MIL REVIEWER (4th Quarter) definition of 'the media'), although the long-term impact
of new media on media power is considered.
LESSON 7: OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, AND POWER
OF MEDIA AND INFORMATION
(ECONOMIC, EDUCATIONAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL)
Opportunity - a set of circumstances that makes it
possible to do something.
Challenge - a call to take part in a contest or
competition, especially a duel.
Power - the capacity or ability to direct or influence the
behavior of others or the course of events.
Impact - have a strong effect on someone or something.
Influence - the capacity to have an effect on the
character, development, or behavior of someone or
something, or the effect itself.
Economic Impact
Economic actors need accurate and timely
information to allocate resources efficiently, investors
and other groups increase value and demand a
governance-monitoring role from the media. A free and
independent press can provide information and
monitoring to the economic policy development process
leading to more effective economic policies. It can also
reduce political risk and increase good governance-
conditions that are important for robust economic
development.
Media improves the efficiency of the economy by
providing actors with more and better information with
which to make decisions and improving stability.
- Media enhances political coordination in the
development of sound economic policy
- Media sector development can reduce political risk,
increasing stability for higher risk countries.
Examples: News Industry, Broadcast, Film Production
and Mobile Communication.
Education
● The Highly Visual Evolution
Learners have been able to integrate a
variety of digital media forms into documents.
Multimedia, hypermedia, new media are the terms
we have used to describe this use of visual media in
learning. Of course, this is not the beginning of our
use of a variety of media to learn. People have
always used diverse visual media to communicate
with each other and learn.
Examples: Application and Video
POWER
'Media power' here means the concentration of
symbolic power in media institutions, particularly those
of television, radio and the press (the common-sense
● Banks of the Future
Social media is transforming banking
relationships in very significant ways, from improving
customer service to allowing users to send money to
others via online platforms. New financial technology
companies are using social media to help people simply
open a bank account. Social media can even impact your
ability to get a loan.
● Health Care & Public Health
Social media has been responsible for relevant
changes in both personal and community health,
especially by making it easier for large numbers of
people to rapidly share information.
MIND MAPPING
A mind map is a graphical technique for
visualizing connections between several ideas or pieces
of information. Each idea or fact is written down and
then linked by lines or curves to its major or minor idea
or fact, thus creating a web of relationships.
LESSON 7: OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, AND POWER
OF MEDIA AND INFORMATION
(THREATS, RISKS, ABUSE AND MISUSE)
LIBEL
Article 353 of the Revised Penal Code of the
Philippines defines libel as “a public and malicious
imputation of a crime, or a vice or defect, real or
imaginary, or any act, omission, condition, status, or
circumstance tending to cause the dishonor, discredit, or
contempt of a natural or juridical person, or to blacken
the memory of one who is dead.” This means anyone
cannot publicly smear the reputation of another person.
SLANDER
The action or crime of making a false spoken
statement damaging to a person’s reputation; an oral
defamation.
ANTI-OBSCENITY LAW
According to Article 201 of the Revised Penal Code, a
material would be a violation of the anti-obscenity law if
it includes immoral doctrines, obscene publications, or
exhibitions and indecent shows.
RIGHT OF PRIVACY
The civil code provides that “every person shall
respect the dignity, personality, privacy and peace of
mind of his neighbor and other persons.”
The following and similar acts, although they may not
constitute criminal offense, may produce cause of action
for damages and other reliefs:
● The publication or dissemination of letters and
other private communications without the
consent of the writer or his heirs;
● The publication of a picture or photograph
without the consent of the subject who is not a
public figure, especially if it is for commercial
purposes.
SEDITION
● Pertains to subversive acts, such as rebellion and
insurrection, which incite people to go against
the government and resist its lawful authority
and jurisdiction.
● According to Article 138 of the Revised Penal
Code, any person who is found to be inciting
rebellion shall be penalized because this will
endanger the security, safety, and stability of the
state.
LESSON 8: CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS OF MEDIA
AND INFORMATION
GPS – Global Positioning System. An accurate worldwide
navigational and surveying facility based on the
reception of signals from an array of orbiting satellites.
Massive Open Online Content (MOOC) is defined
