Homework 1

1. Problems (1.1-1), (1.1-3), (1.1-4), (1.1-5), (1.1-6), (1.2-3), (1.2-6), (1.2-8), (1.2-15), (1.3-2),
(1.3-3), (1.3-8), (1.3-9), (1.3-11), (1.4-2), (1.4-4), (1.4-5), (1.4-10), (1.5-3), (1.6-4), (1.7-1),
(1.7-4), (2.1-1), (2.1-2), (2.1-7), (2.1-9), (2.1-10), (2.1-14), (2.2-4), (2.2.5),
(2.2-7), (2.2-10), (2.3-2), (2.3-5), (2.3-8), (2.3-10), (2.4-1), (2.4-10), (2.5-
3), (2.6-1), (2.6-3), (2.6-5), (2.6-6), (2.6-8)

1.1-1. A = {0 < integers < 4}, B = {6 < even integers < 16}, C = {0 < odd integers}. Other
definitions also are possible.

1.1-3. A, B, D, E, and F are countable and finite. C is countable and infinite. G, H, and I are
uncountable and infinite.

A = B, A Ì C , A Ì G, A Ì I.
1.1-4.
B = A, B Ì C , B Ì G, B Ì I.
C is not equal to, or a subset of, any of the other sets. The some applies to D.
E Ì D.
F Ì D, F Ì E (Note that F may be a null set.)
G is not equal to, or a subset of, any of the others sets.
H Ì G, if x is in meters and negative length is allowed.
I is not equal to, or a subset of, any of the other sets.
1.2-6. (a) ( A È B ) Ç C or C - [(A Ç C ) È (B Ç C )] Shaded.

(b) (A È B È C ) - ( A Ç B Ç C ) or ( A Ç B ) È ( B Ç C ) È (C Ç A) Shaded.
 (c) A Ç B Ç C or A È B È C Shaded.

1.2-8. (a) A∪B = {-10 ≤ s < -4}. (b) A∩B = {-7 < s ≤ -5}. (c) The set C = {-9 ≤ s ≤ N}
satisfies making A∩C as large as possible for any -5 ≤ N ≤ -4. The set B∩C is largest if C = {-
9 ≤ s ≤ -4}. The set satisfying both requirements is therefore C = {-9 ≤ s ≤ -4}. The set C = {-
9 ≤ s < -4} is also a valid solution. (d) A∩B∩C = {-7 < s ≤ -5}.

1.2-15. (a) False, (b) true, (c) false, (d) false, (e) true, (f) true, and (g) false.
1.3-9. (a) P(A wins) = P(2,4) + P(1,4) + P(4,1) + P(4,2) = 4/36, (b) P(B wins) = P(4,1) +
P(4,2) + P(4,3) + P(4,4) + P(4,5) + P(4,6) + P(1,4) + P(2,4) + P(3,4) + P(5,4) + P(6,4) =
11/36. (c) P(A and B win) = P(A wins) = 4/36 because A Ì B.
1.3-11.

Ω\W 0.25 0.50 1.0

10 0.08 0.10 0.01
22 0.20 0.26 0.05
48 0.12 0.15 0.03
0.40 0.51 0.09
S = {all resistors}
All resistors span S.
From table: (a) P (48 Ω and 0.25 W) = 0.12, (b) P (48 Ω and 0.5 W) = 0.15, (c) P(48 Ω and
1.0 W) = 0.03.

1.4-4. The data provided for the resistor selection experiment of Example 1.4-1 is given
below.

Tolerance
Resistance (Ω)
5% 10% Total

22 10 14 24

47 28 16 44
 100 24 8 32

Total 62 38 100

Let the mutually exclusive events be defined as

B1– select a resistor with 5% tolerance
B2 – select a resistor with 10% tolerance

The selection of 22-Ω resistance value is denoted by D.

