‫داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ راه آﻫﻦ‬

Rectifiers

Siamak Farshad

farshad@iust.ac.ir
@

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ١
The Evolution of the Rectifier/Converter Device

DIODE

THYRISTOR

IGBT:INSULATED GATE
IGBT BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ٢
The Evolution of the Converter (Rectifier) Circuit

6 PULSE CONV.
CONV
CONV :CONVERTER
CONV.:CONVERTER

12 PULSE CONV.

PWM CONV.:PULSE WIDTH

PWM CONV. MODULATION CONVERTER

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ٣
 CLASSIFICATION OF MULTIPULSE AC-DC CONVERTERS

AC-DC Converters with

reduced harmonics

Uncontrolled Controlled
(Uni directional)
(Uni-directional) (Bi - directional)
multi-pulse converters multi-pulse converters

Non-Isolated Isolated Non-Isolated Isolated

multi-pulse multi-pulse multi-pulse multi-pulse
converters converters converters converters

Full
Full- Bridge
Bridge- Full
Full- Bridge
Bridge- Full
Full- Bridge
Bridge- Full
Full- Bridge
Bridge-
Wave converter Wave converter Wave converter Wave converte
r

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ۴
 What are Multipulse AC-DC Converters?
• Multipulse converters are converters providing more
than six pulses of DC voltage per cycle from AC input.
input
• Or the converter having more steps in AC input current
than that of six pulse bridge rectifier supply current.
current
• Bridge rectifier is the basic block required for AC-DC
conversion,
i h
however, f ll
full-wave andd half-wave
h lf
rectifiers are also used.
• Phase shifting transformers are used to derive multiple
phase supply from three-phase AC mains using
diff
differentt combinations
bi ti off transformer
t f windings
i di suchh as
star, delta, zigzag, fork, polygon, etc.

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ۵
 MULTIPULSE CONVERTERS

CLASSIFICATION OF MULTIPULSE AC-DC CONVERTERS

based on phase shift
Phase Shift = 600 / Number of Six-Pulse Converters
Pulse Based Configurations
Twelve-Pulse Converters 00 and 300 Phase Shift
Twelve-Pulse C
Converters Based on +150 and -150 Phase S
Shift
Eighteen -Pulse Converters Based on +200 and -200 Phase Shift
Twenty-Four-Pulse Converters Based on 150 Phase Shift
Thirty-Pulse
Thirty Pulse Converters Based on 120 Phase Shift

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ۶
 Advantages of Multi-pulse AC-DC Converters

• The performance parameters such as total-harmonic-

distortion (THD) of AC mains current and ripple factor
of output DC voltage improve, simultaneously.
• improve input power factor
• The improvement is independent of supply frequency
variation unlike passive filters.
variation, filters
• Minimal or no control required as Diodes and/or
thyristors are mainly used.
used
• avoid semiconductor devices in series
• Economic,
E i maintenance
i f andd efficient.
free ffi i
• Low cost
• Low loss
S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ٧
 12 PULSE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT AND INPUT
CURRENT WAVEFORM

Ic
Id

図３.７（５） １２相サイリスタ整流回路と交流入力電流波形
S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ٨
 A model of twelve pulse railway rectifier system
va 34 5 kV Bus
34.5

vb

vc
Rectifier
transformer 34.5
N kV / 606 V,
2 4MVA
2.4MVA

Interphase transformer

+
700 V
Load

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ٩
 THREE PHASE PWM CONVERTER CIRCUIT

AC Input
Current
AC Input
V lt
Voltage

N
Sine Wave Form (pf=1.0)

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ١٠
 PWM Waveform

10
1.0

-1.0

Full Voltage, 50 Hz PWM Waveform

1.0

-1.0

H lf Voltage,
Half V lt 25 Hz
H PWM Waveform
W f

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ١١
 INPUT CURRENT HARMONIC CONTENT

6-PULSE THYRISTOR RECTIFIER

12-PULSE THYRISTOR RECTIFIER
PWM IGBT CONVERTER
S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ١٢
 Problems in AC-DC Converters

 The major problems in AC-DC converters are

injection of harmonics at input and output .
 Harmonics cause dielectric, thermal or voltage stress,
which cause premature ageing of electrical insulation.
 Voltage distortion at point of common coupling takes
place due to the voltage drop of harmonic currents
fl i through
flowing h h system impedances.
i d
 Capacitor bank overloading due to system resonance.
 Interference on telephone and communication lines
due to noise induced from the power conductors.
 Poor power factor.
 Equipment
q p damageg from voltageg spikes
p created byy
high frequency resonance resulting from notching.
S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ١٣
 6-pulse Rectifiers

