Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Approximate scale
Continued on the next page…
0.22 μF 0.1 μF
X7R
VREG CP1 CP2 0.1 μF
X7R
VCP
10 μF VDD
5 kΩ
ROSC VBB1
Microcontroller or
Controller Logic A3987 VBB2 100 μF
STEP OUT1A
DIR OUT1B
SLEEP/RESET SENSE1
ENABLE
MS1
OUT2A
MS2
REF OUT2B
SENSE2
3987DS, Rev.1
A3987 DMOS Microstepping Driver with Translator
Description (continued)
Internal synchronous rectification control circuitry is provided to protection. Special power-up sequencing is not required.
improve power dissipation during PWM operation.
The A3987 is supplied in a thin profile (1.2 mm maximum height)
Internal circuit protection includes: thermal shutdown with 24-lead TSSOP (suffix LP) with exposed thermal tab. The package
hysteresis, undervoltage lockout (UVLO), and crossover current is lead (Pb) free with 100% matte tin leadframe plating.
Selection Guide
Part Number Package Packing
A3987SLP-T 24-pin TSSOP with exposed thermal pad 62 pieces / tube
A3987SLPTR-T 24-pin TSSOP with exposed thermal pad 3000 pieces / reel
Thermal Characteristics*
Characteristic Symbol Notes Rating Units
4-layer PCB based on JEDEC standard 28 °C/W
Package Thermal Resistance RθJA
2-layer PCB with 3.8 in.2 2 oz. copper each side 32 °C/W
*Additional thermal data available on the Allegro website.
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
(R
Power Dissipation, PD (W)
3.5 θJ
A =
28
3.0 (R ºC
θJ /W
A = )
2.5 32
ºC
/W
2.0 )
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Temperature (°C)
0.22 µF
0.1 µF
Charge VCP
VDD Regulator Pump
0.1 µF
To VDD
DAC
VREG VCP
DMOS Full Bridge 1
VBB1
PWM Latch
OSC Blanking
ROSC Mixed Decay OUT1A
OUT1B
To VDD
STEP SENSE1
Gate
DIR Drive
Control OCP
Translator Logic
SLEEP/RESET
OUT2A
ENABLE PWM Latch
Blanking OUT2B
Mixed Decay
SENSE2
DAC
Buffer
REF
GND GND
Protection Circuitry
Overcurrent Protection Threshold4 Iocpst 2 – – A
Overcurrent Blanking tocp 1 3 μs
Thermal Shutdown Temperature TTSD – 165 – °C
Thermal Shutdown Hysteresis TTSDhys – 15 – °C
1Negative current is defined as coming out of (sourcing) the specified device pin.
2Typical data are for initial design estimations only, and assume optimum manufacturing and application conditions. Performance may vary for indi-
vidual units, within the specified maximum and minimum limits.
3V
ERR = [(VREF / 8) – VSENSE ] / (VREF / 8).
4OCP is tested at T = 25°C in a restricted range and guaranteed by characterization.
A
tA tB
STEP
tC tD
MS1, MS2,
RESET/SLEEP,
or DIR
STEP STEP
100 100
70 70
Slow Slow Slow
Phase 1 Slow Phase 1 Mixed Mixed Mixed
IOUT1A 0
IOUT1A 0
DIR = H DIR = H
–70 –70
–100 –100
100 100
70 70
Slow Slow Slow Slow
Phase 2 Phase 2 Mixed Mixed Mixed
IOUT2A IOUT2B
0 0
DIR = H DIR = H
(%) Slow (%)
–70 –70
–100 –100
Figure 2. Decay Mode for Full-Step Increments Figure 3. Decay Modes for Half-Step Increments
STEP
100
94
70
38
Phase 1
Slow Mixed Slow Mixed Slow
IOUT1A
0
DIR = H
Home Microstep Position
(%) –38
–70
–93
–100
100
93
70
38 Slow
Phase 2
Mixed Slow Mixed Slow Mixed
IOUT2B
0
DIR = H
(%) –38
–70
–93
–100
STEP
98100
95
92
88
83
77
70
64
56
47
38
29
19
Phase 1 9
IOUT1A Slow Mixed Slow Mixed
0
DIR = H –9
(%)
–19
–29
–38
Home Microstep Position
–47
–56
–64
–70
–77
–83
–88
–92
–95
–98
–100
98100
95
92
88
83
77
70
64
56
47
38
29
19
Slow
Phase 2 9
IOUT2B Mixed Slow Mixed Slow
0
DIR = H
–9
(%)
–19
–29
–38
–47
–56
–64
–70
–77
–83
–88
–92
–95
–98
–100
Functional Description
Device Operation The A3987 is a complete microstepping Microstep Select (MS1 and MS2) Inputs MS1 and MS2
motor driver with built-in translator for easy operation with select the microstepping format (see table 1 for state settings).
