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Relays
June 8, 2019 by Electrical4U
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The value of current or voltage below which a relay opens its contacts and
comes in original position.
Reach of Relay:
A distance relay operates whenever the distance seen by the relay is less than
the pre-specified impedance. The actuating impedance in the relay is the
function of distance in a distance protection relay. This impedance or
corresponding distance is called the reach of relay.
Power system protection relays can be categorized into different types of
relays.
Types of Relays
Types of protection relays are mainly based on their characteristic, logic, on
actuating parameter and operation mechanism.
1. Differential.
2. Unbalance.
3. Neutral displacement.
4. Directional.
5. Restricted earth fault.
6. Over fluxing.
7. Distance schemes.
8. Bus bar protection.
9. Reverse power relays.
10.Loss of excitation.
11.Negative phase sequence relays etc.
1. Current relays.
2. Voltage relays.
3. Frequency relays.
4. Power relays etc.
1. Primary relay.
2. Backup relay.
Primary relay or primary protection relay is the first line of power system
protection whereas backup relay is operated only when primary relay fails to
be operated during a fault. Hence backup relay is slower in action than
primary relay.
Any relay may fail to be operated due to any of the following reasons,
1. The protective relay itself is defective.
2. DC Trip voltage supply to the relay is unavailable.
3. Trip lead from relay panel to the circuit breaker is disconnected.
4. The trip coil in the circuit breaker is disconnected or defective.
5. Current or voltage signals from Current Transformers (CTs) or Potential
Transformers (PTs) respectively is unavailable.
As because backup relay operates only when primary relay fails, backup
protection relay should not have anything common with primary protection
relay.
Some examples of Mechanical Relay are:
1. Thermal
● OT trip (Oil Temperature Trip)
● WT trip (Winding Temperature Trip)
● Bearing temp trip etc.
2. Float type
● Buchholz
● OSR
● PRV
● Water level Controls etc.
3. Pressure switches.
4. Mechanical interlocks.
5. Pole discrepancy relay.
List Different Protective Relays are used for Different Power
System Equipment Protection
Now let’s have a look on which different protective relays are used in
different power system equipment protection schemes.
Differential Relay or
Overall differential
Relay
3 nos Non-Directional
Overflux Relay
O/L Relay
Buchholz Relay
11/132 KV 1 no Non-Directional E/L
1 –– OLTC Buchholz
Generator Transformer Relay
Relay
and/or standby E/F +
PRV Relay
REF Relay
OT
Trip Relay
WT Trip Relay
Differential Relay or
Overall differential
Relay
3 nos Non-Directional
13.8/220 KV Overflux Relay
O/L Relay
15.75/220 KV Buchholz Relay
1 no Non-Directional E/L
2 18/400 KV –– OLTC Buchholz
Relay
21/400 KV Relay
and/or standby E/F +
Generator Transformer PRV Relay
REF Relay
OT
Trip Relay
WT Trip Relay
Differential Relay
3 nos Non-Directional Overflux Relay
O/L Relay Buchholz Relay
220 /6.6KV 1 no Non-Directional E/L 3 nos Non-Directional OLTC Buchholz
3
Station Transformer Relay O/L Relay Relay
and/or standby E/F + PRV Relay
REF Relay OT Trip Relay
WT Trip Relay
Differential Relay
3 nos Non-Directional 3 nos Non-Directional Overflux Relay
4 Gen-volt/6.6KV UAT
O/L Relay O/L Relay Buchholz Relay
OLTC Buchholz
Relay
PRV Relay
OT Trip Relay
WT Trip Relay
Buchholz Relay
OLTC Buchholz
132/33/11KV upto 8 3 nos O/L Relay 2 nos O/L Relays Relay
5
MVA 1 no E/L Relay 1 no E/L Relay PRV Relay
OT Trip Relay
WT Trip Relay
Differential Relay
Buchholz Relay
132/33/11KV above 8 3 nos O/L Relay OLTC Buchholz
3 nos O/L Relay
6 MVA & 1 no Directional E/L Relay
1 no E/L Relay
below 31.5 MVA Relay PRV Relay
OT Trip Relay
WT Trip Relay
Differential Relay
Overflux Relay
Buchholz Relay
3 nos O/L Relay
132/33KV, 31.5 MVA & 3 nos O/L Relay OLTC Buchholz
7 1 no Directional E/L
above 1 no E/L Relay Relay
Relay
PRV Relay
OT Trip Relay
WT Trip Relay
Differential Relay
Overflux Relay
Buchholz Relay
220/33 KV, 31.5MVA & 3 nos O/L Relay 3 nos O/L Relay
OLTC Buchholz
8 50MVA 220/132KV, 100 1 no Directional E/L 1 no Directional E/L
Relay
MVA Relay Relay
PRV Relay
OT Trip Relay
WT Trip Relay