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ١۴
 Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Rectifier

• In industrial applications
applications, where three-phase
three phase power is available,
available it
is preferable to use three-phase rectifier circuits because of …
– Higher power handling capability
– Lower ripple content in the waveforms
S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ١۵
 Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Rectifier: Redrawn

• Current flows through one diode from the top group and one
from the bottom
• Diode with highest anode potential from the top and diode
with lowest cathode potential from the bottom will conduct
S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ١۶
 6 PULSE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT AND INPUT
CURRENT WAVEFORM

Ic

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ١٧
 Six-Pulse Converter with Capacitor Filter

THD =62.3%

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ١٨
 Six-Pulse Converter with Inductor-Capacitor Filter

THD =32.7%
32 7%

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ١٩
 Six-pulse Diode Rectifier

Supply Voltages: id
va  2 VPH sin(t )
D1 D3 D5
vb  2 VPH sin(t  2 / 3) va
a ia
vc  2 VPH sin(t  4 / 3)
vab  va  vb  2 VLL sin(t   / 6) vb
b ib
vd Rd

vc
c ic

D4 D6 D2

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ٢٠
 Six-pulse Diode Rectifier

Current in D1

D1 D3 D5

Li 1
Line

LOAD
Line 2

L
Line 3

D4 D6 D2

Current D1 Current D1
& D6 & D2

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ٢١
 Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Rectifier Waveforms

• Six-pulse rectifier:
Vd (=VPn-VNn) waveform
consists of six segments per
cycle
• Each diode conducts for
120o
• Conduct sequence: 1-2-3….
123
• Average dc output
voltage,

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ٢٢
 Six-pulse Diode Rectifier
• Waveforms v va vb vc va

0 t
 2

vd vd
vab vac vbc vba vca vcb vab
A1 Vdo

0 t
 
6 2
ia

0 t
I II  2
D1 , D6 D1 , D2
ON ON

areaA 1 1  /2   3 2
Vdo 
 /3

 /3  / 6
2Ve sin  t  d (t ) 
 6 
Ve

S.Farshad 1390/8/14
(Ve is the rms value of line voltage) ٢٣
 • Resistive Load
2Ve
For purely resistive load, peak diode current, Im 
R
Rms diode current,
current

 /6
2  /6 2  t 1 
Ir  2
2 
0
I m2 cos 2  t d ( t )  I m 
 2 4
 sin 2 t 
o

1  1 2 
 Im   sin   0 / 5518 I m
6 2 6 

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ٢۴
 Rms value of source (transformer secondary) current,


4 4  1 2 
Is  2  I cos t d (t )  I m   sin 
6 2 2

2  2/6 4
m
0 6 

2  1 2 
 Im   sin   0 / 7804 I m
6 2 6 

Where Im is the peak secondary line current = peak diode current,

2Ve
Im 
R
S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ٢۵
 3-phase bridge rectifier with RL load
vab  2Ve sin t
di
L  RiL  E  2Ve sin t
dt
2Ve ( R ) t E
iL  sin(t   )  A1e L  ... (3 - 81)
Z R

Where load impedance Z  R 2  (L)2

 L 
and
d lload
d iimpedance
d angle
l   tan  .


 R 

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ٢۶
 3-phase bridge rectifier with RL load
2Ve ( R )t E
iL  sin(t   )  A1e L
 ... (3 - 81)
Z R
The constant A1 can be found from the initial condition: at

t   3 , iL  I1.

2Ve     R   E
I1  sin      A1e L 3  
Z 3  R
E 2Ve     R  
I1   sin      A1e L 3 
R Z 3 
 E 2Ve    R L  3 
A1   I1   sin     e
 R Z 3 

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ٢٧
  2Ve    R L t R L  3  E
ssin t      I1  
2Vab E
iL  ssin     e e 
Z  R Z 3  R

 R L  3 t  E
  
 2Ve  
sin t      I1  
2Vab E
iL  sin     e  . . . (3 - 82)
Z  R Z 3  R

iL (t  2 / 3 )  iL (t   / 3 )  I1.

