Other Thyristors and other

Devices
  GTOs are similar to SCRs except that the gate can turn the
GTO on and off. It conducts only in one direction.
 Three terminals
 Symbol is different but the transistor equivalent and
GTO – Gate characteristics are similar to SCR

Turn off Switch  GTO can be turned on or off by applying the proper pulse to the
cathode gate
 Invented by GE (General Electric)
 GTO – Gate Turn off
Switch

 Turn off - negative gate pulse

 (the gate to cathode voltage should be
about 1/3 to 1/5 the anode voltage)

 Turn on – positive gate pulse

 p+ and n+ - higher doping concentration

 n- - lower doping concentration
  https://youtu.be/WuOq_k3jj2A
 https://youtu.be/-8FnShlaiYg
 Difference between GTO and SCR - Electrical Concepts (electr
icalbaba.com)
GTO – Gate
Turn off Switch  Applications:
 Counters
 Pulse generators
 Oscillators
 Voltage regulator
  The UJT is a three-terminal device
 The low cost per unit combined with the excellent
characteristics of the device have warranted its use in a wide
variety of applications, including oscillators, trigger circuits,
sawtooth generators, phase control, timing circuits, bistable
networks, and voltage- or current-regulated supplies
Unijunction
Transistor
Unijunction
Transistor
 interbase resistance RBB
is the resistance of the device between terminals B 1 and B2
when IE = 0.

Unijunction
Transistor

RB1 5 kohms down to 5 ohms with

change of IE from 0uA to 50uA

n (eta) denotes the intrinsic stand-off ratio of the device

 Vp

KVL
Unijunction
Transistor For applied emitter potentials VE greater than VRB1 = n VBB by the forward
voltage drop of the diode VD (0.35 V 0.70 V), the diode will fire.
Assume the short-circuit representation (on an ideal basis); I E will begin to
flow through RB1 . In equation form, the emitter firing potential is given
by
Unijunction
Transistor

https://youtu.be/9FNl0Y0CCMk
  A PUT (programmable unijunction transistor) is a type of three-
terminal thyristor that is triggered into conduction when the
voltage at the anode exceeds the voltage at the gate.

Programmable
Unijunction
Transistor
  The term programmable is applied because RBB, n (eta) and VP as
defined for the UJT can be controlled through the resistors RB1 ,
RB2 , and the supply voltage VBB.

Programmable
Unijunction
Transistor
  The term programmable is applied because RBB, n (eta) and VP as
defined for the UJT can be controlled through the resistors RB1 ,
RB2 , and the supply voltage VBB.

Programmable
Unijunction
Transistor
Programmable  https://youtu.be/Ee34rPDqIws
Unijunction  Programmable Unijunction Transistor (PUT) | Construction | O
Transistor peration | Characteristics (electricalacademia.com)
  An opto-isolator (also called an optocoupler,
photocoupler, or optical isolator) is an electronic
component that transfers electrical signals between two
isolated circuits by using light.
 A common type of opto-isolator consists of an LED and
a phototransistor in the same opaque package. Other
Opto-Isolators types of source-sensor combinations include LED-
photodiode, LED-LASCR, and lamp-photoresistor pairs.
 Usually opto-isolators transfer digital (on-off) signals, but
some techniques allow them to be used with analog
signals.
Opto-Isolators