From the table values, we know that

62
P ( B1 ) =
100
38
P ( B2 ) =
100
The conditional probabilities for selection of a 22-Ω resistor with specific resistance value is
given by

10
P ( D | B1 ) =
62
14
P ( D | B2 ) =
38
(a) To find the probability ofD, we use the total probability theorem according to which

P ( D ) = P ( D | B1 ) * P ( B1 ) + P ( D | B2 ) * P ( B2 )

Substituting the values,

10 62 14 38 24
P (D) = * + * =
62 100 38 100 100

(b) Given that a 22-Ω resistor was selected, the probability of it having 5% tolerance is
found by using the Bayes’ theorem

P ( D | B1 ) * P ( B1 )
P ( B1 | D ) =
P (D)

Substituting the values,

10 62
*
10
P ( B1 | D ) = 62 100 =
24 24
100
1.4-5. Let Ci (i = 1, 2,3) denote the event of choosing capacitors of value 0.01-µF, 0.1-µF,
and 1.0-µF respectively. Using the table values, we get

140 165 295

P ( C1 ) = P ( C2 ) = P ( C3 ) =
600 600 600

Similarly, let Bi (i = 1, 2,3) denote the event that a chosen capacitor is from box 1, 2, and 3
respectively. Using the table values, we get

145 210 245

P ( B1 ) = P ( B2 ) = P ( B3 ) =
600 600 600

(a) Given that box 2 is selected, the probability of selecting a 0.01-µF capacitor can be found
by using Bayes’ theorem

95 140
P ( B2 | C1 ) * P ( C1 ) *
P ( C1 | B2 ) = = 140 600 = 95
P ( B2 ) 210 210
600

(b) Given that a 0.01-µF capacitor is selected, the probability of it belonging to box 3 can be
found by using Bayes’ theorem

25 245
P ( C1 | B3 ) * P ( B3 ) *
25
P ( B3 | C1 ) = = 245 600 =
P ( C1 ) 140 140
600
1.7-1. This is a Bernoulli trials experiment with N = 4, P = P (a can is out of tolerance) =
0.03.

æ 4ö
(a) P (4 out of tolerance) = ç ÷ (0.03)4 (1 - 0.03)0 = 8.1(10 -7 ).
è 4ø

æ 4ö
= ç ÷ (0.03) 2 (1 - 0.03)2
2
(b) P (2 out of tolerance) è ø
4!
= (9)10-4 (0.97)2 » 5.081(10 -3 ).
2!2!
(c) P (all in tolerance) = P (none is out of tolerance)
æ 4ö
= ç ÷ (0.03)0 (1 - 0.03) 4 = (0.97) 4 » 0.8853.
è0ø
2.1-1. Let SX denote the set of values that X can have.

(a) For X = 2s : SX ={0, 2,5,12}.

(b) For X = 5s - 1:
2
SX = {-1, 4,30.25,179}.
(c) For X = cos( s ) : SX = {1, - 1, 0}

π
(d) For X = 1/ (1 - 3s) : SX = {1, 0.5, - 1/ 6.5, - 1/ 17}.

2.1-2 Let SX denote the set of values that X can have.

(a) For X = 2 s : S X = {-4 < x £ 10}.

(b) For X = 5 s - 1:
2
S X = {-1 £ x £ 124}.
(c) For X = cos(p s) : S X = {-1 £ x £ 1}.
1
(d) For X = 1 / (1 - 3s) : S X = {-¥ < x £ - and1 / 7 < x < ¥}.
14

2.1-7 (a)

(b) From (a) it is obvious that (b – a) / 6 = 2 and a + [(b – a)/12] = – 4. Solving

for a and b gives a = –5 and b = 7.

2.1-9 (a)
 (b) P{X=0}=1/8 , P{X=1} = 3/8

P{X=2}=3/8, P{X=3} = 1/8.