by Educause as a model for delivering learning content
online to any person who wants to take a course, with no
limit on attendance. It can be characterized by the
following:
A. A revolutionary approach to education that veers
away from the physical to the virtual
B. A kind of learning that happens online, breaking
the norm of traditional schools or universities for
higher education.
C. Utilizes information technologies like analytics to
help instructors gauge their student’s learning.
D. Emphasis on connectedness.
Check out some of these emerging technologies and
trends.
Haptics Technology is a technology that utilizes the
sense of touch by applying force, vibrations and/or
motions to the user through computer applications. It is
commonly used in gaming controllers, joysticks, and
steering wheels and is becoming more prevalent in
smartphones. It is also being used in virtual reality
systems, adding the sense of touch to previously visual-
only solutions. Haptic has various potential applications
in industries such as gaming, movies, manufacturing,
medical, and more.
Contextual Awareness is the ability of future devices to
learn about the user's life by combining information from
hard sensors (location, conditions) and soft sensors
(calendar, social network, past preferences). With this
information, devices can anticipate the user's needs,
such as suggesting to leave early to avoid traffic or
automatically selecting TV preferences based on the
person holding the remote control.
Voice and Tone Recognition Technology can be used to
confirm a person's identity and detect their health or
emotional state. This technology has potential
applications in security and healthcare, particularly in
mobile applications.
Intelligent routing to devices is a future technology that
uses smartphones and mobile devices with GPS (global
positioning system) and photo capabilities to efficiently
report and address street-based issues. It allows staff to
quickly and accurately notify the appropriate team for
action.
Eye Tracking Technology uses sensors to measure eye
positions and movements, which are then analyzed by
computer applications. It has potential applications in
law enforcement for lie detection, airport security for
identifying suspicious behavior, safety for alerting and
awakening drowsy or distracted drivers, and healthcare
for assisting people with disabilities or paralysis in
communication and mobility. It also has potential for
improving human-computer interaction by using screen
icons and eye movements instead of a mouse and
keyboard.
Internet Glasses are a developing technology that can
display images directly onto the retina, allowing the user
to see the images without blocking their sight. These
glasses have potential uses in fields such as e-gaming,
military defense, and more. Experts predict that in the
next 10-20 years, internet glasses will replace
smartphones. They can be used for various purposes
such as seeing building schematics and locations of
others, giving speeches while information is streamed in
real-time, receiving turn by turn directions, viewing
virtual recipes while cooking, and even seeing friends'
locations while walking down the street.
LESSON 9: MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERATE
INDIVIDUAL
1. Improved Quality of Life
The media and information age has greatly
improved the quality of life by making communication
easier, information more accessible, and research more
convenient. Media literacy allows individuals to evaluate
information, raise awareness, and prevent foolishness,
and access business and job opportunities. It also
improves information literacy skills and enhances
communication skills.
2. Greater Political Participation
The media plays a crucial role in encouraging
greater political participation by informing the public
about government activities and issues. This leads to a
more politically engaged, active, smart, and concerned
citizenry, who can take a more responsible role in the
government.
3. Better Economic Opportunities
The media industry has grown in the information
age, creating more opportunities for individuals to earn
additional income through open content contribution
and advertising revenue. New media platforms have also
led to the creation of new jobs such as social media
managers and multimedia specialists, which in turn can
boost the economy. Media and information literacy is
becoming increasingly important in job markets,
especially in developing countries where employment is
a major issue. The media industry plays a vital role in
addressing this problem.
4. Improved Learning Environment
Media and information have improved the
learning environment by making information more
accessible and sought after, turning learning into a
choice rather than a necessity. This has led to an increase
in technological literacy, broader knowledge, and
educational interest, making learning more fun and easy.
5. More Cohesive Social Units. Others
Media and information literacy can lead to more
cohesive social units by promoting social activity,
facilitating communication, increasing awareness of
different groups in society, raising respect for cultural
and linguistic diversity, and enabling individuals to
