Review Article

Uses and Applications of Activated Charcoal in the Manufacture

of Toothpastes and Oral Rinses: A Narrative Review
Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/jioh by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsIHo4XMi0hCywCX1AW

Edward Huaman-Sarmiento1, Frank Mayta-Tovalino2, Arnaldo Alfredo Munive-Degregori3, Roman Mendoza1, John Barja-Ore4, Cesar Mauricio-Vilchez1
1
Academic Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, 2Postgraduate Department, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, 3Academic
Department of Rehabilitative Stomatology, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 4Academic Department, Research Direction, Universidad Privada del Norte,
Lima, Peru
nYQp/IlQrHD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSFl4Cf3VC4/OAVpDDa8K2+Ya6H515kE= on 12/27/2023

Abstract
Aim: To describe the use and applications of activated charcoal (AC) in the manufacture of toothpastes and mouthwashes. Materials
and Methods: This narrative review conducted a search for information in the PubMed and Scopus databases. There was no restriction
on language, year, or country. We use the following search strategy (“Activated Charcoal” OR “Charcoal Activated” OR “Activated
Carbon*”) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (“Dentifrices” OR “Dentifrice” OR “Dental Polishes” OR “Polishes Dental” OR “Toothpastes”
OR “Toothpaste” OR “Mouthwashes” OR “Mouth Rinse” OR “Mouth Rinses” OR “Rinse Mouth” OR “Rinses Mouth” OR
“Mouth Bath” OR “Bath Mouth” OR “Baths Mouth” OR “Mouth Baths” OR “Mouth Wash” OR “Wash Mouth”). Results: The
literature has so far shown that there are certain changes in the morphology of the enamel surface after tooth brushing with AC. AC is
a highly porous compound that can exchange ions through nanopores, adhere to the enamel, and remove stains because it can absorb
pigments from the tooth surface. Conclusion: Toothpastes or mouthwashes with AC have a potential whitening effect that affects the
color and the surface roughness of the teeth.

Keywords: Activated charcoal, dentistry, oral rinses, toothpaste

Received: 14-11-2022, Revised: 24-02-2023, Accepted: 13-03-2023, Published: 30-06-2023.

Introduction reported that brushes made with AC help to clean the

In the last decade, there has been an increased predilection
for the use of activated charcoal (AC) containing
compounds to lighten teeth because of their ability to
adsorb pigments, chromophores, and stains.[1] Toothpastes
containing AC act similarly to regular toothpastes. It is
also claimed that AC adheres to the enamel surface and
helps to remove stains and bacteria during brushing.[2]
High porosity AC could exchange ions through the
nanopores on the surface and can easily adhere to the
enamel due to its ability to absorb chromophores, stains,
and pigments.[1,2]
AC can help to lighten teeth because it generates a dental
abrasion, although it has been reported in some studies
that this abrasion can be more aggressive compared to
other conventional whiteners.[3] In addition, it has been
Access this article online
Quick Response Code:
Website:
www.jioh.org
DOI:
10.4103/jioh.jioh_239_22
tooth surface.[4]
The use of these tooth whitening pastes that include
AC is often described critically in the literature for
various reasons, e.g., lack of fluoride content, various
unscientifically proven marketing claims, health hazards,
as well as possible counterproductive abrasion behavior.[5]
The bleaching effect of this chemical compound is due
to its high stain-removal capacity. This is because AC
is very porous and provides a large surface area for
Address for correspondence: Dr. Frank Mayta-Tovalino,
Postgraduate Department, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola,
Av. la Fontana 550, La Molina, 15024 Lima, Peru.
E-mail: fmayta@usil.edu.pe
This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows
others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as
appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
For reprints contact: reprints@medknow.com
How to cite this article: Huaman-Sarmiento E, Mayta-Tovalino F,
Munive-Degregori AA, Mendoza R, Barja-Ore J, Mauricio-Vilchez
C. Uses and applications of activated charcoal in the manufacture
of toothpastes and oral rinses: A narrative review. J Int Oral Health
2023;15:237-41.