2.1-10 (a) Mapping is identical to that in (a) of Problem 2-9. (b) This is a Bernoulli
trials problem.
æ 3ö
P{ X = 0} = ç ÷ (0.6)0 (0.4)3 = (0.4)3 = 0.064
è 0ø
æ 3ö
P{ X = 1} = ç ÷ (0.6)1 (0.4)2 = 0.288
è1ø
æ 3ö
P{ X = 2} = ç ÷ (0.6) 2 (0.4)1 = 0.432
è 2ø
æ 3ö
P{ X = 3} = ç ÷ (0.6)3 (0.4)4 = 0.216.
è 3ø

2.1-14. (a)

(b) mixed random variable.

2.2-4. (a) Write P {0.9a + 0.1 b < X ≤ 0.7a + 0.3b } as P {X1 < X ≤ X2}. It is necessary to
determine the possible values of x1 and x2. By direct substitution we find a < x, < b is true so
long as a < b, which is true. Similarly, a < x2 < b is true if a < b. Finally, x1 < x2 if a < b.

Thus,

0.7 a + 0.3b dx
P {0.9a + 0.1b < X £ 0.7a + 0.3b} = ò
0.9 a + 0.1b (b - a )
0.2(b - a)
= = 0.2
b-a
 b dx
(b) P{(a + b) / 2 < X £ b} = òa + b = 1/ 2.
2 b-a
 2.2-7. (a) Tests: 1. GX(-∞) = 0 is true due to u(x). 2. GX(∞) = 1 is true if b > 0. 3. GX(x2) ≥
GX(x1) if x2 > x1 is true if 0 ≤ a ≤ 1 from a sketch, 4. GX (x+) = GX (x) is true. Thus, GX (x) is
valid if b > 0 and 0 < a < 1. (b) If 0 ≤ a ≤ 1 there is a step at x = 0 so X is mixed. X is
continuous only when a = 1; it is discrete only when a = 0.
2.3-2. This is Bernoulli trials problem where N = 6 and p = 0.4. Here

P(0W) = ( 60 ) ( 0.4 ) ( 0.6 ) » 0.0467

0 6

P(0.5W) = ( 16 ) ( 0.4 ) ( 0.6 ) » 0.1866

1 5

P(1.0W) = ( 62 ) ( 0.4 ) ( 0.6 ) » 0.3110

2 4

P(1.5W) = ( 36 ) ( 0.4 ) ( 0.6 ) » 0.2765

3 3

P(2.0W) = ( 64 ) ( 0.4 ) ( 0.6 ) » 0.1382

4 2

P(2.5W) = ( 56 ) ( 0.4 ) ( 0.6 ) » 0.0369

5 1

P(3.0W) = ( 66 ) ( 0.4 ) ( 0.6 ) » 0.0041.

6 0

(a) Let X be a random variable representing power delivered. From (2.3-5) and (2.2-
6):

f X ( x) = 0.0467 d ( x) + 0.1866 d ( x - 0.5)

+0.3110 d ( x - 1.0) + 0.2765 d ( x - 1.5)
+0.1382 d ( x - 2.0) + 0.0369 d ( x - 2.5)
+0.0041d ( x - 3.0)

FX ( x ) = 0.0467 u ( x ) + 0.1866 u ( x - 0.5)

+0.3110 u ( x - 1.0) + 0.2765 u ( x - 1.5)
+0.1382 u ( x - 2.0) + 0.0369 u ( x - 2.5)
+0.0041 u ( x - 3.0)

(b) P(Overload) = P(2.5W) + P(3.0W) = 0.041 or 4.1%.

 2.3-5. We use (A-2) for (a), (b), (c) and (d).
We use (A-1) for (e).
4

(a) ò
3
(3x 2 + 2 x - 4)d ( x - 3.2)dx = 3(3.2) 2 + 2(3.2) - 4
= 33.12
¥
(b) ò -¥
cos (6p x) d ( x - 1) dy = cos(6p ) = 1.0

¥ 24d ( x - 2) dx 24 4
(c) ò
-¥ 4 2
= 4 2
= = 0.8
x + 3 x + 2 (2) + 3(2) + 2 5
¥
(d) ò -¥
d ( x - x0 )e- jwx dx = e- jwx0