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ٢٨
 Under steady-state condition,

 R    2 
      
 R    2 
  L  3 3 
          
 R    2 

sin t     sin    e

 L  3 3  2Ve E   L  3 3  
I1 (1  e )  1 e
 3   
Z  R  
 R   2 
   L  3  3 
sin t     sin    e
I1 
2Ve 3  
E
 R    2 
Z    
 L  3 3 
R
(1  e )
 R   
   L   3  
sin t     sin    e
I1 
2Ve 3  
E
for I1  0 . . . (3 - 83)
 R   
Z    
 L  3 
R
(1  e )

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ٢٩
 Whi h after
Which ft substituting
b tit ti iin eq (3-82)
(3 82) and
d th
then simplifying,
i lif i gives
i

2V e 
sin  3

2    sin       R     
    
sin  t    
3 E
iL   R   
e  L  3 
 
Z    
 L  3 
 R
 (1  e ) 
for  / 3   t  2 / 3 and i L  0 ... (3 - 84)

Rms diode current can be found from above equation as,

1/ 2
2 2

I r    iL d (t )
3 2

 2  / 3 
Rmss o/p current
cu e iss thee co
combination
b o oof rmss cu
current
e ofo each
e c diod
d od

I rms  3 I r

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ٣٠
 Six-pulse Diode Rectifier
• Capacitive Load
id

D1 D3 D5
va
Ls a ia

vb
Ls b ib Cd R
 Vd Vd

vc
Ls c ic

D4 D6 D2

(a) (b)

Assumption:
C d    V d  constant

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ٣١
 Six-pulse Diode Rectifier
• Waveforms
v vab vac vbc vba vca vcb vab vac

Vd

0 t
 2
ia
0 t

ib
0 t

ic
0 t

id
0 t
 2
D1 , D6 D1 , D2
ON ON

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ٣٢
 Six-pulse Diode Rectifier
• Discontinuous Current Operation

v v ab v ac

Vd

0 t
 /3  /3 
id
Ip
0 t
1 2 34 5

 Vd 
1  sin 1  

 2 Ve 

 2    1

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ٣٣
 Six-pulse Diode Rectifier
• Discontinuous Current Operation
id
v v ab v ac
D1 D3 D5
va
Ls ia
Vd
vb
Ls ib
Vd 0 t
 /3  /3 
vc id
Ls ic
Ip
0 t
D4 D6 D2 1 2 34 5

Differential Equation: did 1  t   3

2Ls  vab  Vd
dt
Solution:

   

id    2Ve sin t   Vd d t   2Ve cos 1  cos    Vd 1   
1 1
2Ls 1 2Ls

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ٣۴
 Six-pulse Diode Rectifier
• Discontinuous Current Operation
v v ab v ac

Vd

0 t
 /3  /3 
id
Ip
0 t
1 2 34 5

Peak dc current: Ip 
1
2 Ls
 
2Ve cos 1  cos 2   Vd 1  2 

1 3
Average dc current: Id   id   d  
 /3 1 

Vd cos 1  cos  3
Voltage – theta relation: 
2 Ve 1   3
S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ٣۵
 Six-pulse Diode Rectifier
• Continuous Current Operation
id i
ia ib ic
Ip
D1 D3 D5
va t
Ls ia
 2
ib ic ia
vb 
Ls ib
Vd id c

vc
Ls ic Ip
I II III
t
D1
On-state
D4 D6 D2 Di d
Diode
D1 , D2 D2 D2 , D3
D3

Note:
- With the increase of the load current, the rectifier will
enter into continuous current operation.
- During commutation interval,
interval three diodes are on
on.

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ٣۶
 Definition of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)

Phase voltage (pure sine): va  2 Va sin 1t



Line current (distorted): ia   2I an sin(nt )  n 

n 1

2 
RMS line current: Ia 
1

o ai  d ( 2
t )   I 2

2
an
n 1
1

Line current THD: I a2  I a21

THD 
I a1

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ٣٧
 • Definition of Power Factor (PF)

Per-phase average (real) power: S  Va I a

2
va  ia d t   Va I a1 cos 1
1
Per-phase apparent power: P 
2 0

P Va I a1 cos 1 I a1
Total power factor (PF): PF    cos 1  DF  DPF
S Va I a Ia
I a1
Distortion factor (DF) : DF 
Ia

Displacement power factor (DPF) : DPF  cos 1

DPF
PF = f (THD) : PF 
1  THD 2
S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ٣٨
 Per Unit System

Rated power, rated lint-to-line voltage: S R , VR

VR
Base voltage and frequency: VB  and  B  2f1
3
SR VB
Base current and impedance: IB  and Z B 
3VB IB