a minimum of control lines. The A3987 is designed to oper- Changes to these inputs do not take effect until the next STEP
ate bipolar stepper motors in full, half, quarter, and sixteenth command. It is good practice to use a pull-up resistor to VDD in
step modes. The full bridges on the dual outputs are composed order to limit input current should an external overvoltage occur.
entirely of N-channel DMOS FETS, and the full bridge currents A minimum of 5 kΩ is recommended.
are regulated by fixed off-time, pulse width modulated (PWM) Direction Input (DIR) The state of the DIR input determines
control circuitry. For each full bridge, the individual step currents the direction of rotation of the motor. A logic change on the DIR
are set by the combination of: a common external reference volt- pin will not take effect until the next STEP command is issued.
age, VREF ; an external current sense resistor, RSENSEx ; and the
output voltage of an internal DAC that is controlled by the output
Internal PWM Current Control Each full bridge is
controlled by a fixed off-time PWM current control circuit that
of the translator.
limits the load current to a desired value (ITRIP). Initially, a
At power-up or reset, the translator sets the DACs and phase diagonal pair of source and sink FETs are enabled and current
current polarity to the initial home state (see figures 2 through flows through the motor winding and the corresponding current
5 for home state conditions), and also sets the current regulator sense resistor, RSENSEx. When the voltage across RSENSE equals
for both output phases to mixed decay mode. When a command the DAC output voltage, the current sense comparator resets the
signal occurs on the STEP input, the translator automatically PWM latch, which turns off the source drivers (in slow decay
sequences the DACs to the next level (see table 2 for the current mode) or the sink and source drivers (in fast or mixed decay
modes).
level sequence) and current polarity. The microstep resolution
is set by inputs MS1 and MS2 (see in table 1 for state settings). The maximum value of current limiting is set by the selection of
If logic inputs are pulled up to VDD, it is good practice to use a RSENSE and the voltage at the REF input, with a transconductance
high value pull-up resistor in order to limit current to the logic function approximated by:
inputs should an overvoltage event occur. If the new DAC output ITRIP(max) = VREF / 8 × RSENSE .
level is lower than the previous level, then the decay mode for
that full bridge will be set to mixed decay. If the new DAC level The DAC output reduces the VREF output to the current sense
is higher or equal to the previous level, then the decay mode for comparator in precise steps:
that full bridge will be slow decay. This automatic current decay ITRIP = (% ITRIP(max) / 100) × ITRIP(max) ,
selection improves microstepping performance by reducing the
(see table 2 for % ITRIP(max) at each step).
distortion of the current waveform due to the motor BEMF.
Note: It is critical that the absolute maximum voltage rating
Low-Power Mode Select (SLEEP/RESET) An active- (0.5 V) on the SENSE pins is not exceeded.
low control input used to minimize power consumption when the
A3987 is not in use. This disables much of the internal circuitry Fixed Off-Time The internal PWM current control circuitry
including the output FETs and internal regulator. A logic high uses a 4 MHz master oscillator to control the duration of time that
allows normal device operation and power-up in the home state. the drivers remain off. The fixed off-time, tOFF , is determined by
the selection of an external resistor connected from the ROSC
When coming out of sleep mode, a 1 ms delay is required before
timing terminal to VDD. If the ROSC terminal is tied directly to
issuing a STEP command, to allow the internal regulator to
GND, tOFF defaults to 25 μs. The off-time is approximated by:
stabilize. The outputs can also be reset to the home state without
entering sleep mode. To do so, pulse this input low for a duration tOFF ≈ ROSC / 1.981 × 109
between tRP(min) and tRP(max). The master oscillator period is used to derive PWM off-time,
Step Input (STEP) A low-to-high transition on the STEP dead time, and blanking time.
