Module-1-Basic Electrical Principles

INTERNATIONAL ELECTRONICS AND TECHNICAL INSTITUTE, INC.
Imus School
Joint Delivery Voucher Program-

Senior High School TVL
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
AND MAINTENANCE NC II
Basic Electrical Principles

Module 1 of 4
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE NC II
Alternative Delivery Mode
Module 1: Basic Electrical Principles
First Edition, 2021
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DEVELOPMENT TEAM OF THE MODULE
Writer: Mr. Althemar T. Buton

Proof Reading and
Module Layout: Ms. Ruby B. Martinez
Content Contributor: Mr. Allan T. Arezza
Management Team:
Chairperson
Mrs. Rosita M. Buton
School Directress
Members:
Ms. Maribeth L. Talania
Ms. Janice S. Agustin
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction.................................................................................................................. 1
Overview....................................................................................................................... 1
Instruction.................................................................................................................... 1
Icon of this Module...................................................................................................... 2
What I need to know?..................................................................................................3
Learning Outcome
What To Learn In This Module
What I Know?............................................................................................................... 4
Pre-test
 Test I - Definition of Terms
 Test II – Electrical Symbols And Abbreviation
 Test III – Electrical Circuit Diagram
LEARNING OUTCOME 1 – ATOMIC THEORY............................................................9
What Is It?.......................................................................................................... 9
 Definition of Terms
 Learning Information
 Discussion
What’s in?.......................................................................................................... 17
 Review Questions
What’s More?.....................................................................................................19
 Performance Activity
LEARNING OUTCOME 2 – OHM’S LAW (CURRENT, VOLTAGE, RESISTANCE,
AND POWER)............................................................................................................... 20
What Is It?.......................................................................................................... 20
 Definition of Terms
 Discussion
What’s In?.......................................................................................................... 25
 Self – Check No. 1
What’s More?.....................................................................................................27
 Performance Activity
LEARNING OUTCOME 3 – SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUIT................................28
What Is It?.......................................................................................................... 28
 Discussion
What’s In?.......................................................................................................... 33
 Review Questions
What’s More?.....................................................................................................35
 Performance Activity No.1
 Performance Activity No.2
Post-Assessment.........................................................................................................41
Answer Key.................................................................................................................. 46
References....................................................................................................................48
Introduction
Welcome to this module for Electrical Installation and Maintenance (EIM NC2)
under the Modular Distance Learning (MDL) modality.
This module was prepared and designed to meet the objectives of Joint Delivery
Voucher Program for Senior High School Technical Vocational Livelihood
Specializations (JVDP-TVL) during this time of pandemic where the appropriate learning
environment required for the specialization and the necessary resources are not
feasible. This was developed to be your guide in achieving the required standard
needed to pass the assessment for Electrical Installation and Maintenance National
Certification Level II (EIM-NCII).
The objective of this module is to help you learn while physically not present
inside the classroom. It also aims to provide you with an alternative way and opportunity
to enhance the learner’s technical knowledge, competencies, and skills.
Overview
This module consists of three learning outcome. Pre-assessment questions were

prepared to determine the prior learning of each student and the learning gap he or she
needs to focus on. Each learning outcome contains Definition of Terms, Learning
Information, Discussion, Review Questions, and Performance Activities. At the end of
the module Post-assessment will be conducted to know how much the student have
learned from this module.
Instruction
Before you start, read well the discussion; answer the pre-assessment; and work
out the activities provided just to assess your competence. You are required to go
through a series of learning activities in order to complete each learning outcome of the
module. In each learning outcome are learning information and activity sheets. Perform
these activities on your own and answer the self-check at the end of each learning
outcome. You may use another answer sheet at the end of each module to write your
answers for each self-check and activity.
Make use of this module with relevance and meaning. Study and understand
every topic, memorize every terminology, and follow every instruction when performing
your assigned activities.
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International Electronics and Technical Institute, Inc. –Imus School
ICONS OF THIS MODULE
LABEL IN THE
ICON DETAILS
MODULE
What I Need to Know This part contains learning
objectives that are set for you to
Learning Objectives learn as you go along the module
What I Know? This is an assessment as to your

level of knowledge to the subject
Pre-Test matter at hand, meant specifically
to gauge prior related knowledge
What’s In? This part connects the current
lesson with the previous lesson by
Review Activity going over points that were taught
or learned previously
What is it? This a brief discussion of the
lesson as a way to deepen your
Lesson Proper discovery and understanding of the
concept
What’s More? These are follow-up activities that
are intended for you to practice
Performance Task further in order to master the
competencies
What I Have Learned? Activities designed to process what
you have learned from the lesson
Generalization
What I Can Do? These are tasks that are designed

to showcase your skills and
Application knowledge gained and applied into
real life concerns and situations
Assessment This part evaluate your level of
mastery in achieving the learners
Post-Assessment objectives
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Basic Electrical Principles
Learning Outcome
L.O.1. Atomic Theory
L.O.2. Ohm’s Law (Current, Voltage, Resistance and Power)
L.O.3. Series and Parallel Connection
What To Learn In This Module