ZB 1
Base inductance and capacitance: LB  and C B 
B B Z B
Example
Rectifier
R ifi ratings:
i 4160V 60Hz,
4160V, 60H 2MVA.
2MVA
Base current = 277.6A, Base inductance = 22.9mH.
Line inductance = 2.29mH = 0.1pu
p
Line current = 138.8A = 0.5pu

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ٣٩
 Six-pulse Diode Rectifier
• Typical Waveforms / Harmonic Content
ia
ia1
Non continious

ia

ia1
Continious

0  2 3 4

Harmonics THD
5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25
n (%)
I an / I a1 (%)
63.4 38.7 8.99 8.64 4.22 3.61 2.48 2.02 75.7
I a1  0 . 2 pu
I an / I a1 (%)
30 4 8.79
30.4 8 79 6 31
6.31 3 40
3.40 2 30
2.30 1 89
1.89 1 04
1.04 1 03
1.03 32 7
32.7
I a1  1pu

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ۴٠
 Six-pulse Diode Rectifier
• THD and PF

THD(%) PF
100 1.0

A: L s = 0.05 C
80 B: L s = 0.10 0.9
C: L s = 0.15 B

60 0.8
A
A
A: L s = 0.05
A 0 05
40 0.7 B: L s = 0.10
B
C: L s = 0.15
C
20 0.6
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I a 1 (pu) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I a 1(pu)
(a) THD (b) PF

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ۴١
 Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Rectifier: Redrawn

• Primary must be delta connected to compensate the dc component flowing

through secondary windings.

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ۴٢
S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ۴٣
 12-pulse Rectifiers

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ۴۴
 12-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier

Method: Two separate rectifier bridges supply a single

DC bus in series or parallel. The two bridges are
fed from phase-shifted supplies.

Benefits: Very effective in the elimination of 5th and 7th

harmonics.
Stops harmonics at the source.
Insensitive to future system changes.

Concerns: May not meet the IEEE standards in every case.

Does little to attenuate the 11th and 13th harmonics.

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ۴۵
S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ۴۶
 12-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier

i A  i a  i a~ N2 Llk ia id
vA
Ls i A N1

vB
  0 Cd 
Vd
N3 Llk i a~
vC a~

~
b

c~
  30

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ۴٧
 12-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier
• Rectifier Topology i A  i a  i a~ N2 Llk ia id
vA
Ls i A N1

vB
  0 Cd 
Vd
N3 Llk ia~
vC a~

~
b

c~
  30

• Series type:
yp Two six-pulse
p rectifiers are in series at the output.
p

• Phase shifting transformer:   Va~b~  VAB  30

• Secondary line-to-line voltage: Vab  Va~b~  VAB / 2

 2 and
N1 N1 2
• Turns ratio: 
N2 N3 3

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ۴٨
 12-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier
• Simplified Block Diagram
i A  i a  i a~ N2 Llk ia id
vA a
A
Ls iA N1
b
vB
B   0
c Cd 
Vd
N3 Llk i a~
vC a~
C
~
b
~
c
  30 

(a) 12-pulse
12 pulse diode rectifier
id

i A  ia  i a~ Llk ia

  0
Ls iA Cd 
Vd

Llk ia~

  30 

(b) Simplified diagram

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ۴٩
 •Transformer with two secondaries (Star and Delta), provides
two 3-phase outputs with 30o phase shift between them
• RMS line voltages are the same so delta winding has more
(√3) turns per phase
• Output voltages look like (assuming diode circuit)
•Input currents iABCDEF all have the same shape as in the
normal 6-pulse circuit
• iDEF are mutually displaced from each other by 120o
• iABC are mutuallyy displaced
p y 120o
from each other by
• iD lags IA by 30o (π/6) and so on

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ۵٠
 It can be shown (not done here) that the effect of the currents combine in
the transformer so that:

consider just the 5th harmonic and choose t=0 so that :

Similar result for 7th, 17th, 19th etc harmonics

O l 12K±1
Only 12K 1 harmonics
h i are lleft
f
S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ۵١
 12-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier
• Waveforms and FFT
 / Ia1
I an
id n=1 THD = 24
24.1%
1%
0.8
ia ia1 ( I a1  1pu ) 0.6  / Ia1  Ian / Ia1
Ian
0.4
n=5 7
0.2 11 13 17 19
0
(a)
I a~ n / I a~ 1
ia  ia / 2 0.8
n=1 THD = 24.1%
ia~ 0.6 Ia~ n / Ia~ 1  Ia~n / Ia~1
04
0.4
n=5 7
0.2 11 13 17 19
0
(b)
I An / I A1
i A  ia  ia~ 0.8
n=1
THD = 8.38%
i A1 ( I A1  1pu ) 0.6
0.4
0.2 11 13
0
 2 3 4 0 250 500
(c)
750 1000 f (Hz)
(H )

• No 5th or 7th harmonics in the line current.

