Masculinities and Media Studies

➢ Men/masculinity/male experience
ㅡ

b the source of womens oppression

- assumption in feminism:
기순
→ “Men are the norm and gender is about the way women differ from this norm”

- male experience:
문제없이
→ treated unproblematically as human experience

- men:
→ studied as a “problem” in feminist research / as the source of Womenis subordination

transformed

- In the 1980s, new ideas on “gender”: emerged

천성적으로 관계적인
→ innerentiyrelationl

Power relation is nvolved

➔ a new interest in masculinity or masculinities

 기뭉
➢ Ethos of masculinity studies

- “While women have been obscured from our vision by being too much
in the background, men have been obscured by being too much in the foreground”
4 '

men s
unproblematic (Brod, 1987)
experience
=

정체성 정치
- Identity politics:
→ Practiced by 211
,
just
not marginaiized
the

→ “We must examine men's gender practices, and the ways the gender order defines,
positions, empowers and constrains men”

- masculinity: 사회적 관행
배열
→ “the pattern or configuration of social practices linked to the position of men
in the gender order, and socially distinguished from practices linked to the position
of women” (Connell, 2002)
 diversity
'
M meni s
experiences

➢ Justifications for masculinity studies

오 정당화

1) gender positions that society constructs for men:

→ not corresponding exactly with what men actually are or desire to be
- masculinity: substantially social construction
a

2) presumptions of masculinity:
→ damaging " dominant idea
but doesnit reflect
.

reality
- “Men in general benefit from patriarchy” → myth α

- male minorities:
→ do not benefit from patriarchal constructs

- even those thought to represent the patriarchal stronghold

— “White, middle-class, heterosexual men”
→ may suffer from patriarchal constructs
9

Sometimes
 how damaged :

➢ Contemporary men living out masculine ideals

- “As men we can feel trapped into living out ideals that are not of our own making.
It can be as if we have betrayed an inner knowledge of ourselves, in order to prove
when we were still young boys that we could be ‘man enough’” (Seidler, 1997)

- “toxic effects” of contemporary masculinity (tough, strong, unemotional):

강간 집안폭력 동성애 폭력
→ include rape and domestic violence against women and homophobic violence
→ include effects in the lives of men as well as women

- masculinity studies:
→ How patriarchal ' deals nave inflvenced the male
identity formation
→ How men hare been harmed
by Patriarchal ideals
= Representation of men/masculinity

1) portrayed as powerful and heroic subjects

2) portrayed in highly negative ways (Macnamara, 2006)

→ portrayed as undesirable notably associated with aggression and violence
→ represented as irresponsible, commitment-phobic, insensitive,
무책임한 헌신공포증 둔강한

➔ men: demonized ,
marginalized , trivialized , and obzectified
사소해진

Youtube
ex)
Tough Gwise :
violence , Mediz 2nd the crisisin Masculinity
➢ Masculinity studies

= main concern: social/historical/cultural constructions of masculinity

→ constructivist approach to masculinity

- masculinity → Socially constructed

- “There is no one pattern of masculinity that is found everywhere.

Different cultures and different periods of history construct masculinity differently”
→ multiple masculinities (Cornwall & Lindisfarne, 1994)

- focus on → the complex in masculinities

 A Amfonio Gramsch

➢ Hegemonic masculinity:
"
e rwiling subordinate grovp 을 지배하기 위해 사용
groupo )

- a form of masculinity culturally dominant in a given setting

- “the currently most honored way of being a man, requiring all men
to position themselves in relation to it” (Connell & Msserschmidt, 2005)

= “hegemonic masculinity”:
- the multiplicity of masculinities
계급
- the hierarchy of masculinities
→ different groups of men: enjoy differentdegreesor eveljof privilege

➔ helps overcome the essentialist ,

Universalist View of male identity
➢ Hegemonic/ideal masculinity:

- dominant in the sense of being socially valued and culturally powerful

→ sets the standards for men
→ 1 egitimate elitemens power

= From this perspective,

- some men:
→ get more benefits than others

= “Various cultural values and practices reinforce the idea that men have a rightful

claim to wealth, strength, and power in our society” (Connell, 1987)