At the end of this module the student should be able to:
1. Explain
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. what causes the current to flow in a conductor
2. Interpret the Ohm’s Law formula
3. Understand the relationship between Current, Voltage, and Resistance

and power
4. Perform the series and parallel circuit connection
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o PRE-TEST
Introduction: This pre – test is conducted to know your prior knowledge
about the basic electrical principles. Please answer the following questions with
all honesty in order for us to determine in what way we can help you fill-in the
learning gaps you need to learn and understand through our Modular Distance
Learning modality program. Please read carefully all the questions before giving
your answer.
Test I – DEFINITION OF TERMS

Direction: Write the correct electrical term on column A as defined on the
opposite column B. You may choose from the list of electrical terms
provided below for your possible answer.
Column A Column B
1. is the flow or drift of electrical charge (electron)
past a point in an electric circuit in a given time.
2. are the negatively charged particles of atom.
3. is the property of an electrical circuit that offers

opposition to the flow of current.
4. an electrical circuit wherein the components are
connected end to end that the current flowing
through each component is one and the same,
and that if one component becomes open the
current of the circuit becomes zero.
5. a type of current where electrons flow in both
directions constantly reversing. Power generating
plants produce this type of current.
6. are molecules floating in the air (or atmosphere)
which have been charged electrically. The addition
of electrons gained from a dislodged electron of
another atom gives the molecules a negative
charge.
7. is the movement of negative and positive charged
particles
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8. is the smallest unit of ordinary matter that forms a
chemical element.
9. is the potential, force, or pressure that caused
electric charge to move. It is also the term used
which means electromotive force (emf) or potential
difference.
10. an elementary particle of an atom that carries a
positive charge numerically equal to the charge of
an electron
11. is an electrically charged atom, or group of atoms,
formed by the loss of one or more electrons having
a positive charge.
12. an uncharged elementary particle of an atom that
has a mass nearly equal to that of the proton
13. is a circuit wherein the components have the
same voltage drop across each component and, if
the circuit losses one component, the remaining
components still function effectively without any
circuit interruption.
14. is a type of current where electrons move in one
direction from negative to positive.
15. is the attraction between positive and negative
charged particles
List of Electrical Terms

Dynamic electricity Static electricity Parallel circuit
Positive ions Neutrons Resistance
Atom Voltage Alternating Current
Current Protons Negative ions
Direct Current Series Circuit Electrons
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Test II – ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS and ABBREVIATION
Direction: Matching Type. Match the item description on column A with the
symbol/ abbreviation on column B.
Write the letter only of your choice on column C.
COLUMN A COLUMN B COLUMN C

(Item Description) (Symbol/Abbreviation) (Answer)
Circuit Symbols
1. Energized Lamp 1.
a.) 24Vdc
2. Current Flow 2.
b.)
3. Alternating Current (AC) 3.
Symbol
c
4. Direct Current (DC) Symbol 4.
d.)
5. Resistor 5.
e.)
6. De-energized Lamp 6.
f.)
7. AC Voltage Source 7.
g.)
8. DC Voltage Source (Battery) 8.
h.)
9. Switch 9.
i.)
10. Circuit Conductor 10.
j.) 220Vac
Unit and Measurement Abbreviation
11. Volts or Voltage k.) I 11.
12. Current l.) Ω 12.
13. Resistance m.) R 13.
14. Ohms n.) V 14.
15. Ampere o.) A 15.
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Test III – ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Direction: On the space provided below each task, draw the required circuit
diagram using pencil with eraser. Read, analyze, and follow
instructions carefully before you perform each task.
Task #1. Draw the basic circuit diagram with 24 Vdc battery as your source,
10Ω resistor as your load, 2.4 A current flowing in the circuit, and a
single-pole single-throw switch circuit controller. Label each
component in your diagram.
Task #2. Draw the circuit diagram of three (3) lamps connected in series
showing the direction of current flow and the supply voltage source.
Task #3. Draw the circuit diagram of five (5) lamps connected in parallel
showing the supply voltage source and the direction of current flow.
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Test IV – OHM’S LAW and POWER FORMULA
Direction: Multiple Choices. Write the letter only of your correct answer in the
Answer Sheet.
1. Ohm’s Law states that, “The current flowing in a circuit is directly

proportional to the voltage supplied and inversely proportional to the resistance
of its load.” This is represented by what formula?
A. V = I x R
B. R = V x I
C. I = V ÷ R
D. None of the above
2. What formula to be used in finding the value of current in a circuit?

A. I = V ÷ R
B. I = V x R
C. R = V ÷ I
D. V = I ÷ R
3. To find power in watts of any given circuit the formula to be used is