explore and discover new places. These abilities are
important for personal development, social change, and
achieving specific goals and job purposes.
TERMS
Media and information literate - enables people to
interpret and make informed judgments as users of
information and media, as well as to become skillful
creators and producers of information and media
messages in their own right.
Literacy - the ability to read and write.
Literate - educated, cultured, able to read and write
Netizen- (informal word) a user of the internet,
especially a habitual or avid one.
Cohesive - “to cleave together.” Cohesive things stick
together, so they are unified
LESSON 11: DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS OF PEOPLE MEDIA
(AUDIO INFORMATION AND MEDIA AND MOTION
INFORMATION AND MEDIA)
Study these terms
●Audio - sound, especially when recorded, transmitted,
or reproduced.
●Tape - magnetic tape on which sound can be
recorded.
●CD (Compact Disc) - a plastic fabricated, circular
medium for recording, storing, and playing back audio,
video, and computer data.
●USB Drive - an external flash drive, small enough to
carry on a key ring that can be used with any computer
that has a USB port.
●Memory Card - is a small storage medium used to store
data such as text, pictures, audio, and video, for use on
small, portable, or remote computing devices.
●Computer Hard Drive - secondary storage devices for
storing audio file.
●Internet / Cloud - websites or file repositories for
retrieving audio files, and more precisely the files are
stored in some data center full of servers that is
connected to the internet.
●Manipulative Media – items or tools used to aid in
hands-on learning.
●Interactive Media – a method of communication in
which the program's outputs depend on the user's
inputs, and the user's inputs in turn affect the program's
outputs.
●Simulations – defined as any software which attempts
to simulate real life.
●Gamified Education (Gamification) – the use of game
design elements in non-game contexts.
●Media manipulation – is a series of related techniques
in which partisans create an image or argument that
favors their particular interests.
●Hoax – is something intended to deceive or defraud.
●Codes – are systems of signs, which create meaning.
●Interactivity – the communication process that takes
place between humans and computer software.
●Multimedia – using more than one media.
●Digitized – media elements have been captured in a
code that the computer can understand.
●Graphics – visual images produced by computer
processing.
●Animation – is a method in which figures are
manipulated to appear as moving images.
Types of Audio Information
1. Radio Broadcast - live or recorded audio sent
through radio waves to reach a wide audience.
2. Music - vocal or instrumental sounds combined in
such a way as to produce beauty of form, harmony,
and expression of emotion.
3. Sound Recording - recording of an interview,
meeting, or any sound from the environment.
4. Sound Clips / Effects - any sound artificially
reproduced to create an effect in a dramatic
presentation (Ex. Sound of a storm)
Audio Podcast - a digitally audio, video file or recording,
usually part of a themed series, that can be downloaded
from a website to a media player or a computer.
Audio File Formats
1. MP3 (MPEG Audio Layer 3) - a common format for
consumer audio, as well as a standard of digital
audio compression for the transfer and playback of
music on most digital audio players.
2. M4A / AAC (MPEG4 Audio / Advanced Audio
Coding) - an audio coding standard for lossy digital
audio compression.
3. WAV – is a Microsoft audio file format standard for
storing an audio bit stream on PCs. It has become a
standard file format for game sounds, among others
4. WMA (Windows Media Audio) - is an audio data
compression technology developed by Microsoft and
used with Windows Media Player.
Units of Sound
1. Decibel - or simply dB, noise of sound
measurement.
2. Hertz - or simply Hz, unit of sound frequency.
3. Phon - unit of subjective loudness.
Characteristics of a Sound
1. Volume - intensity of a sound.
2. Tone - the audible characteristic of a sound.
3. Pitch - is how high or low a sound is.
4. Loudness - refers to the magnitude of the sound
heard.
4. Transition- how you get from one segment or
element to another.
Hearing vs Listening
● Hearing - the act of perceiving sound by the ear.
● Listening - requires concentration so that your
brain processes meaning from words and
sentences. Listening leads to learning.
What is a Motion Media?
-is visual media that gives the appe
movement. Can be a collection of graphics, footage,
videos. It is combined with audio, text and /or interactive
content to create multimedia
2 Forms of Motion Media:
1. Informal - created by individuals often for
personal use
2. Formal – created by professionals who follow
industry standards in creating, editing and
producing motion media
Steps in Formal Production of Animations:
1. Writing the Story
2. Script is written and dialogue is recorded
3. Animators sketch major scenes, in between fill in
the gaps
4. background music and background details are
added
5. drawings are rendered
TYPES OF MOTION MEDIA
● ACCORDING TO FORMAT:

