the common
governance of all parties involved in the process.
Meituan and industry organizations jointly launched the
"Catering Takeaway Green Packaging Application Working
Group" to build green packaging standards, increase the
supply of green packaging, and explore green packaging
solutions. Meanwhile, Meituan is actively exploring a multi-
scenario lunch box recycling model to promote the large-scale
recovery and recycling of lunch boxes.
Promote the green transformation of retailing and build
a low-carbon ecosystem. QSIP continues to promote green
transformation on both the demand and supply sides, and is
committed to building a sustainable ecosystem
involving merchants, platforms and
consumers. On the merchant side, the "Merchant Qingshan
File" product function was launched to encourage catering
merchants to share their environmental practices; on the
user side, the "No Tableware Required" function was
launched for the first time in 2017; and on the industry side,
a research report was released to provide guidance for
catering merchants to take action on low-carbon
development. On the industry side, a research report was
published to provide guidance for low-carbon development of
catering merchants.
Focusing on environmental protection science and
technology research and carrying out environmental
protection public welfare programs. Meituan launched the
first public welfare fund focusing on "carbon neutrality and
circular economy" - "Qingshan Science and Technology
110
Fund" with an initial investment of 500 million
yuan, encouraging more young scientists to The fund will
invest an initial sum of 500 million RMB to encourage more
young scientists to engage in research in this field and to
promote more environmental protection scientific and
technological achievements to play their value in the
industry. The first environmental protection science and
technology innovation demonstration project focuses on the
three major areas of green innovative packaging, green
recycling and green supply chain system, and nine
demonstration projects have been publicly solicited and
selected to promote a number of achievements with
innovation leading role and potential for marketization and
scaling. Green Mountain plans to set up a special fund in
cooperation with the China Environmental Protection
Foundation, bringing together more than 850,000 Green
Mountain merchants to support environmental protection
projects. 2022, Green Mountain will launch the "Nature
Guardian Action", which aims to subsidize and guide social
organizations and scientific research institutes to carry out
public welfare projects around protected areas.
In the new period, Meituan will continue to promote
the "Prosperity Plan" for merchant development, the
"Boat Plan" for rider development and the "Green
Mountain Plan" for green development, actively
fulfill its social responsibility, and explore ways to build a
new catering takeaway ecosystem to contribute to the high-
quality development of the catering industry. We will actively
fulfill our social responsibility, explore the construction of a
new catering takeaway ecosystem, and contribute to the high-
111
quality development of the catering industry.

112
Innovative and upgraded services to help people achieve fuller
employment - "Cloud Account" platform
Practical Exploration of the

Under the background of innovation-driven development

strategy, Cloud Account (Tianjin) Shared Economy
Information Consulting Company Limited (referred to as
"Cloud Account") innovates and realizes the development
of more than 12,000 companies nationwide.
The platform enterprises and more than 77 million new
employment pattern workers provide flexible employment
services such as compliance and risk control audit, business
and taxation agency, business general contracting and
subcontracting, financial agency settlement, commercial
insurance protection, etc. In 2021, Cloud Account will realize
revenue of 52.529 billion yuan, ranking 187th among the top
500 private enterprises in China, a n d 411th among the top
500 e n t e r p r i s e s i n C h i n a .
97,430 million dollars, an increase of 85% year-on-year.
I. Innovative business practices to serve the greatest number of
people in full employment
Employment is the biggest livelihood. 2022 is a grim year
for employment, with workers at all levels generally lowering
their job and income expectations, high-level workers
lowering their expectations to stay employed or re-employed,
and employment pressure being transmitted step by step, with
low-skilled workers becoming the ultimate affected group due
to their low education level and weak risk-resistance ability.
The new industry represented by the sharing economy has