A. I = V ÷ R
B. P = I x V
C. I = P ÷ V
D. V = P ÷ I
4. To find the value of current using power formula we shall use

A. I = P ÷ V
B. P = V x I
C. I = P x V
D. I = V x P
5. What power formula is used to calculate the value of voltage supplied in a

circuit?
A. V = P ÷ I
B. V = P ÷ R
C. None of the above
D. All of the above
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L.O. 1
o DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Atom - is the smallest unit of ordinary matter that forms a chemical
element.
2. Electrons - are the negatively charged particles of atom. Together, all of the
electrons of an atom create a negative charge that balances the positive charge
of the protons in the atomic nucleus.
3. Protons - an elementary particle an atom that carries a positive charge
numerically equal to the charge of an electron
4. Neutrons - an uncharged elementary particle that has a mass nearly equal
to that of the proton.
5. Static electricity – is the attraction between positive and negative charged
particles
6. Dynamic electricity – is the movement of negative and positive charged
particles
7. Positive ions - is an electrically charged atom, or group of atoms, formed by
the loss of one or more electrons and the reduction in electrons gives the atom
a positive charge.
8. Negative ions - are molecules floating in the air (or atmospheres) which
have been charged electrically.
9. Direct current - electrons move in one direction from negative to positive.
Batteries produce direct current.
10. Alternating Current - electrons flow in both directions constantly
reversing. Power generating plants produce alternating current.
Atomic Theory
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o LEARNING INFORMATION
Atomic theory states that:
When an element is divided continuously the division will arrive to the

smallest particle where it can no longer be divided. This smallest
particle of an element is called an atom.
An atom is composed of the following:
1. Nucleus – the central part of an atom

2. Neutrons – particles inside the nucleus which is electrically neutral
3. Protons – positively charged particles inside the nucleus
4. Electrons – negatively charged particles revolving around the nucleus
Figure 1. A neutral atom consists of an equal number of protons and electrons
Energies such as friction, pressure, chemical reaction, heat, magnetic

action, and light are subjected into an element the electrons are dislodged
from their orbit. The dislodged electron will be taken by another atom.
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Figure2. A dislodged electron
An atom where the electron was dislodged is now deficient of negative charge
and become a positively ionized atom. Its charge as a whole is positive.
Figure 3. A positive charged atom. It has more protons than electrons
The atom that took the dislodged electron from the other atom has now
excessive negative charge and become a negatively ionized atom. Its charge
as a whole is negative.
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Figure 4. A negative charged atom. It has more electrons than proton
When two ionized atom get near each other, the positively ionized atom tend to
take back its dislodged electron, while the negatively ionized atom wants to
remove the excess electron from its orbit. The result is an attraction between
two atoms. This effect is known as static electricity.
o Sources of Energy
Energy capable of separating the negative electron from the positive nucleus of
an atom:
1. Friction
2. Chemical reaction
3. Light
4. Heat
5. Pressure
6. Magnetic action
o Static and Dynamic Electricity
Static electricity – is the attraction between positive and negative charged

particles
Dynamic electricity – is the movement of negative and positive charged

particles
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o Example of Static Electricity
1. Friction
Figure 5. A comb when rubbed in the hair attracts the small pieces of
paper
2. Chemical Reaction
Figure 6. A cut-away view of a dry cell
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3. Lightning
Figure 7. Lighting is produced when negative and positive regions get near
each other. That may be between two clouds, or between clouds and ground
o Example of Dynamic Electricity
1. Magnetic action
Figure8. Example of an electromagnet
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2. Flow of electron in the wire
Figure 9. An electrical circuit showing how electrons (represented by arrows)

travel through a conductor from the negative to positive poles of a dry cell.
o 2 Kinds Of Electricity
Classification Source Symbol

Direct Current (DC) Dry Cell or Battery
Storage
or
Alternating Current Generator Set
(AC)
Page | 15
o DISCUSSION
Our first topic is about Atomic Theory. Atom as defined is the smallest
particle of an element. So small that it can no longer be divided.
Atom is composed of nucleus, neutron, proton, and electron. The
nucleus is the central core of an atom. Inside the nucleus are the neutron
particles which have neutral charge, and protons that have positive charge.
Orbiting around the nucleus are the electrons. ( See Figure1 )
A normal atom has equal number of protons and electron. But when
this atom that made up an element is subjected into heat, pressure, chemical
reaction, friction, or magnetic action the electrons dislodge from their orbit. (
See Figure2 )
A dislodged electron is taken by another atom forcibly. The atom where
the electron was dislodged is positively ionized and its charge as a whole is
positive. While the atom that took the dislodged electron is negatively ionized
and its charge as a whole is negative.( See Figure3 and Figure4 )
We must understand and always remember that when two ionized atom
gets near each other, the positively charged atom tend to take back its
dislodged electron, while the negatively charged atom wanted to remove the
excess electron from its orbit. The result is an attraction between the two
atoms. This effect is called static electricity.
We can therefore say that, static electricity is the attraction between
positive and negative charged particles.
When a wire is connected to a negative pole of a dry cell going to the
positive pole (See Figure9) the attraction between negative ions and positive
ions inside the dry cell will cause the electrons to travel through the wire. This
movement of electrons is called dynamic electricity.
Dynamic electricity therefore means the movement of negative to
positive charged particles.
If we have an instrument that could magnify this movement of electrons
in a conductor, trillions upon trillion of them, we can see them flowing like
water inside a pipe. This flow of electrons in a conductor is called electric
current.
It is from the word electron that the concept of electricity was derived.
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Explain in simplest term, how do you understand the term dislodged
electron?
2. From the definition of static and dynamic electricity, what are the two
words that differentiate one from the other?
3. How would you explain why an atom is a positive ion or negative ion?
4. What is the reason why the positively charged atom wanted to take back
its dislodged electrons
5. What action will happen when the negative terminal and positive
terminal of a dry cell is connected by a wire between them.
Answer Sheet:
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o FILL-IN THE BLANKS
Direction: Fill-in the blank with the correct word or phrase that would
complete the statements below. Please write your answer on the blank provided
for your answer/s. Some statements need multiple words to be completed.
1. The smallest particle of an element that can no longer be divided is called