3 1 1
(e) ò
-3
u ( x - 2)d ( x - 3) dx = u (3* ) = .
2 2

b e3 x / 4 1 æ -1 e3b ö 1
2.3-8. Test 1: fX(x) ≥ 0 is true, Test 2: area = ò0 4
dy : = ç +
4è 3 3
÷ must 1. Thus b =
ø 3

ln (13) is required.
2.6-1.
3
f X ( x | B2 ) = å P( X = i | B2 )d ( x - i )
i =1

80 60 10
= d ( x - 1) + d ( x - 2) + d ( x - 3)
150 150 150
x 80 60 10
FX ( X | B2 ) = ò f X (x | B2 )d x = u ( x - 1) + u ( x - 2) + u ( x - 3).
-¥ 150 150 150
 *2.6-5.From (2.5-10) FX(x) = u(x) [1-e-x/13.5].
(a) P(overflow) = P{X > 40.6m} = 1 - P{X £ 40.6} = 1-FX(40.6) = e-40.6/13.5 = 0.0494.
(b) P(power|no)
P{ X > 8.6 피X £ 40.6} P{ X £ 8.6 X £ 40.6}
overflow = = 1-
P{ X £ 40.6} P{ X £ 40.6}
= 1 - [ FX (8.6) / FX (40.6)] = 1 - [(1 - e-8.6/13.5 ) / (1 - e -40.6/13.5 )]
= 0.5044.
(c) P (no power ) = P{ X £ 8.6} = FX (8.6)
= 1 - e -8.6/13.5 = 0.4711.

*2.6-6.Without conditions (2.5-9) and (2.5-10) apply with a = 0 and b= 13.5:

f X ( x) = (1/13.5) u( x) exp(- x /13.5) (1a)

FX ( x) = u( x)[1 - exp(- x /13.5)]. (1b)

With the conditioning event B = {8.6 < X £ 40.6} the results of Problem 2.6-2 apply with a
= 8.6 m and b = 40.6 m:
ì0, x < 8.6 and x > 40.6
ï
f X ( x | 8.6 < X £ 40.6) = í (1/ 13.5) e - x /13.5 (2a)
ï e-8.6/13.5 - e -40.6/13.5 , 8.6 £ x £ 40.6
î

ì0, x < 8.6

ï -8.6/13.5 - x /13.5
ï e -e
FX ( x | 8.6 < X £ 40.6) = í -8.6/13.5 -40.6/13.5 , 8.6 £ x £ 40.6 (2b)
ïe -e
ïî1, x > 40.6

Both (1) and (2) are sketched:

 2.6-8 Here P(D1) = 0.30, P(X = 0|D = D1) = 0.1, P(X = 100|D = D1) = 0.2,
P(X = 1000|D = D1) = 0.7; P(D2) = 0.45, P(X = 0|D = D2) = 0.5,
P(X = 100|D = D2) = 0.35; P(X = 1000|D = D2) = 0.15; P(D3) = 0.25,
P(X = 0|D = D3) = 0.8, P(X = 100|D = D3) = 0.15; P(X = 1000|D = D3) = 0.05.
(a) FX(x|D = D1) = 0.1 u(x) + 0.2 u(x-100) + 0.7 u(x-1000) fx(x) = 0.1 d(x) + 0.2 d(x-100) +
0.7 d(x-1000).
(b) fX(x|D = D2) = 0.5 d(x) + 0.35 d(x-100) + 0.15 d(x-1000).
(c) fx(x|D = D3) = 0.8 d(x) + 0.15d(x-100) + 0.05 d(X-1000).
(d) P{X = #0} = P{X = 0|D = D1} P{D1} + P{X = 0|D = D2} P{D2} + P{X = 0|D = D3} =
0.1(0.3) + 0.5(0.45) + 0.8(0.25) = 0.455. Similarly, P{X = #100} = 0.255 and P{X = #1000}
=0.290. Thus, fX(x) = 0.455 d(x) + 0.255 d(x-100) = 0.290 d(x-1000).