113
strong development resilience and large employment carrying
capacity, which plays an important role in preserving
employment and helps stabilize the overall situation of
employment. On the basis of 50-60 million human bodies,
more than 1 million new workers have been employed every
month for 21 consecutive months in the new employment
mode of cloud account service, and the per capita monthly
income has exceeded RMB 4,600, rising by 3 years.
30%.
(i) Technological innovation first, laying a solid
foundation for services. In view of the application scenarios
of flexible employment services, Cloud Account has
independently researched and developed an integrated
service platform of digitalization and intelligence for the
whole life cycle, and has won three national, seven provincial
and ministerial key scientific research projects and one pilot
project of intellectual property rights. The project of "Key
Technology and Application of Flexible Employment
Intelligent Big Data Platform for Hundreds of Millions of
Newly Employed Workers" has been appraised by a team of
experts led by academicians of the Chinese Academy of
Engineering and has reached the international leading level. In
the industry, it takes the lead in applying blockchain technology
to build a blockchain alliance with the participation of
regulatory authorities and all parties of the industry chain to
realize data uploading and management. Based on the
comprehensive service platform, the cloud account is
empowered by Tianjin municipal government data to provide
new employment patterns for the nation's new labor

114
The Government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) has been
providing "online second approval" electronic business license service for
the production and business activities of the mobile operators, and has
realized the "online second approval" electronic business license service for
the mobile operators.
Cloud Account App Once the collection of information, while
completing business registration, tax invoicing face
recognition authentication, landing online one-stop individual
business seal engraving, scene-oriented government services
so that people "road without running, the network also do
not have to run".
(b) Distinguishing the nature of income and clarifying the
criteria for research and judgment. The income of workers in
new forms of employment includes remuneration for labor
services and business income, which are subject to different
tax collection and management policies. Accurately
determining the nature of income of workers in new forms of
employment is an important tool for cloud accounts to
ensure business compliance and risk control. For the first
time in the industry, Cloud Account has put forward the
"eight basic characteristics" for defining the production
and business activities of workers engaged in new forms of
employment, which have been written into the local standard
of Tianjin and adopted by academics and peers in the
industry. Based on the practical experience of the "eight
basic characteristics", Cloud Account has continuously
conducted theoretical research, and after consulting with
famous law firms and communicating with regulatory
authorities, it has proposed the "eight basic characteristics"
for the first time in the industry, which is written into the
115
local standard of Tianjin and adopted by the academia and
the industry.
The streamlined and convenient "Double Income-Cost
Principle" has enriched the criteria for distinguishing
between the two types of income, i.e., those who invest in labor,
etc., and provide services to identify the target audience, and
who can obtain the expected income, are labor providers; and
those who invest in labor and means of production, and carry
out certain management actions, and can only obtain income
when the results of their operations are recognized, during
which they have to bear their own costs, operate independently,
bear their own profits and losses, and bear their own risks, are
production operators. Those who need to bear their own costs,
operate independently, be responsible for their own profits and
losses, and bear their own risks are production operators. The
"dual income-cost principle" creates value for the industry's
compliant development, allows platform enterprises to focus
on development without distraction, and helps workers in new
employment forms to find employment efficiently and
conveniently.
(c) Expanding service modes and upgrading service
capacity. Enriching the path of serving people's employment,
on the basis of the general subcontracting mode of business,
and in response to the requirements of tax supervision and
the needs of workers in new employment forms, the
integrated service mode of self-employed industrial and
commercial households has been put in place. Under the
total business subcontracting model, the cloud account
undertakes the business requirements of the platform
enterprises and subcontracts specific businesses to a large
116
number of new employment-format laborers contracted with
the cloud account who are employed flexibly as natural
persons or self-employed industrial and commercial
enterprises, and who engage in production and business
activities or provide labor services in accordance with the
economic substance and the agreement. Under the
integrated service model for self-employed industrial and
commercial households, new employment-format workers
are provided with agency services such as industrial and
commercial tax processing, public account establishment,
and agency bookkeeping, with the entire process online, and
the PRA robot operates with high efficiency for 7×24 hours,
with an accuracy rate of