___________.
2. Static electricity is defined as the __________ between positive and negative

charged particles.
3. The atom where the electron was dislodged is __________ __________and its
charge as a whole is positive.
4. __________ __________ means the movement of negative to positive charged

particles.
5. Energies such as ________________, 6.________________, 7.___________________,

8. __________________, 9. ____________________, 10. ____________________ when
subjected into an element causes electrons to dislodge from their orbit.
11. This flow of electrons in a conductor is called __________________________.
12. A negative charged atom has ____________________than protons.
13. A positive charged atom has more _______________ than electrons.
14. A normal atom has equal number of ______________ and 15. ______________.
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o PERFORMANCE ACTIVITY
Instruction:
1. Draw a pair of atoms and label them Atom ‘A’ and Atom ‘B’.
2. Both Atom ‘A’ and Atom ‘B’ have 3 protons in their nucleus and 3 electrons
orbits around each nucleus.
3. In the same Worksheet draw another pair of atoms (Atom ‘A’ and Atom ‘B’)
showing how the number of electrons in each orbit when 1 electron from
Atom ‘A’ is dislodged and was taken by Atom ‘B’.
4. Label your drawings.
5. Use arrows to show the direction of the dislodged electron.
6. Use the Worksheet provided in this module for your drawing.
Tools/materials Needed:
Pencil and eraser
Worksheet:
Page | 19
L.O. 2
o DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Current - is the flow or drift of electrical charge (electron) past a point in an
electric circuit in a given time.
2. Voltage – is the potential, force, or pressure that caused electric charge to
move. It is also the term used which means electromotive force (emf) or
potential difference.
3. Resistance – is the property of an electrical circuit that dissipates electrical
energy into heat energy. It is also the property of an electrical circuit that offers
opposition to the flow of current.
4. Power - is the rate, per unit time, at which electrical energy is transferred by
an electric circuit.
o Learning Information
Ohm’s Law states that:
The current (I) flowing in a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage

(V) and inversely proportional to the resistance (R)
Which also means that,” The higher the voltage the higher the current and, the
higher the resistance the lower the current.”
This relationship between Current, Voltage, and Resistance is presented in the

following equation known as Ohm’s Law: I = E or V ÷ R
Where:
E or V = Applied potential (Emf or Voltage)

I = Current of the circuit
R = Resistance of the circuit
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Tables of parameters for current, voltage, and resistance
Current
Unit of
Electrical Quantity Symbol Abbreviation
Measurement
Current I Amperes A
* The unit for Current is named after a French Physicist Andre Marie
Ampere (1775 – 1836)
Voltage
Unit of
Measurement
Voltage V or E Volts V
* The unit for Voltage is named after an Italian Physicist Alessandro Volta
(1745 – 1827)
Resistance
Unit of
Measurement
Resistance R Ohms Ω
* The unit for Resistance is named after a German Physicist George Simon
Ohm (1787 – 1854)
o How to calculate the value of current (I), voltage (V), and
resistance (R)
Formula used in finding the value of voltage, current, and resistance of a
circuit
Figure 1.The Ohm’s Law Triangle
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o Basic Electrical Circuit Diagram
Figure 2. Electrical circuit diagram showing the battery as its voltage (V)
source, an arrow showing the direction of the current (I) flowing in the circuit,
and resistor symbol for the resistance (R)
o Symbols of component commonly used for basic electrical

circuit diagram
Component Symbol
Voltage source
VDC or VAC
Direction of Current Flow
Load or Resistor
Page | 22
o DISCUSSION
In solving problems using Ohm’s Law formula all that is required of

you is your knowledge in basic mathematical operations which are as
follows:
Mathematical Operation Symbol
Addition +
Subtraction -
Multiplication x
Division ÷ or /
Exercise #1:
 If the value of voltage (V) = 12V and resistance (R) = 5Ω, how much
current (I) is flowing in the above circuit?
Required:
I = _________?
Given data:
V = 12V
R = 5Ω
Formula:
I = V/R
Solution:
I = 12V / 5Ω
I = 2.4A
Answer:
I = 2.4 Amperes
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Exercise #2:
 Find the value of resistance (R) given the 24V supply voltage (V) and
1.2A current (I) flowing in the circuit.
Required:
R = ___________?
Given data:
V = 24V
I = 1.2A
Formula:
R = V/I
Solution:
R = 24V / 1.2A
R = 20 Ω
Answer:
R = 20 Ohms
Exercise #3:
 How much voltage (V) is required to push the 3.2A current (I) to flow in
a circuit with 15Ω resistance (R)?
Required:
V = _________?
Given data:
I = 3.2A
R = 15Ω
Formula:
V=IxR
Solution:
V = 3.2A x 15Ω
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V = 48V
Answer:
V = 48 Volts
o Power in Electric Circuit
The power formula states that:
The power (P) assumed in a resistor (R) is determined by the voltage (V)
across it multiplied by the current (I) flowing through it.
This relationship between Power, Voltage, and Current is presented in the

following equation known as Watt’s Law: P = V x I
Where:
P = electrical power in watts
I = current in amperes
V = voltage in volts
Table of Parameter for Electrical Power