= Hegemonic masculinity:
“A young, married, white, urban, Northern heterosexual, Protestant father,
of college education, fully employed, of good complexion, weight and height,
and a recent record in sports ... Every American male tends to look out upon
the world from this perspective ... Any male who fails to qualify in any one of
these ways is likely to view himself ... as unworthy, incomplete and inferior”
(Goffman, 1963)

- in any given time, one type of masculinity:

→ more highly valued than others
- many different types of masculinity:
→ compete for hegemony at any one point in time (Connell, 1987)
➢ Masculinity media studies
- how the media has constructed (hegemonic) male identities

망감음하는
1) Retributive man:
남성다움으로 증폭된
- traditional masculine qualities, amplified to hypermasculinity

- tough heroes of action films who use violence to solve problems

- the cop action film, as a central genre of 1980s and the early 1990s
→ emphasized the hero’s body as muscular, manly, and spectacular

- cop action hero:

→ idealized image of masculinity
as Violent ,
independent , muscular and victorious
= Background
- dominance of white, middle-class, middle-aged masculinity:
→ called into question in the 1970s,
following a restructuring of economies in which manual jobs had begun to disappear
and the second wave feminism

평등
- emerging equality of women:
→ resulted in the fear of a potential lossof male Power

- the hero’s (buffed-up) body:

→ the site upon which masculine crisiscoud be resolved

암갚은

- retributive man:
→ backlash to societal <nallenge to hegemonic mascclinity
2) New man:
도시에 살면서 패션ㆍ 쇼핑에 관심있는 남자
- metrosexual men
- consumers preoccupied with body and fashion
- more emotionally open and nurturing

- ideals of masculinity:
→ ones embracing intelligence and
VuInerability
copaction filmd
- working class cop:
→ replaced by a new kind of police detective:
“middle-class, well-educated, employing skills of observation or deduction
to solve problems”
ex ) 다미하드 부르스 윌리스 >
식스센스
= Background

연결하다
① feminism: articulated a desire for a new kind of masculinity based on
→ egalitarianism, communication, and nurturance
L,
평등주의 양육

② restructuring of the economy:

- decline of manufacturing industry and the rapid growth in service/retail industry
- men: targeted as the
"
new market
"

- emergence of more sensitive, intelligent masculinity was

→ indebted to the efforts of advertisers
광고주들의 노력에 힘입은

③ gay liberation movements:

- economic significance of the “pink economy” [ LGBT communities )

→ an increasing range of representations of the male body

 ex Marim Playboy → Women predatory
청년
3) New lad:

- became a ‘new’ icon of masculinity in a range of cultural forms in the 1990s

→ enxhusiastically predatory attitude towards women

- characterized as a “young, loud, hedonistic masculinity”

오코너락주의적인
돌아킬 수 없는

- un-reserved about his appreciation of women’s bodies and heterosexual sex

→ depicted as honest , open and authentic

man
just Wanting
=

sex
- lad magazines:
경계가 흐려지고 있음을 나타내는
→ emblematic of the blurring of the boundaries

between pornography and other genres

= Background

- predatory attitude towards women in men’s magazines in the late 1990s

→ attack the “new man” images and boost the “new lad masculinity”

① a reaction against “new man”:

내웃다 민감성
→ derided for his sensitivity about sexual affairs
→ attacked for his narcissism/devotion to his appearance
→ condemned as inauthentic: α media fabrication or marketing strategy
위선의
→ talked about as hypocritical because he pretended to be sensitive and gentle
to get women to sleep with him

→ new lad: honest . open and authentic

② a reaction against feminism

- new lad’s knowingly misogynist and predatory attitudes to women

→ a refusal to acknowledge the changes in gender relations produced by feminism

- “As women’s roles and identities changed and expanded into domains previously
thought of as male, the new lad moved men further into the heartlands of masculinity”
(Franks, 1999)
= new lad
→ a cultural construction of masculinity, which responds to a world
where gender relations are considered to be rapidly changing
→ a defensive assertion of masculinity, male power and men’s rights
→ Part of the backlash against feminism