      © 2023 Journal of International Oral Health | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow 237  
 Huaman-Sarmiento, et al.: Activated charcoal in dentistry

pigment absorption. However, this effect has not yet been Records identified through
scientifically demonstrated.[6,7] database searching
Scopus n= (33)
Currently, there is little clinical evidence on the subject, so

Identification
the products and their abrasive effects are still uncertain.[8]
AC has attracted a great deal of interest because it acts
on a high surface area, and several whitening toothpastes
Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/jioh by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsIHo4XMi0hCywCX1AW

nowadays include AC in their formulations; however, there Records after duplicates removed
(n = 0)
is little evidence of its effectiveness.[9] Another clear example
is when AC is incorporated into these new toothbrushes; Records excluded
(n = 1 Letter)

Screening
manufacturers indicate that the mixture of carbon in the
nYQp/IlQrHD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSFl4Cf3VC4/OAVpDDa8K2+Ya6H515kE= on 12/27/2023

Records screened (n= 1 Conference

nylon bristles can control bacterial contamination.[10–17] (n = 33) Review)

The null hypothesis was that the use of AC enhances the (n= 1 Book chapter)

abrasive effect, discoloration, and morphological changes (n= 3 Review)

on the teeth. Therefore, the objective of this literature Full-text articles

review was to describe the available information about assessed for eligibility

Eligibility
(n = 27)
the use of AC, the effect it causes in the mouth and the
whitening action on teeth.

Materials and Methods Studies included in

Search strategy
The strategy was developed on August 8, 2022, by means of
an electronic search in the PubMed and Scopus databases.
The keywords used were mainly: AC, Dentifrices with AC,
the effect of AC on the tooth surface, and the lightening
effect of AC. An additional manual search strategy was
developed, as well as checking the articles chosen in the
bibliographies of the articles and exploring the web pages
of the relevant journals. The following search strategy was
then developed and conditioned for Scopus: TITLE-ABS-
KEY (“Activated Charcoal” OR “Charcoal Activated”
OR “Activated Carbon*”) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY
(“Dentifrices” OR “Dentifrice” OR “Dental Polishes” OR
“Polishes Dental” OR “Toothpastes” OR “Toothpaste” OR
“Mouthwashes” OR “Mouth Rinse” OR “Mouth Rinses”
OR “Rinse Mouth” OR “Rinses Mouth” OR “Mouth
Bath” OR “Bath Mouth” OR “Baths Mouth” OR “Mouth
Baths” OR “Mouth Wash” OR “Wash Mouth”) [Figure 1].
The research question was P: Adults; I: Use of activated
charcoal toothpastes; C: Conventional toothpaste; O:
Oral health, dental abrasion.
Inclusion criteria
Only articles that considered the effect of toothpaste or
oral rinses containing AC were included. In addition, we
included clinical trial, case-control, and cohort articles
in any language and without the restriction of the year
of publication. In vitro experimental review articles and
articles detailing the use of AC were selected for the
present literature review [Table 1].
Exclusion criteria
Review studies and clinical cases were excluded. Above
all, those publications that were based on the use of
quantitative synthesis
Included (bibliometric analysis)
(n = 27)
Figure 1: Evidence search flowchart
toothpastes and mouthwashes in oral cleaning that did
not include AC were excluded. We also excluded studies
that used AC for different branches other than the oral
cavity.
Risk of bias
Since this is only a narrative review, it is not necessary to
perform a risk of bias assessment as in systematic reviews.
Results
Abrasive and whitening effect
The abrasiveness of toothpaste is effective in removing
bacterial plaque, but this high abrasiveness can cause changes
in enamel morphology. This can be exacerbated by other
local factors such as technique, frequency, and the number
of bristles of the toothbrush. Abrasives include different
chemical compounds, such as carbonates and phosphates.[3]
Therefore, caution should be exercised when using AC.
Abrasion of activated charcoal toothpastes with an
electric toothbrush
Studies have shown that some AC toothpastes may cause
higher abrasion of dental enamel when brushed with
electric toothbrushes.[5] A mean dentin abrasive wear was
reported to be 71 ± 25 µm in 4 h of electric toothbrushing.
Assuming 10 s of brushing per day in a single area and no
other influences, such as nutrition and remineralization.
This leads to a decrease of dentin by 1400 µm in 80 years,
although the latter is only a rough theoretical estimate.[11]