117
100%. Cloud Account adheres to the customer-centered approach and continues
to improve the team's service capability and optimize the system.
The company has constantly upgraded and optimized its
products and services, and its intelligent settlement hotspot
account performance acceleration technology has reached the
first place in the industry, so as to guarantee the operating
experience of customers; it has been entrusted by platform
enterprises to provide insurance protection services of
different insurance amounts ranging from 100,000 yuan to
800,000 yuan for workers in the new employment pattern,
who can flexibly choose to take out insurance on a daily,
monthly or yearly basis, so as to safeguard their legitimate
rights and interests.
II. Participating in the construction of the rule of law in the industry
and safeguarding people's labor rights and interests
New employment patterns precede the improvement of
laws and regulations, and there are more than 200 million
flexibly employed people in China. Every step forward in the
construction of the rule of law in the industry will benefit a
huge number of platform enterprises and new employment
groups. Based on its business practice, Cloud Account actively
participates in the construction of the rule of law in the
industry and serves the employment of workers in new
employment patterns with the standardized development of
the industry, and has won the bidding of the annual topics of
the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's
Procuratorate for four times in two years. 2021, the company,
together with the Higher People's Court of Tianjin
Municipality and Tianjin University, jointly declared and won
the bidding of "Research on the Legal Relationship between
118
Practitioners and Platform Operators under the Platform
Economy Model", which is one of the 88 successful bidding
units in the same group. The same batch of 88 successful
bidders
In June 2022, it jointly declared with Renmin University of
China and won the bid for the major project of the Supreme
People's Court "Research on Legal Regulation of Algorithmic
Technology", which is one of the only two enterprises among
the 102 successful bidders in the same batch, to research on
judicial and regulatory laws on algorithmic recommendation
services and judicial protection of the rights and interests of
algorithmic users; In July 2022, jointly declared with Tianjin
Municipal People's Procuratorate and won the bid for the
annual key project of the Supreme People's Procuratorate,
"Research on Cyber Criminal Justice and Creating a Rule of
Law Environment for the Digital Economy", which is one of
only two enterprises among the 135 successful bidders in the
same batch, to explore the prosecutor-led joint and common
governance of a new model of cyber criminal justice; in
October 2022, jointly declared with the People's Court of the
Binhai New Area of Tianjin and won the bid In October 2022,
it jointly declared and won the bidding with Tianjin Binhai
New Area People's Court for the theoretical research project
on applied jurisprudence of China Institute of Applied
Jurisprudence of the Supreme People's Court, "Research on
Basic Principles of Judicial Participation in the Governance of
Digital Economy", and it was the only enterprise in the same
batch of 36 successful bidders, exploring a new model of
judicial participation in the governance of digital economy. In
the process of participating in rule of law issues, Cloud
119
Account has continued to produce high-quality research
results, providing useful reference for the improvement of
laws and regulations in the industry.

120
 Cloud Account continues to deepen industry-university-research
cooperation in conjunction with industry practices, and with the help of
research results, provides a platform for
Advice on the standardized development of the industry. By
the end of 2022, a cumulative total of 100 industry-academia-
research projects will have been carried out with Renmin
University of China, Nankai University, Tianjin University,
China University of Political Science and Law, and Tianjin
Academy of Social Sciences, etc. For example, "Study on
Promoting Healthy Development of Sharing Economy Service
Platform Market" will be jointly carried out with Nankai
University to carry out the design of the regulatory path of the
Sharing Economy Comprehensive Service Platform in view of
the risks faced by the development of the Sharing Economy
Comprehensive Service Platform, data risk and compliance
program, and legal countermeasures for the regulation of
market competition; and "Exploring the Practice, Policies and
Regulations for the Protection of the Rights and Interests of
Platform Zero Workers", jointly conducted with Renmin
University of China, which analyzes the issue of the protection
of the social insurance rights of China's digital zero workers
and tries to put forward policy frameworks and legislative
proposals to deal with the issue. Based on various research
results and practices, Cloud Account has accumulated 71
reports on industry development proposals to the National
People's Congress (NPC), National Committee of the Chinese
People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), the
General Office of the State Council (GOH), and the National
Development and Reform Commission (NDRC). These
achievements have served the Party and the government in
121
guiding the stable and standardized development of the new
industry, continuously improving the laws and regulations of
the new industry, and boosting the high-quality employment
of workers in the new employment pattern.
To realize Chinese-style modernization, people's
employment and income is the foundation. Cloud Account
is based on the standardized development of the industry
and constantly innovates and upgrades its services to serve
the people for fuller employment.