input sequences the translator and advances the motor one incre- Blanking This function blanks the output of the current sense
ment. The translator controls the input to the DACs and the direc- comparator when the outputs are switched by the internal current
tion of current flow in each winding. The size of the increment is control circuitry. The comparator output is blanked to prevent
determined by the state of inputs MS1 and MS2. false overcurrent detections due to reverse recovery currents of
the internal body diodes, and switching transients related to the decay portion, tFD , the device switches to slow decay mode for
capacitance of the load. The blank time, tBLANK , is internally set the remainder of the fixed off-time period.
to approximately 1 μs.
Synchronous Rectification When a PWM off-cycle is
Charge Pump (CP1 and CP2) The charge pump is used to triggered by an internal fixed off-time cycle, load current will
generate a gate supply greater than VBBx to drive the source FET recirculate according to the decay mode selected by the control
gates. A 0.1 μF ceramic capacitor is required between CP1 and logic. The A3987 synchronous rectification feature turns on the
CP2 for pumping purposes. A 0.1μF ceramic capacitor is required appropriate FETs during current decay, effectively shorting out
between VCP and the VBB terminals to act as a reservoir to oper- the body diodes in the low RDS(on) driver. This lowers power
ate the high-side FETs. dissipation significantly, and can eliminate the need for external
Schottky diodes for many applications. To prevent reversal of
Internal Regulator (VREG) The VREG terminal should
load current, synchronous rectification is turned off when a zero
be decoupled with a 0.22 μF capacitor to ground. This internally
current level is detected.
generated voltage is used to operate the sink FET outputs. VREG
is internally monitored, and in the case of a fault condition, the Short-to-Ground Should a motor winding short to ground,
outputs of the device are disabled. the current through the short will rise until the overcurrent thresh-
old, ICOPST , a minimum of 2 A, is exceeded. The driver turns off
Enable Input (ENABLE) This input activates all of the FET
after a short propagation delay and latches the fault. The device
outputs. When logic high, the outputs are disabled, and when
will remain disabled until the SLEEP/RESET input goes high or
logic low, the outputs are enabled. Inputs to the translator (STEP,
VDD power is removed. As shown in figure 6, a short-to-ground
DIR, MS1, and MS2) are always active, except in Sleep mode,
produces a single overcurrent event.
regardless of the ENABLE input state.
Shorted Load During a shorted load event, the current path is
Shutdown In the event of a fault (either excessive junction
through the sense resistor. During this fault condition the device
temperature, or low voltage on VCP), the outputs of the device
will be protected, however, the fault will not be latched. When
are disabled until the fault condition is removed. At power-up,
the full bridge turns on, the current will rise and exceed the over-
the undervoltage lockout (UVLO) circuit disables the drivers and
current threshold. After the blank time,tBLANK , of approximatly
resets the translator to the home state.
1 μs, the driver will look at the voltage on the SENSEx pin. The
Mixed Decay Operation The full bridges can operate in voltage on the SENSEx pin will be larger than the voltage set by
mixed decay mode when set by the step sequence (see figures 3 the REF pin, and the full bridge will turn off for the time set by
through 5). As the trip point is reached, the device goes into fast the ROSC pin. Figure 7 shows a shorted load condition with an
decay mode for 30.1% of the fixed off-time, tOFF. After this fast off-time of 30 μs.
Fault latched
toff = 30 μs
2 A / div. 2 A / div.
500 ns / div. 5 μs / div.