Power
Electrical Symbol Unit of Abbreviation
Quantity Measurement
Power P Watts W
* The unit for power is named after James Watt, a Scottish engineer and
chemist
Formula used in finding the value of power, voltage, current, of a circuit
Figure 3. The Watt’s Law Triangle
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Figure 4. Other Watt’s Law and Ohm’s Law Formulas
In solving problems using Watt’s Law formula all that is required of you is
your knowledge and skill in basic mathematical operations, the same as you
were doing when calculating Ohm’s Law equations.
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Exercise #1
 Given the voltage (V) source of 220V and the current (I) flowing in the
conductor is 0.45A, what is the power (P) rating of the lamp in the circuit?
Required:
P=?
Given data:
V = 220V
I = 0.45A
Formula:
P=VxI
Solution:
P = 220V x 0.45A
P = 100W
Answer:
P = 100 Watts
Exercise #2
 A 50W lamp is connected to a circuit with 220V supply; find the value of
current drawn by the lamp.
Required:
I=?
Given data:
V = 220V
P = 50W
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o Self – Check No. 1
Direction: Matching type. Match Column A with Column B. Write the

letter of your choice on the blank provided in Column A
Column A Column B
________ 1. Voltage symbol a) Ω

________ 2. Ampere abbreviation b) E
________ 3. Ohms abbreviation c) Voltage
________ 4. Current symbol d) V
________ 5. Volts abbreviation e) Ohms
________ 6. Symbol for Resistance f) Volts
________ 7. Unit measurement for Current g) A
________ 8. Unit measurement for Voltage h) I
________ 9. Symbol for Electromotive force g) Ampere
________ 10. Unit measurement for Resistance h) R
Direction: Fill-in the blanks. Write your answer on the blank provided in
every question.
1. ____________ is the property of an electrical circuit that offers opposition

to the flow of current.
2. The unit for Current is named after a French Physicist Andre Marie
______________.
3. Voltage is also the term used which means _______________ (emf) or
potential difference.
4. The unit for _____________ is named after a German Physicist George
Page | 28
Simon Ohm.
5. Current is the ___________ of electrical charge (electron) past a point in an
electric circuit in a given time.
Direction: Problem solving. Draw the diagram of the circuit mentioned in

each problem below. Solve the following problem using formula
from Ohm’s Law Triangle in Figure 1. Show your solution for
each problem on the space provided for each question.
Question #1:
Given 24V as your supply voltage (V) and 0.48A of current (I) flowing in a
circuit, what is the value of resistance (R) that opposes the flow of current
in that circuit?
Answer #1:
Question #2:
How much Voltage is measured when the Current flowing in a circuit is 2.4
Amperes and the resistance to that flow is 10Ω?
Page | 29
Answer #2:
Page | 30
o PERFORMANCE ACTIVITY
Instruction:
1. On the space provided below, draw a basic circuit diagram showing dry
cell or battery as the power source, lamp or resistor as your load, and
arrows showing the current flow.
2. Label each circuit component on your drawing to identify where are the
battery, the circuit conductor, the load, and the direction of the current
flow.
3. Indicate the voltage, current, and resistance value on the component
where the value is intended for.
Tools/materials needed:
1. Pencil and eraser
Worksheet:
Page | 31
Series and Parallel Circuit
L.O. 3
o LEARNING INFORMATION
Series Circuit
A circuit is said to be connected in series if the components are connected end
to end that the current flowing through each component is one and the same,
and that if one component becomes open the current of the circuit becomes
zero.
Figure 1. Above diagram shows three lamps connected in series, while the
below diagram is the resistance symbol of three lamps
Behavior of current, voltage, and resistance in A Series Circuit

ITOTAL = IR1 = IR2 = IR3 Total current is equal to the current
passing through all the individual
resistances in a circuit
VTOTAL = VR1 + VR2 + VR3 Total voltage is equal to the summation of
voltage drop in each individual resistances
RTOTAL = R1 + R2 + R3 Total resistance is equal to the summation
Page | 32
of all load resistances
Parallel Circuit
A circuit is said to be in parallel if the components have the same voltage drop
across each component and, if the circuit losses one component, the
remaining components still function effectively without any circuit
interruption.
Figure 2. Diagram on the left showing three lamps connected in parallel,

while diagram on the right is the resistance symbol of three lamps
Behavior of current, voltage, and resistance In a Parallel

Circuit
ITOTAL = IR1 + IR2 + IR3 Total current is the summation of all
current passing through each
individual load resistances
VTOTAL = VR1 = VR2 = VR3 Total voltage is equal to the individual
voltages of each resistors
1/RTOTAL = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + Total resistance is the sum of all
reciprocal value of all individual
1/R3 resistances added together
Page | 33
o 2 Kinds of Electricity
Classification Source Symbol