122
 Empowering with digital technology to help build a system for
protecting the rights and interests of workers in new industries-
Practical Exploration of Goodlife Technology

Goodlife (Guizhou) Network Technology Company Limited

(hereinafter referred to as "Goodlife Technology")
Founded in August 2020 in Wudang District, Guiyang, it currently
serves national platform economy eco-enterprises
1,087, serving 280,000 flexible workers in new businesses. From August
2020 to 2022
In October, Guizhou good living science and technology to
achieve business income of 4.499 billion, tax 256 million, won
the title of Guizhou Province, such as the top 100 leading
enterprises of big data.
First, "digital technology + government-enterprise
collaboration + industry research", empowering the
new industry collaborative governance good living
technology using big data, cloud computing, blockchain,
artificial intelligence and other cutting-edge technologies,
the
It has independently researched and developed the
"Good Living Cloud Digital Employment and Collaborative
Governance Platform", which provides standardized
employment-related services for zero- and scattered
practitioners of new industries through market-oriented
operation, and incorporates into the services of the platform
those new industry workers who are difficult to be reached
by the two committees of the villages under the
traditional mode. Scope. The platform connects with the
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public data resources of the local government, relying on the
data to do statistics, analysis and prediction, and provides
the local government with a comprehensive solution for the
collaborative governance of employment in the new industry,
so that flexible employment can better play a supporting role
in stabilizing and promoting employment, and the
government's policy of promoting employment can be put
into practice. Good Life Technology and the government side
of the functional departments to explore the new economy
and new business collaborative governance program.
Goodlife Technology is the first in the industry to launch
the private non-enterprise New Power Innovation Research
Institute, which has set up research institutes in Beijing,
Kunshan and Guiyang. Under the guidance of Beijing Overseas
Chinese Federation, Kunshan City Association for Science and
Technology and Guiyang City Bureau of Big Data authorities, it
carries out research on the digital economy of the new
employment pattern, talent policy, culture and tourism
industry and innovation and technology R&D, and gives full
play to the advantages of Goodlife Group's millions of traffic
and tens of billions of output value to provide a large amount
of relevant research Service scenarios and data. Through the
development of data models on the big data cloud platform,
we provide all kinds of industry research services for the
market. Since the establishment of New Power Research
Institute, we have edited and released more than 100 industry
reports and papers, obtained more than 100 intellectual
property rights through industry-university-research
cooperation with Tsinghua University, Guangxi Normal
University and other universities, and participated in many
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research projects.

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 A number of provincial and ministerial-level research projects participated
by cooperating universities, empowering the new industry sharing
economy with science and technology.
Market.
II. "Platform economy + compliance program", empowering the healthy
development of industrial clusters
Goodlife Technology always adheres to the dual-wheel
drive model of technological innovation and scene
integration, and has launched the "Goodlife Cloud"
service, which connects basic government services and
ecological application scenes, and builds a digital
economy industry smart park with "resource integration,
data sharing, collaborative governance and value creation"
as the core. It builds a digital economy industrial wisdom
park centered on "resource communion, data sharing,
collaborative governance and value creation". Through the
service mode of network management, the Digital
Intelligence Park has formed a new mode of healthy
development of the new digital economy, which is "service
platform by platform, investment platform by platform, and
governance platform by platform". For example, in recent
years, more and more people are utilizing their free time to
engage in online dating, ride-sharing, chauffeur-driving and
other work. Net car platform enterprises continue to emerge,
competition has intensified, and vicious competition in the
market, operational non-compliance, incomplete protection
of the rights and interests of drivers and other phenomena
are common. Relying on Guizhou's big data foundation,
under the guidance of government departments, Goodlife
Technology has constructed and operated the
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"Guizhou Digital Travel Industry Base", and developed a
government-enterprise collaborative supervision module for
the pain points and difficulties of the new industry in the net
car industry, so that the government authorities can check
the operation information of the net car enterprises and the
job security of the net car drivers through the platform, thus
protecting the enterprises and practitioners of new
industries. Protect the interests of enterprises and new
industry practitioners, and form a smart regulatory service
system. In addition, under the guidance of the higher party
committees and labor unions, Haojiu Technology has
established a cloud-based party building and cloud-based
labor union for new-industry online car drivers, and worked
with the party committees and governments to improve the
personal capabilities of online car drivers, resolve opinion
disputes, and solve the difficulties in production and life.
The Good Work Cloud Platform will continue to gather
information on new industry practitioners' working
experience, actual working ability, current working hours and
other relevant information, and will match them with more
suitable odd-job scenarios based on their main working free
time, physical condition and other factors, so as to help
practitioners continue to improve their income and maximize
their own value; at the same time, it can also provide flexible
employment compliance solutions for enterprises in the new
economy and new industry platforms. At the same time, we
can also provide flexible employment compliance solutions
for new economy and new business platform enterprises,
strengthen their concept of protecting the rights and interests
of workers in new businesses, and improve their ability to
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cope with uncertainty.
The enterprises served by Guizhou Goodlife are Internet
platform economy enterprises, telecommunication operators,
logistics enterprises and financial enterprises, etc., which are
experiencing rapid growth in flexible labor.