      
238 238  Journal of International Oral Health ¦ Volume 15 ¦ Issue 3 ¦ May-June 2023
 Huaman-Sarmiento, et al.: Activated charcoal in dentistry
Table 1: Characteristics of AC studies
Reference Population and sample
Alofi et al.[1]
The sample was 66 disk-shaped composite resin
specimens with an inner diameter of 10 mm and a
thickness of 2 mm were fabricated
Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/jioh by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsIHo4XMi0hCywCX1AW
Dionysopoulos The sample was 40 healthy human canine teeth
et al.[2] that were recently extracted for periodontal
nYQp/IlQrHD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSFl4Cf3VC4/OAVpDDa8K2+Ya6H515kE= on 12/27/2023
reasons and stored in a 0.5 % chloramine T
solution at 6°C for up to 3 months
Ghajari Thirty permanent premolars that were randomly
et al.[3] extracted from teeth that were extracted for
orthodontic purposes after receiving informed
consent from the patients’ parents were used
Mehrgan They used 45 composite samples (Spectrum
et al.[4] TPH, Dentsply Sirona Inc., Charlotte, North
Carolina, USA) were fabricated in disc shape
by compacting the composite in a stainless-steel
mold (2-mm diameter and 7-mm height)
Greuling Forty-five samples of human molars, which
et al.[5] were free of caries, were prepared. These were
collected anonymously in an outside dental office,
so no patient ages or other information was
recorded. The teeth were cleaned and stored in a
water-based solution with 70% ethanol
Rostamzadeh The sample was an A2 shade of spectrum TPH 3
et al.[6] microhybrid composite in a stainless-steel mold
(2 mm × 7 mm). It was polished with 1000 and
1200 grit abrasive papers with 10 strokes per side
Boehm Carbon fibers with an average length of
et al.[7] 10 mm and a diameter of 7 µm were desized in
boiling propan-2-ol followed by prior chemical
functionalization with hydrogen peroxide or aqua
regia for 40 min. Finally, the pretreated C fibers
were stirred in a 1 M CaCl 2 solution for 24 h at
80°C, prepared by dissolving calcium hydride in a
solution of CaCl 2 1 M for 24 h at 80°C
Bauler et al.[8] The study identified charcoal toothpastes and
abrasive powders sold in Brazil and analyzed
their label information
      Journal of International Oral Health ¦ Volume 15 ¦ Issue 3 ¦ May-June 2023
Main findings
After using AC powder,
increased surface roughness
of the resin was observed,
which can directly affect
the esthetic appearance of a
restoration, as well as being
more susceptible to staining
The use of the whitening
toothpaste with AC tested
significantly increased the
color change (40.5%).
The use of the whitening
mouthwash in combination
with the whitening
toothpaste with activated
charcoal did not improve
tooth color change
Bencer, Beverly, and Colgate
brand toothpastes have
the ability to wear away
enamel after three simulated
toothbrushings per day for
1.5 months
Bencer toothpaste contains
activated charcoal. The
effectiveness of toothpastes
containing charcoal
depends on several factors,
including the size, shape, and
abrasiveness of the charcoal
particles
When asked whether
charcoal toothpastes cause
greater abrasion compared
to the reference used, the
answer of the study is that
some do, others do not
The nanocrystalline structure
of activated carbon with
excessive surface area and
a high number of proses
produces the effective ability
of this component for tooth
cleaning and chromophore
adsorption in the oral cavity
However, untreated C-fibers
show no chemical interaction
with the CPC calcium
phosphate cement matrix.
Therefore, the main energy
consumption effect is related
to fiber extraction
Overall, 23% of the studies
showed positive results and
55% reported negative results
for charcoal products, which
included inability to whiten,
increased roughness
Main conclusions
Brushing with AC powder or whitening
toothpaste affected the color and surface
roughness of the composite resin
The charcoal toothpaste had a greater
whitening effect on the teeth than the
conventional toothpaste, but the use of the
charcoal mouthwash in combination with
the whitening toothpaste did not improve the
color change
Bencer, Beverly, and Colgate brand whitening
toothpastes caused changes in the surface
profile and significant changes in tooth color
before and after brushing, indicating their
abrasive and whitening ability
After 30 days of consecutive use none of
the whitening toothpastes: Colgate Total
Whitening, Perfect Black White, and
Bencer Charcoal; were able to decrease the
discoloration caused by the coffee solution to
the level below the threshold of perception,
except Colgate Optic White. Therefore, the
use of this paste would be favorable for coffee
drinkers.
Initially, it appeared reasonably safe
(referring only to substance loss) to use the
charcoal toothpastes tested in this study
when only brushing enamel for similar
brushing times and pressures as those tested
without erosive or predamaged enamel.
However, it is known that pre-damaged/
softened enamel wears more easily
The color change caused by aging was not
noticeable to the human eye after brushing
teeth with carbon whitening toothpastes
Fiber activation had a strong influence on
the heterogeneous nucleation of calcium
phosphate crystals on the fiber surface and,
consequently, on the fiber-matrix interface
Charcoal-based products used marketing
strategies on Instagram, but their current
engagement with the public is not high.
Consumers are exposed to charcoal products
where potential health risks are still unknown
239  
 Huaman-Sarmiento, et al.: Activated charcoal in dentistry