Direct Current (DC) Dry Cell or Battery
Storage
or
Alternating Current Generator Set
(AC)
o DISCUSSION
When electrical components are connected one after another, the circuit
is a series circuit. Shown in Figure1 is the diagram of a series circuit. The
behavior of electricity in a series circuit with respect to current, voltage, and
resistance are as follows:
1. The amount of current passing through all the all the loads are the
same
2. The voltage drop of each load varies depending on the resistance of each
load
3. The sum of all the voltage drop of each load is equal to the voltage of the
source
4. If one load is removed from the circuit all other loads will not function
Example of the series circuit connection is your Christmas lights. When one of
the lamps is removed from the circuit or gets busted it will no longer function
When the terminals of electrical devices are connected in common like
what is shown in Figure2 the circuit is a parallel circuit. The behavior of
electricity in a parallel circuit with respect to current, voltage, and resistance
are as follows:
1. The total current is equal to the sum of current passing through the
individual loads
2. The voltage drop across each load are the same regardless of each
individual resistances
3. When one load is defective or removed from the circuit all other loads
are not affected
Example of the parallel circuit connection is your house wiring. Even if you
remove the busted bulb in the circuit the rest will still function
How to find total current, voltage, and resistance in Series Circuit and
Parallel Circuit connections using Ohm’s Law formula
ITOTAL = VTOTAL ÷ RTOTAL
Page | 34
Exercise #1
Series Circuit
ITOTAL = IR1 = IR2 = IR3
VTOTAL = VR1 + VR2 + VR3
RTOTAL = R1 + R2 + R3
Rt = R1 + R2 + R3
= 10Ω + 20Ω + 3OΩ
= 60Ω
It = Vt ÷ Rt
= 220V ÷ 60Ω
= 3.67A
It = IR1 = IR2 = IR3
= 3.67A = 3.67A = 3.67A
VR1 = IR1 x R1
= 3.67A x 10Ω
= 36.7V
VR2 = IR2 x R2
= 3.67A x 20Ω
= 73.4V
VR3 = IR3 x R3
= 3.67A x 30Ω
= 110.1V
Vt = VR1 + VR2 + VR3
= 36.7V + 73.4V + 110.IV
= 220.2V or 220V
Page | 35
Exercise #2
Parallel Circuit
ITOTAL = IR1 + IR2 + IR3
VTOTAL = VR1 = VR2 = VR3
1/RTOTAL = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
Vt = 220V
Vt = VR1 = VR2 = VR3
= 220V = 220V = 220V
1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
= 1/20Ω + 1/30Ω + 1/40Ω
= .05 + .033 + .025
Rt = 1/.108
= 9.25Ω
It = Vt ÷ Rt
= 220V ÷ 9.259Ω
= 23.76A or 23.8A
CHECK:
IR1 = VR1 ÷ R1
= 220V ÷ 20Ω
= 11A
IR2 = VR2 ÷ R2
= 220V ÷ 30Ω
= 7.3A
IR3 = VR3 ÷ R3
= 220V ÷ 40Ω
= 5.5A
It = 11A + 7.3A + 5.5A
= 23.8A
Page | 36
o REVIEW QUESTIONS
Questions:
1. How will you differentiate series circuit connection from a parallel circuit
connection?
2. What will happen to the current flowing in a series circuit connection if
one component is removed from the circuit?
3. What kind of circuit connection you have if all the loads or resistors are
individually connected across the line conductors?
4. What is the voltage drop for each individual load in a parallel circuit?
5. What will happen to the rest of the loads when one is removed from the
circuit?
Answer:
Page | 37
Direction: Matching type. Match column A with column B. Write the letter of
your choice on the column provided for your answer.
Column A Column B Answer
1. Total current in series circuit 1.
A.)
2. De-energized lamp B.) VTOTAL = VR1 + VR2 + VR3 2.
3. Total voltage in parallel circuit 3.
C.)
4. Alternating Current voltage source D.) ITOTAL = VTOTAL ÷ RTOTAL 4.
5. Total voltage in series circuit E.) VTOTAL = VR1 = VR2 = VR3 5.
6. Circuit conductor 6.
F.)
7. Total current in parallel circuit 7.
G.)
8. Direct Current voltage source H.) 8.
9. Symbol for current flow in a circuit I.) ITOTAL = IR1 + IR2 + IR3 9.
10. Ohm’s Law Formula for total 10.
current (ITOTAL) J.)
Page | 38
o PERFORMANCE ACTIVITY #1
Instruction:
1. Draw a circuit diagram where 5 lamps are connected in parallel
2. Lamps 2 and 4 are busted or defective
3. Use symbols below for your drawing
Tools/materials to be used:
1. Pencil and eraser
Symbols to be used in your drawing
Energized or lighted lamp
Resistor
De-energized lamp (busted or defective)
Alternating Current (AC) source
Circuit conductor
Direction of current flow
Worksheet #1:
Page | 39
o PERFORMANCE ACTIVITY #2
Instruction:
1. Draw a circuit diagram where 5 lamps are connected in series
2. Conductors between lamps 2 and 4 is open
3. Using a red ballpen, draw an arrow to represent the flow of current and
at what point it should stop.
4. Use battery as your voltage source.
5. Use symbols below for your drawing
Tools/materials to be used:
1. Red ballpen, pencil and eraser
Symbols to be used in your drawing
De-energized lamp (busted or defective)
Battery
Direction of current flow
Circuit conductor
Worksheet #2:
Page | 40
Post Assessment
TEST I – TRUE OR FALSE
Direction: On the answer sheet, write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is
not true.
_____1. Voltage is defined as the flow of electron in a circuit.