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 Play the function of "platform of platforms", do a good job in bridging the
communication between the government and the platform enterprises, and
create
The "10 billion+" level platform economy industry cluster
will provide solid support for the construction of a digital
industry cluster with clear gradation, clear division of labor,
interconnection and international competitiveness, and
provide replicable and popularized experience for the healthy
development of platform economy.
III. "Multi-service + Pilot Innovation" to Enable the Protection of Workers'
Rights and Interests in New Businesses
The new industry practitioners served by the Good Work
Cloud Platform are mainly frontline laborers such as net-
contract riders, net-contract couriers, net-contract drivers,
chauffeur-driven masters, truck drivers, Internet marketers,
new retail community shopkeepers, and part-time
housekeepers. The Good Work Cloud Platform
communicates with platform economy flexible labor
enterprises across the country, obtains employment
positions, distributes them to Good Work's self-developed
employment App and small programs with a single click, and
at the same time, promotes it to many flexible employers,
analyzes the positions and user profiles with the help of big
data, recommends more matching jobs, and brings users to
the enterprises to be on-boarded, and according to the
employment partnership between the enterprises and the
flexible employers, they can sign an e-agreement or a labor
contracts, solving the problems of recruitment difficulties and
labor non-compliance of platform economy enterprises.
According to the risk level of the user's work scenario, the
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company jointly purchases commercial insurance and flexible
employment social insurance for new industry workers, who
can enroll in the insurance with a single click through the
Haojiu mini program. Through our efforts, we have achieved
100% coverage of "social security + commercial insurance"
for the millions of frontline flexible employment groups
served by the Haojiu platform. Meanwhile, if flexible workers
are found to be short of funds for employment or living,
HaoLife Technology also cooperates with banks to provide
them with low-interest micro-credit (within 3,000 RMB) online
to help them buy the equipment they need for employment or
to relieve the pressure of living.
Good Work Cloud has been recognized by millions of new
industry workers through the whole process of closed-loop
services such as job matching, employment recommendation,
government services, training, insurance, protection and
inclusive finance. In the future, Haojiu Technology will
further improve the algorithm model of the Haojiu Cloud
platform to be the defender of the rights and interests of
workers in new industries, the promoter of the healthy
development of the platform economy, and the facilitator of
common prosperity.

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 Acknowledgments

The research and writing of the China Sharing Economy

Development Report (2023) was supported by the partners of
the National Information Center's Sharing Economy Research
Center, Meituan, Cloud Account, and Zongzhi Goodlife.
The report was also written with the support of the
following companies: T3 Travel, DDT Travel, Hello Travel,
Pinecone Travel, Ctrip Rent-A-Car, Cao Cao Travel, Gaode
Maps, Tujia, Piggy B&B, Airbnb Audemars Piguet, 58
Tongcheng, Ali Local Life, Dada Group, Trade Point,
AeroCloud.com, Mangan Group, Quick Hand Technology,
Ping'an Health, Ali Health, Good Dafu, Yucai Workshop,
Xingku Space, Linlong Yunke, Paypal Technology, Idle or Not
Idle Information Technology and so on.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the above-mentioned
companies!

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