Layout. The printed circuit board should use a heavy ground- The sense resistors, RSx , should have a very low impedance path
plane. For optimum electrical and thermal performance, the to ground, because they must carry a large current while sup-
A3987 must be soldered directly onto the board. On the under- porting very accurate voltage measurements by the current sense
side of the A3987 package is an exposed pad, which provides a comparators. Long ground traces will cause additional voltage
path for enhanced thermal dissipation. The thermal pad should be drops, adversely affecting the ability of the comparators to accu-
soldered directly to an exposed surface on the PCB. Thermal vias rately measure the current in the windings. As shown in figure 8,
are used to transfer heat to other layers of the PCB. the SENSEx pins have very short traces to the RSx resistors
and very thick, low impedance traces directly to the star ground
In order to minimize the effects of ground bounce and offset
underneath the device. If possible, there should be no other com-
issues, it is important to have a low impedance single-point ponents on the sense circuits.
ground, known as a star ground, located very close to the device.
By making the connection between the pad and the ground plane
directly under the A3987, that area becomes an ideal location
for a star ground point. A low impedance ground will prevent
ground bounce during high current operation and ensure that the
supply voltage remains stable at the input terminal. The recom-
Solder
mended PCB layout, shown in figure 8, illustrates how to create A3987
a star ground under the device, to serve both as a low impedance Trace (2 oz.)
ground point and thermal path. Signal (1 oz.)
The two input capacitors should be placed in parallel, and as Ground (1 oz.)
close to the device supply pins as possible. The ceramic capaci- PCB
Thermal (2 oz.)
tor (CIN1) should be closer to the pins than the bulk capacitor
(CIN2). This is necessary because the ceramic capacitor will be
Thermal Vias
responsible for delivering the high frequency current components.
Figure 8. Printed circuit board layout with typical application circuit, The thermal vias serve also as electrical vias, connecting it to the
shown at right. The copper area directly under the A3987 (U1) is ground plane on the other side of the PCB , so the two copper areas
soldered to the exposed thermal pad on the underside of the device. together form the star ground.
SENSE1 1 24 VBB1
OUT1A 2 23 MS2
NC 3 22 OUT1B
MS1 4 21 CP2
DIR 5 20 CP1
STEP 6 PAD 19 VCP
GND 7 18 GND
REF 8 17 ROSC
ENABLE 9 16 SLEEP/RESET
VDD 10 15 VREG
OUT2A 11 14 OUT2B
SENSE2 12 13 VBB2
7.9 .311 8º
A
7.7 .303 0º
24 B
0.20 .008
Preliminary dimensions, for reference only 0.09 .004
Dimensions in millimeters
U.S. Customary dimensions (in.) in brackets, for reference only
(reference JEDEC MO-153 ADT) 4.5 .177
B 4.3 .169
Dimensions exclusive of mold flash, gate burrs, and dambar protrusions
Exact case and lead configuration at supplier discretion within limits shown 0.75 .030
A Terminal #1 mark area 0.45 .018
6.6 .260
B Exposed thermal pad (bottom surface) 6.2 .244
A 1 .039
C Reference land pattern layout (reference IPC7351 REF
TSOP65P640X120-25M); adjust as necessary to meet
application process requirements and PCB layout
tolerances; when mounting on a multilayer PCB, thermal 1 2
vias at the exposed thermal pad land can improve thermal
dissipation (reference EIA/JEDEC Standard JESD51-5) 0.25 .010
0.30 .012
24X 0.65 .026 1.20 .047
0.19 .007
MAX
0.10 [.004] M C A B
0.15 .006
0.00 .000
0.65 .026
0.45 .018 NOM
NOM
2X 0.20 .008
MIN 3 .118 5.9 .232
NOM NOM
C
The products described here are manufactured under one or more U.S. patents or U.S. patents pending.
Allegro MicroSystems, Inc. reserves the right to make, from time to time, such departures from the detail specifications as may be required to per-
mit improvements in the performance, reliability, or manufacturability of its products. Before placing an order, the user is cautioned to verify that the
information being relied upon is current.
Allegro’s products are not to be used in life support devices or systems, if a failure of an Allegro product can reasonably be expected to cause the
failure of that life support device or system, or to affect the safety or effectiveness of that device or system.
The information included herein is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, Allegro MicroSystems, Inc. assumes no responsibility for its use;
nor for any infringement of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use.
Copyright ©2006, 2007, Allegro MicroSystems, Inc.