_____2. The negatively charged particle of an atom is called electron.
_____3. Current is the flow of electrons past a point in an electric circuit in a
given time.
_____4. The unit for current is named after a French physicist Andre Marie
Ampere.
_____5. Resistance is the property of an electrical circuit that offers opposition
to the flow of current.
_____6. When energies such as friction, pressure, chemical reaction, heat,
magnetic action, and light are subjected into an element the electrons
are dislodged from their orbit.
_____7. The movement of negative and positive charged particles is called
dynamic electricity.
_____8. A type of current where electrons move in one direction from negative
to positive is called alternating current (AC).
_____9. The symbol for a unit of resistance measured in a circuit load is the
Greek alphabet omega (Ω).
_____10. The rate, per unit time, at which electrical energy is transferred by an
electric circuit, is called electric power measured in watts.
TEST II – MULTIPLE CHOICES
Direction: Select the correct answer from the choices below each question. Write the
letter only of your answer on the Answer Sheet.
11. This relationship between Power, Voltage, and Current is presented in the
following equation known as Watt’s Law by what formula?
A. P = V x I
B. P = V x R
C. P = I / V
D. P = R / V
12. The unit for Voltage is named after an Italian Physicist named
A. James Watt
B. Andre Marie Ampere
Page | 41
C. Alessandro Volta
D. George Simon Ohm
13. Which of the following are the negatively charged particles of an atom?
A. Protons
B. Neutrons
C. Electrons
D. Nucleus
14. A law in electricity stating that the current flowing in a circuit is directly
proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance is
represented by what mathematical formula?
A. I= P / V
B. I = V /R
C. I = P / V
D. I = R² x V
15. In static electricity what action occurs between positive and negative
charged particles when they come near each other?
A. Repulsion
B. Attraction
C. Movement
16. Sources of energy capable of separating the negative electron from the
positive nucleus of an atom.
A. Light
B. Heat
C. Pressure
D. All of the above
17. Circuit connection in electricity where all the components are connected
end to end and if one component is defective or removed the current flowing
in the circuit is zero.
A. Series-parallel circuit
B. Parallel circuit
C. Series circuit
D. Open circuit
18. A neutral atom is consists of how many number of protons and electrons?
A. Equal number of protons and electrons
B. More electrons
C. More protons
D. More neutrons
19. The electrical symbol for voltage is V or E. V stands for voltage while E
stands for what?
A. Electromotive force
B. Electron flow
Page | 42
C. Electromagnetic field
20. Which equation is true in a parallel circuit?
A. ITOTAL = IR1 + IR2 + IR3
B. VTOTAL = VR1 = VR2 = VR3
C. 1/RTOTAL = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
D. All of the above
TEST III – MATCHING TYPE
Direction: Match the description in column A with the symbols in column B. Write the
letter only of the correct answer in the Answer Sheet.
Column A Column B
21. Voltage symbol
A.)
22. Total voltage in series circuit B.) Ω
23. Ampere abbreviation C.) VTOTAL = VR1 + VR2 + VR3

24. Volts abbreviation D.) E
25. De-energized lamp
E.)
26. Alternating Current voltage source F.) Voltage
27. Circuit conductor G.) ITOTAL = VTOTAL ÷ RTOTAL

28. Ohms abbreviation H.) VTOTAL = VR1 = VR2 = VR3
29. Current symbol
I.)
30. Total current in series circuit J.) V
31. Direct Current voltage source
K.
32. Symbol for current flow in a circuit L.) Ohms
33. Total voltage in parallel circuit M.)
34. Symbol for Resistance N.) Volts
35. Ohm’s Law Formula for total current

O.)
36. Unit measurement for Resistance P.) A
Page | 43
37. Symbol for Electromotive force Q.) I
38. Total current in parallel circuit R.) Ampere
39. Unit measurement for Voltage S.) R

40. Unit measurement for Current T.) ITOTAL = IR1 + IR2 + IR3
TEST IV – PROBLEM SOLVING
Direction: Calculate the following problem using Ohm’s Law and Watt’s Law formulas.
On the answer sheet, show the given data you gathered, the formula you
used, the solution to the problem, and the answer you arrived at.
1. If a 150W lamp is connected to a circuit with 230V supply voltage, what is

the amount of current flowing in that circuit?
2. What is the resistance of the load connected to 24V supply drawing 4.8A of
current?
TEST V – PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES
A. SERIES CIRCUIT CONNECTION
Specific Instruction:
1. In a stiff card board or 3/16” plywood, draw a schematic diagram of 3

lamps connected in series controlled by 1 single-pole single-throw
switch.
2. The horizontal and vertical distances between each circuit component
should be 10cm apart
3. Install all the components firmly on the board by using glue stick to
secure them in place
4. Use only the materials listed below
Materials needed:
1. 2 pcs. – AA battery with holder, 1.5V