• Primary line current THD: 8.38%

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ۵٢
 12-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier
• THD and PF
THD(%) PF
25 1.00

A: L s = 0.00
B: L s = 0.05
20 0.98
C: L s = 0.10
0 10 A
(L lk = 0.05) B
15 0.96
C
A
A: L s = 0.00
B B: L s = 0.05
10 0.94
C: L s = 0.10
C (L lk = 0.05)
5 0.92
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I A1(pu) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I A1(pu)
(a) THD (b) PF
Comparison with six-pulse rectifier:
• THD is reduced; and
• PF is improved
improved.

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ۵٣
 Parallel connection is also possible (same
advantages)
d t ) but
b t needs
d “i
“inter-phase
t h reactor”
t ”
((IPR)) for correct operation
p

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ۵۴
 18-pulse Rectifiers

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ۵۵
 18-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier

Method: An integral phase-shift transformer and rectifier

Input which draws an almost purely sinusoidal
waveform from the source
source.

Benefits: Meets the IEEE standards in every case!

Attenuates all harmonics up to the 35th.

Stops harmonics at the source

source.

Insensitive to future system changes.

Concerns: Can be expensive at smaller HP’s

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ۵۶
 18-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier
• Converter Topology
id
Llk ia
Z
i A  ia  i a~  ia
   20 

Ls iA L lk ia~ Cd 
Vd
  0

L lk ia
Z
  20 

Phase-Shifting
(Zigzag) Transformer

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ۵٧
 18-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier
• Simulated Waveforms

ia~  ia~ / 3
ia ia

i A  ia  ia~  ia

0  2 3 4

• No 5th, 7th, 11th, or 13th harmonics in the line current.

• Lowest harmonic: 17th
• Line current THD: 3.06%

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ۵٨
 18-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier
• Measured Waveforms

ia

ia~

ia

iA

2 pu/div, 5ms/div

2 / 5 pu/div, 200Hz/div

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ۵٩
 18-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier
• THD and PF
THD(%) PF
10 1.00

A: L s = 0.00
B: L s = 0.05 A
8 0.98
C: L s = 0.10 B
(L lk = 0.05) C
6 A 0.96

B A: L s = 0.00
B L s = 0.05
B: 0 05
4 0.94
C C: L s = 0.10
(L lk = 0.05)
2 0.92
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I A1(pu) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I A1(pu)
(a) THD (b) PF

C
Comparison
i with
ith 12-pulse:
12 l Improved
I d THD

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ۶٠
 24-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier
• Converter Topology
id
Llk ia
Z
   15 

i A  i a  i a~  i a  ia ia~

L lk

Ls iA   0 Cd 
Vd
L lk ia
Z
  15 

L lk ia

  30 
Phase-Shifting (Zigzag) Transformer
S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ۶١
 24-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier
• Typical Waveforms
0.60
( )
(pu) ia~  ia~ / 4 THD = 24
24.0%
0%
0.30
i a
0
 3
-0.30

-0.60
(a)
0.60
THD = 24.0%
0.30
ia ia
0

-0.30

-0.60
((b))
1 50
1.50
i A  i a  i a~  i a  i a THD = 1.49%
0.75

-0.75
0 75

-1.50
0
 2 3 4
(c)
• Lowest line current harmonic: 23th
• THD: 1.49%
S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ۶٢
 24-pulse Series-type Diode Rectifier
• THD and PF

THD(%) PF
8 1.00

A: L s = 0.00
B: L s = 0.05 A
6 0.98
C: L s = 0.10 B
(L lk = 0.05 )
C
4 0 96
0.96
A
A: L s = 0.00
B
B: L s = 0.05
2 0.94
C C: L s = 0.10
(L lk = 0.05 )
0 0.92
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I A1(pu) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I A1(pu)
((a)) THD ((b)) PF

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ۶٣
 Summary and
Comparison of waveforms