Table 1: Continued
Reference Population and sample
Vaz et al.[9] Ninety bovine incisors were stained using a
concentrated solution of black tea. They were
randomly distributed in six groups, according
to the whitening technology of the toothpaste:
Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/jioh by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsIHo4XMi0hCywCX1AW
Main findings
The whitening effect of
activated charcoal was based
on its high capacity to adsorb
and retain chromophores
Main conclusions
This possible whitening agent activated
charcoal had no scientific proof, 96% of
commercially available activated charcoal
toothpastes claimed to whiten teeth positively

activated carbon, blue covarine, hydrogen
peroxide, microspheres (Oral B 3D White
Perfection) and optimized abrasives
nYQp/IlQrHD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSFl4Cf3VC4/OAVpDDa8K2+Ya6H515kE= on 12/27/2023
in the oral cavity. Activated in their marketing materials
charcoal is highly porous and
has an extremely high surface
area, resulting in effective
and progressive cleaning of

AlDhawi This study had 30 males and females who
et al.[10] were manually brushed using a modified bass
technique. These subjects were between 18 and
35 years of age. They were randomly selected and
informed about the study
the dentition
There was a statistically
significant decrease in
bacteria present in the
gingival crevicular fluid of
charcoal brushes
It was possible to confirm the antimicrobial
properties of charcoal toothbrushes in
decreasing bacterial contamination for better
oral health. After the first week of charcoal
toothbrush use, the number of colony-forming
units in gingival crevicular fluid was substantially
lower than that of noncharcoal toothbrushes

Mechanism of action of AC The efficacy of these dentifrices varies due to shape,

The highly porous AC can exchange ions through nanopores
and adhere to enamel and remove stains because it can absorb
pigments from the tooth surface. Therefore, this product has
been recommended to remove some dental stains.[3]
Tooth color change
Use of whitening toothpaste with AC increased
discoloration, whereas the use of a whitening mouthwash
plus whitening toothpaste did not improve tooth
discoloration.[2] Most AC toothpastes can cause staining
of resin restorations.[17] On the other hand, when brushing
with AC toothpaste, no negative effect on tooth brightness,
color, or shade was observed.[18–20]
Change in enamel surface morphology
Certain changes in surface morphology have been evidenced
in experimental groups after tooth brushing. Although the
surface of whitening toothpastes with AC was smoother,
but more heterogeneous after brushing. On the other hand,
the use of whitening mouthwash plus whitening toothpaste
did not affect the enamel surface morphology.[2]
Comparing brushing with AC-based whitening toothpastes
and conventional fluoride toothpastes found that they had
similar effects on enamel color.[19] However, brushing with
AC increased enamel surface roughness.[12] In contrast,
charcoal powder had no effect on the enamel surface.[20]
Discussion
Nowadays, there is a great demand to have white and shiny
teeth; all this has led to an advance in the development
of tooth-whitening products[21] and composite resins. The
mechanism of action of whitening toothpastes is based on
the presence of multiple abrasives. Therefore, frequent use
can improve the brightness of the enamel; however, care
should be taken not to generate an abrasion of the enamel.
hardness, concentration, and size.[1] AC is a nanocrystalline
form of carbon with surface area and high porosity. This
compound is often used as an adsorbent.[2] This ability
allows AC to adsorb external dental stains in its pores.
Recently, AC has gained great popularity due to its potential
benefits. Among them, the bleaching effect, which is due to
its high stain absorption potential. Although this effect has
not yet been scientifically agreed upon.[6]
Tooth color depends mainly on the color of dentin.
Therefore, natural enamel is usually transparent in color.[2]
However, the wear of this tissue is due to erosion and
abrasion, which can alter the natural color of the teeth.
Also, the alteration of surface roughness may impair biofilm
formation, increasing the risk of oral disease occurrence.[16]
Nowadays, there is a variety of products such as
toothpastes and mouthwashes with AC in various brands;
the abrasiveness of these dentifrices depends on the
percentage of carbon these contain. Most manufacturers
of toothpastes with AC advertise their products as tooth
whitening toothpastes. For example, AC powder is based
on the mechanical action or abrasiveness it causes and the
willingness to absorb pigments, dyes, and chromophores
in order to remove dyes from the resin composite. In the
development of the action, it removes impurities and is
going to create fine and small particles.[1]
In the last decade, it has been possible to observe a great
decrease in tooth substance related to the use of dental
powders. Some of the indigenous methods of dental
cleaning materials claim to have various beneficial effects,
such as control of bleeding gums, prevention of dental
caries, reduction of sensitivity, and tooth whitening.
Although in contrast to the claims made, a great loss
of tooth substance has been observed, leading to severe
hypersensitivity, exposure of the dental pulp, and total
paralysis of the natural dentition.[13]

