EST Lab #4, 5 Electronics Lab

BI-DIRECTIONAL DC MOTOR
Objective
 .
 Understand working of function generator and oscilloscope

Equipment / Requirement
 Resistor (220 ohm, 1K )
 Diode ( 1N4001)
 LED
 Transistor (2SD313, 2SB507)
 Push button switch.
 12V DC motor.

Procedure / Process

The following circuit can control direction of a DC motor. In many applications we need to
operate the motor in both directions Clockwise and Anticlockwise (forward and back). One way
of achieving this is to connect the motor into a Transistor H-bridge circuit arrangement. H bridge
is an electronic circuit that enables a voltage to be applied across a load in either direction. These
circuits are often used in robotics and other applications to allow DC motors to run forwards and
backwards (Bi-directional).

In this circuit normally PB1 and PB2 are open. So the bases of the transistors are grounded.
Hence Q3 andQ4 are ON, Q1 and Q2 are OFF. The voltages at both the motor terminals is the
same and hence the motor is OFF. Similarly when both PB1 and PB2 are “PUSH” the motor is
OFF.

When PB1 is PUSH, Q1 becomes ON since it is NPN. This type transistor needs high potential
at the base to turn ON. But the Q3 is OFF. Because it is PNP and it needs to low voltage to turn
on. PB2 is still OPEN so transistor Q2 OFF and Q4 ON because low potential appear at the base
of the transistors. So current flow through Q1, M1 to Q4. So motor rotates one direction.

When PB2 is ON and PB1 OFF similarly Q2 and Q3 are ON and Q1 and Q4 are OFF. Now
current flows through Q3, M1 and Q2. Now motor rotates another direction.

The diodes protect the transistors. They allow back E.M.F. to bypass the transistor.

The LEDs indicate the direction of the motor rotation.

The transistors are EMITTER FOLLOWERS and the voltage on the motor will be less than the
voltages of the circuit above because the output voltage will be determined by the slight drop

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EST Lab #4, 5 Electronics Lab

across the 1KΩ+220Ω and the voltage drop across the base-emitter junction of the transistor. The
total voltage drop to the motor (due to both sides of the bridge) will be about 2v.

When the both inputs high or low this emitter follower H-bridge circuit has not any current flow.
It is the advantage of this circuit.

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