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ۶۴
 Summary & Conclusion
• Line-frequency diode rectifiers converts line-frequency ac into dc in
an uncontrolled manner

• Three-phase rectifiers are preferable in most respects over the single-

phase ones

• Rectifiers inject large amounts of harmonic currents into the utility

systems – remedies would have to be implemented

• Multi Pulses rectifier can met harmonics criteria mentioned in

standard

• Generally the pulse number is a multiple of 6 (assuming 3-phase

system), so 12, 18, 24-pulse
S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ۶۵
 • A 12-pulse converter, for example, consists of two 6-pulse converters
fed from a 6-phase supply and connected in series or parallel on the
DC side (18-pulse has three 6-pulse circuits and so on)

• Since a 6-phase supply is not normally available, it is generated from

the 3-phase supply using a phase shifting transformer (6-phase source
is equivalent to two 3-phase sources with 300 phase shift between
them))

• The advantage of using the two 6-pulse circuits like this, rather than
just connecting them in parallel (or series) is that harmonic
cancellation takes place and the power quality at the input and output
is improved
S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ۶۶
 Comparison of waveforms

6-pulse converter
note the level of distortion
and steep current rise.

12-pulse converter

the waveform appears more

sinusoidal, but still not very
smooth.

18-pulse converter

virtually indistinguishable
from the source current
waveform.

S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ۶٧
 Pulse Harmonics in input current Ripple frequency on
Number (K=1,2,3,4...) DC side
6 6K1 6*supply
12 12K1 12*supply
18 18K1 18*supply
24 24K1 24*supply

•Higher
Hi h pulse l number
b means fewer
f input
i t harmonics
h i
(better power factor), and smoother output (smaller
smoothing components)
• Used at high power levels (>500kW) for this reason -
sometimes also at lower power levels where power quality
is critical
S.Farshad 1390/8/14 ۶٨
 ‫دامنه ھارمونيھاي براي يكسو سازھاي شش و دوازده پالس در فرضھاي مختلف‬
‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮض‬

‫‪3/5‬‬ ‫‪9/5‬‬ ‫‪7/7‬‬ ‫‪1/9‬‬ ‫‪3/14‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮن ﻟﺤﻈﻪ اي‬

‫‪3/2‬‬ ‫‪1/3‬‬ ‫‪5/8‬‬ ‫‪1/7‬‬ ‫‪3/12‬‬ ‫‪3/19‬‬ ‫ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺗﺪاﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻴﻮن ﺑﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮن‬
‫ﻮ‬

‫ﺷﺷﺶ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ‬
‫‪ 20‬درﺟﻪ )ﺗﺌﻮري(‬

‫‪5/1-‬‬ ‫‪3-‬‬ ‫‪4-‬‬ ‫‪5/5-‬‬ ‫‪11-‬‬ ‫‪5/18-‬‬ ‫ﺗﺪاﺧﻠﻲ‬

‫ﺖ ﺗﺪاﺧﻠ‬
‫ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮن ﺎﺑﺎ ﻫﺪا‬
‫ﻛ ﺗﺎ ن‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5/5‬‬ ‫‪5/6‬‬ ‫‪5/8‬‬ ‫‪5/12‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪ 20‬درﺟﻪ )آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ(‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪7/7‬‬ ‫‪1/9‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻈﻪ اي‬

‫ﻛﻤﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮن ﻈ‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪5/8‬‬ ‫‪1/7‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮن ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺗﺪاﺧﻠﻲ‬

‫دوازده ﭘﺎﻟﺲ‬
‫ﺲ‬
‫ﺗﺌﻮري(‬
‫درﺟﻪ )ﺗﺌ ي‬
‫‪ 20‬د ﺟﻪ‬

‫‪4/0-‬‬ ‫‪5/0-‬‬ ‫‪4-‬‬ ‫‪5/5-‬‬ ‫‪7/2-‬‬ ‫‪6/4-‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮن ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺗﺪاﺧﻠﻲ‬

‫‪41‬‬
‫‪4/1‬‬ ‫‪41‬‬
‫‪4/1‬‬ ‫‪56‬‬
‫‪5/6‬‬ ‫‪58‬‬
‫‪5/8‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬
‫‪2/3‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ(‬
‫‪ 20‬درﺟﻪ )آ ﺎ‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪S.Farshad‬‬ ‫‪1390/8/14‬‬ ‫‪۶٩‬‬