2. 3 pcs. – Porcelain receptacle, E10
3. 1 pc. – Tumbler switch, single-pole single-throw
4. 3 pcs. – Bulb, 3V 0.3A
5. 1 m – Solid copper wire, #22
Tools needed:
Page | 44
1. Long nose pliers
2. Philips crew driver
3. Glue gun
Page | 45
B. PARALLEL CIRCUIT CONNECTION
Specific Instruction:
1. In a stiff card board or 3/16” thick plywood, draw a schematic diagram

of 3 lamps connected in parallel controlled individually by 1 single-pole
single-throw switch.
2. The horizontal and vertical distances between each circuit component
should be 10cm apart
3. Install all the components firmly on the board by using glue stick to
secure them in place
4. Use only the materials listed below
Materials needed:
1. 2 pcs. – AA battery with holder, 1.5V

2. 3 pcs. – Receptacle
3. 3 pcs. – Tumbler switch, single-pole single-throw
4. 3 pcs. – Bulb, 3V 0.3A
5. 1 m – Solid copper wire, #22
Tools needed:
1. Long nose pliers

2. Screw driver, Phillips
3. Glue gun
Page | 46
ANSWER KEY
Page | 47
Page | 48
REFERENCES
 The Electrician’s Toolbox Manual, Rex Miller
 Building Wiring Installation & Maintenance, Joseph Raymund M.
Mabilog & Leonardo A. Felipe
 Architectural Utilities 2 – Electrical & Mechanical Equipment, George S.
Salvan
 Training Regulations, Technical Education and Skills Development
Authority
 https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/dccircuits/dcp_2.html
 https://arjaycalixum.wordpress.com/2015/07/31/power-law-and-
ohms-law-pie-chart-or-ohms-law-matrix-table/
 https://eepower.com/resistor-guide/resistor-fundamentals/ohms-law/
 https://www.thestudyonline.in/2019/05/atomic-structure-notes-rrb-
ssc.html
 https://idahoaskascientist.com/2016/01/08/why-are-gamma-rays-
more-harmful-than-radio-waves/
 https://www.microncorp.com/energaire/ions/
 https://circuitdigest.com/tutorial/ac-circuit-theory
Page | 49

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Module-1-Basic Electrical Principles

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INTERNATIONAL ELECTRONICS AND TECHNICAL INSTITUTE, INC.

Joint Delivery Voucher Program-

Basic Electrical Principles

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,

DEVELOPMENT TEAM OF THE MODULE

Writer: Mr. Althemar T. Buton

This module consists of three learning outcome. Pre-assessment questions were

What I Know? This is an assessment as to your

What I Can Do? These are tasks that are designed

L.O.2. Ohm’s Law (Current, Voltage, Resistance and Power)

L.O.3. Series and Parallel Connection

What To Learn In This Module

2. Interpret the Ohm’s Law formula

3. Understand the relationship between Current, Voltage, and Resistance

4. Perform the series and parallel circuit connection

Test I – DEFINITION OF TERMS

3. is the property of an electrical circuit that offers

List of Electrical Terms

COLUMN A COLUMN B COLUMN C

1. Ohm’s Law states that, “The current flowing in a circuit is directly

2. What formula to be used in finding the value of current in a circuit?

3. To find power in watts of any given circuit the formula to be used is

4. To find the value of current using power formula we shall use

5. What power formula is used to calculate the value of voltage supplied in a

Atomic theory states that:

When an element is divided continuously the division will arrive to the

An atom is composed of the following:

1. Nucleus – the central part of an atom

Figure 1. A neutral atom consists of an equal number of protons and electrons

Energies such as friction, pressure, chemical reaction, heat, magnetic

Figure 3. A positive charged atom. It has more protons than electrons

o Static and Dynamic Electricity

Static electricity – is the attraction between positive and negative charged

Dynamic electricity – is the movement of negative and positive charged

Figure 6. A cut-away view of a dry cell

o Example of Dynamic Electricity

Figure8. Example of an electromagnet

Figure 9. An electrical circuit showing how electrons (represented by arrows)

Classification Source Symbol

1. The smallest particle of an element that can no longer be divided is called

2. Static electricity is defined as the __________ between positive and negative

4. __________ __________ means the movement of negative to positive charged

5. Energies such as ________________, 6.________________, 7.___________________,

11. This flow of electrons in a conductor is called __________________________.

12. A negative charged atom has ____________________than protons.

13. A positive charged atom has more _______________ than electrons.

The current (I) flowing in a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage

This relationship between Current, Voltage, and Resistance is presented in the

E or V = Applied potential (Emf or Voltage)

Figure 1.The Ohm’s Law Triangle

o Symbols of component commonly used for basic electrical

In solving problems using Ohm’s Law formula all that is required of

Mathematical Operation Symbol

o Power in Electric Circuit

The power formula states that:

This relationship between Power, Voltage, and Current is presented in the

Table of Parameter for Electrical Power

Formula used in finding the value of power, voltage, current, of a circuit

Figure 3. The Watt’s Law Triangle

Direction: Matching type. Match Column A with Column B. Write the

________ 1. Voltage symbol a) Ω

1. ____________ is the property of an electrical circuit that offers opposition

Direction: Problem solving. Draw the diagram of the circuit mentioned in

Behavior of current, voltage, and resistance in A Series Circuit

4. means the movement of negative to positive charged

5. Energies such as , 6., 7.___,