      
240 240  Journal of International Oral Health ¦ Volume 15 ¦ Issue 3 ¦ May-June 2023
 Huaman-Sarmiento, et al.: Activated charcoal in dentistry
AC is important in dentistry because of its potential
effective adsorption properties for oral chemicals, gases,
and toxins. In dentistry, AC is used for a variety of
purposes, including Tooth whitening, odor control, and
deodorizing dentures. It is, therefore, a versatile and
effective chemical compound, although it is still too early
to agree on all these potential benefits.[18–21]
Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/jioh by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsIHo4XMi0hCywCX1AW
Dentifrices and charcoal powders are fashionable oral
hygiene products determined for tooth brushing, extrinsic
black stain suppression, and tooth whitening. It is
estimated that the use of these AC toothpastes is increasing
nYQp/IlQrHD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSFl4Cf3VC4/OAVpDDa8K2+Ya6H515kE= on 12/27/2023
in different countries such as the United Kingdom and
the USA.[18] Finally, the main limitation of this literature
review was the limited evidence available that evaluated
the long-term effects of AC. The lack of these longitudinal
studies does not yet allow clear conclusions to be drawn.
Therefore, these preliminary findings should be taken
with caution.
Conclusion
Within the limitations of this literature review, it could be
concluded that toothpastes or mouthwashes with AC have
a potential whitening effect that affects the color and the
surface roughness of the teeth. As for toothbrushes made
with AC, they provide properties that reduce potential
bacterial contamination.
Acknowledgements
We want to thank the Faculty of Dentistry of the
Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal and Universidad
San Ignacio de Loyola.
Financial support and sponsorship
Self-funded.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
Authors’ contribution
Study conception (E.H.-S., A.M.-D., J.B.-O., C.M.-V.,
R.M., and F.M.-T.), data collection (E.H.-S., A.M.-D.,
J.B.-O., and F.M.-T.), data acquisition and analysis
(E.H.-S., A.M.-D., J.B.-O., C.M.-V., R.M., and F.M.-T.),
data interpretation (E.H.-S., A.M.-D., J.B.-O., C.M.-V.,
R.M., and F.M.-T.), manuscript writing (E.H.-S.,
A.M.-D., J.B.-O., C.M.-V., R.M., and F.M.-T.).
Ethical policy and institutional review board statement
Not applicable.
Patient declaration of consent
Not applicable.
Data availability statement
Not applicable.
      Journal of International Oral Health ¦ Volume 15 ¦ Issue 3 ¦ May-June 2023
References
1. Alofi RS, Alsuayri HA, Mohey LS, Alofi AS. Efficiency of activated
charcoal powder in stain removal and effect on surface roughness
compared to whitening toothpaste in resin composite: In vitro study.
Saudi Dent J 2021;33:1105-10.
2. Dionysopoulos D, Papageorgiou S, Malletzidou L, Gerasimidou O,
Tolidis K. Effect of novel charcoal-containing whitening toothpaste
and mouthwash on color change and surface morphology of enamel.
J Conserv Dent 2020;23:624-31.
3. Ghajari MF, Shamsaei M, Basandeh K, Galouyak MS. Abrasiveness
and whitening effect of charcoal-containing whitening toothpastes
in permanent teeth. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2021;18:51.
4. Mehrgan S, Kermanshah H, Omrani LR, Ahmadi E, Rafeie N.
Comparison the effect of charcoal-containing, hydrogen peroxide-