Purposes of a Sound ✔ ANIMATION – Animated GIFs (Graphic

1. Give instruction or information. Interchange Format), Flash, Shockwave,
2. Provide feedback. Dynamic HMTL
3. To personalize or customize. ✔ VIDEO FORMATS / VIDEO CODECS – MP4, DivX,
MPG, 3GP, AVI, MKV, etc.
Elements of Sound Design
1. Dialogue - speech, conversation, voice-over.
2. Sound Effects - any sound other than music or ● ACCORDING TO PURPOSE:
dialogue.
3. Music - vocal or instrumental sounds (or both) ✔ Education
combined in such a way as to produce beauty of ✔ Entertainment
form, harmony, and expression of emotion.
✔ Advertising
Principles of Sound Design
1. Mixing - the combination, balance and control of
multiple sound elements. ● ACCORDING TO SOURCE:
2. Pace - time control, editing, order of events ✔ Personal
(linear, non-linear or multi-linear)
3. Stereo Imaging - using left and right channel for ✔ Social Media
depth. This refers to the aspect of sound
recording and reproduction. ✔ Media Companies
 2. Direction - indicates a movement from one
● ACCORDING TO AUDIENCE:
direction to another. It can also refer to the
✔ Private /Public growing or shrinking of an object.
3. Timing - can be objective or subjective. Objective
✔ General / Directed timing can be measured in minutes, seconds,
days, etc. Subjective timing is psychological or
CREDIBILITY OF MOTION MEDIA felt. Timing can be used to clarify or intensify the
● Determining the Credibility of Motion Media: message or the event. Using a pause can help
time the events
✔ Validity of Information 4. Transition – used to switch between scenes
✔ Source 5. Sound and Color – adds meaning to the motion
6. Blurring – In animation, blurring can provide the
✔ Relationship of the Author to the event illusion of fast movement. In videos, it is often
used to censor information for security or
● Technical Methods to Detect Fake/Tampered Video: decency.
1. Smoothness of the Video - This is often
detected when movements are not smooth;
when action seems to jump from one position
to another, as if some action was missing
2. Lighting Coverage Matches - One way to detect
lighting matches is to look at the shadows; the
source of light determines the size and direction
of the shadow
3. Scale and Size Consistent - scale refers to how
the size of the objects in reference to one
another are near the real thing. If the picture is
reduced or enlarged by a certain percent then
all of the objects should be resized by that
percent. Objects that are far away are usually
smaller than objects that are nearer.
● Advantages of Motion Media:

✔ It captures motion in a manner that can be

viewed repeatedly
✔ It can show processes in detail and in sequence

✔ It enables learning with emotions

✔ It can cut across different cultures and groups

✔ It allows scenes, history, events and phenomenon

to be recreated
● Limitations of Motion Media:

✔ Compared to other forms of visual media the

viewer cannot always interrupt the presentation.
✔ It is often times more costly than other forms of
visual media.
✔ Other data may be presented best using still
images. Examples are graphs, diagrams, maps.
✔ It is subject to misinterpretation

ELEMENTS OF MOTION MEDIA

1. Speed - A fast movement gives vigor and vitality,
intensifying emotions. A slow movement
connotes lethargy, solemnity or sadness.