containing, and abrasive whitening toothpastes on color stability of
a resin composite; an in vitro study. BMC Oral Health 2021;21:594.
5. Greuling A, Emke JM, Eisenburger M. Abrasion behaviour of
different charcoal toothpastes when using electric toothbrushes.
Dent J (Basel) 2021;9:97.
6. Rostamzadeh P, Omrani LR, Abbasi M, Yekaninejad MS,
Ahmadi E. Effect of whitening toothpastes containing activated
charcoal, abrasive particles, or hydrogen peroxide on the color of
aged microhybrid composite. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2021;18:106.
7. Boehm AV, Meininger S, Tesch A, Gbureck U, Müller FA. The
Mechanical properties of biocompatible apatite bone cement reinforced
with chemically activated carbon fibers. Materials (Basel) 2018;11:192.
8. Bauler LD, Santos CSD, Lima GS, Moraes RR. Charcoal-based
dentifrices and powders: Analyses of product labels, Instagram
engagement, and altmetrics. Braz Dent J 2021;32:80-9.
9. Vaz VTP, Jubilato DP, Oliveira MRM, Bortolatto JF, Floros MC,
Dantas AAR, et al. Whitening toothpaste containing activated
charcoal, blue covarine, hydrogen peroxide or microbeads: Which
one is the most effective? J Appl Oral Sci 2019;27:e20180051.
10. AlDhawi RZ, AlNaqa NH, Tashkandi OE, Gamal AT,
AlShammery HF, Eltom SM. Antimicrobial efficacy of charcoal vs.
non-charcoal toothbrushes: A randomized controlled study. J Int
Soc Prev Commun Dent 2020;10:719-23.
11. Osmanaj N, Petersen S, Eisenburger M, Greuling A. Abrasion
behavior of different charcoal toothpastes on human dentin when
using electric toothbrushes. Dent J (Basel) 2022;10:46.
12. Maciel CRO, Amorim AA, Oliveira RFL, Vivanco RG, Pires-de-
Souza FCP. Whitening efficacy of popular natural products on
dental enamel. Braz Dent J 2022;33:55-66.
13. Singh RP, Sharma S, Logani A, Shah N, Singh S. Comparative
evaluation of tooth substance loss and its correlation with the
abrasivity and chemical composition of different dentifrices. Indian
J Dent Res 2016;27:630-6.
14. Köroğlu A, Şahin O, Küçükekenci AS, Dede DO, Yıldırım H,
Yilmaz B. Influences of toothbrushing and different toothpastes on
the surface roughness and color stability of interim prosthodontic
materials. Materials (Basel) 2022;15:5831.
15. Teraoka F, Hamada Y, Takahashi J. Bamboo charcoal inhibits
growth of HeLa cells in vitro. Dent Mater J 2004;23:633-7.
16. Machla F, Mulic A, Bruzell E, Valen H, Stenhagen ISR. In
vitro abrasivity and chemical properties of charcoal-containing
dentifrices. Biomater Investig Dent 2020;7:167-74.
17. Bragança GF, Soares PF, Simeão Borges J, Fernandes Vilela AB,
Santos Filho PC, Soares CJ. Effects of charcoal toothpaste on the
surface roughness, color stability, and marginal staining of resin
composites. Oper Dent 2022;47:214-24.
18. Greenwall LH, Greenwall-Cohen J, Wilson NHF. Charcoal-
containing dentifrices. Br Dent J 2019;226:697-700.
19. Koc Vural U, Bagdatli Z, Yilmaz AE, Yalçın Çakır F, Altundaşar E,
Gurgan S. Effects of charcoal-based whitening toothpastes on human
enamel in terms of color, surface roughness, and microhardness: An
in vitro study. Clin Oral Investig 2021;25:5977-85.
20. Rashid S, Hendren J, Elgendy H, Oak E, Shahinian C, Gabriel A,
et al. Impact of brushing with charcoal on tooth color and enamel
loss: An in vitro study. Am J Dent 2022;35:133-6.
21. Gutierrez M, Bernuy L, Medina K, Vadillo G. Significative whitening
action of five whitening toothpastes. Odontol Sanmarquina 2009;12:22-4.
241