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27th
27th International
International Conference
Conference on
on Knowledge-Based
Knowledge-Based and
and Intelligent
Intelligent Information
Information &
& Engineering
Engineering
Systems (KES 2023)
Systems (KES 2023)
Scalable Remote Cloud Data Center for Vessel Equipment
Predictive Maintenance Service-as-a-Product (SaaP)
a,∗ b a a
Tan
Tan Wei
Wei Chit
Chita,∗,, Carlos
Carlos Toro
Torob ,, Ho
Ho Choon
Choon Lim
Lima ,, Raguram
Raguram Muthu
Muthua
a Advanced Remanufacturing ∗
a Advanced Remanufacturing and
and Technology
Technology Centre
Centre (ARTC),
(ARTC), Agency
Agency for
for Science,
Science, Technology
Technology and
and Research
Research (A
(A∗ STAR),
STAR), 3
3 CleanTech
CleanTech Loop,
Loop, #01-01
#01-01
CleanTech Two, Singapore 637143, Republic of Singapore
CleanTech Two, Singapore 637143, Republic of Singapore
b NTT Data Europe and Latam, Santiago De Chile, Chile
b NTT Data Europe and Latam, Santiago De Chile, Chile

Abstract
Abstract
Predictive
Predictive maintenance
maintenance is is gradually
gradually replacing
replacing conventional
conventional preventive
preventive maintenance,
maintenance, through
through anan informed
informed decision-making
decision-making process
process
for
for aa fleet
fleet operator
operator toto proactively
proactively monitor
monitor thethe health
health status
status of
of the
the sea-based
sea-based equipment
equipment and and machinery.
machinery. As As aa result,
result, the
the fleet
fleet operator
operator
will
will only
only need
need toto ask
ask for
for on-time
on-time repair
repair and
and maintenance
maintenance services
services instead
instead ofof periodic
periodic maintenance,
maintenance, whichwhich saves
saves both
both time
time and
and
cost significantly.
cost significantly. While
While moving
moving into
into this
this new
new maritime
maritime business
business model,
model, which
which is is also
also known
known as as Service-as-a-Product
Service-as-a-Product (SaaP),
(SaaP), both
both
fleet
fleet operators
operators and
and maintenance,
maintenance, repair,
repair, and
and overhaul
overhaul (MRO)
(MRO) companies
companies couldcould also
also build
build aa stronger
stronger collaboration
collaboration in in the
the maritime
maritime
industries.
industries. With the advent of digital transformation towards Industry 4.0 (I4.0), the Industrial Internet-of-Things (IIoT) renders
With the advent of digital transformation towards Industry 4.0 (I4.0), the Industrial Internet-of-Things (IIoT) renders
the
the massive
massive collection
collection of
of operational
operational and and machinery
machinery process
process data
data from
from the
the vessel
vessel equipment
equipment through
through sensorization,
sensorization, where
where these
these
collected
collected real-time
real-time information
information areare useful
useful forfor advanced
advanced analytics
analytics toto predict
predict equipment
equipment failure
failure and
and to
to avoid
avoid unplanned
unplanned downtime.
downtime.
Unlike
Unlike other
other industries,
industries, there
there are
are aa few
few challenges
challenges in in the
the maritime
maritime industries
industries when
when developing
developing aa centralized
centralized smart
smart vessel
vessel equipment
equipment
monitoring
monitoring platform. One of the key challenges, is the lack of a feasible data management system, requires the centralized
platform. One of the key challenges, is the lack of a feasible data management system, requires the centralized host
host
must be
must be able
able to
to handle
handle and
and manage
manage the the telemetry
telemetry IoT IoT data
data that
that is
is transmitted
transmitted over
over the
the satellite
satellite communication,
communication, by by complying
complying
with
with all
all cybersecurity
cybersecurity considerations
considerations and and regulations
regulations in in maritime
maritime sector.
sector. In
In this
this paper,
paper, wewe present
present aa scalable,
scalable, hybrid
hybrid cloud-based
cloud-based
data
data management framework that can connect to multiple edge systems where each system is deployed on a physical
management framework that can connect to multiple edge systems where each system is deployed on a physical vessel,
vessel, to
to
establish aa scalable
establish scalable SaaP
SaaP business
business model.
model. Hence,
Hence, thethe ship-to-shore
ship-to-shore sensorized
sensorized data
data can
can be
be processed
processed and and monitored
monitored via via aa real-time
real-time
visualization
visualization dashboard
dashboard through
through thethe centralized
centralized cloud-based
cloud-based platform.
platform. We We argue
argue that
that our
our approach,
approach, would
would be
be aa turn-key
turn-key solution
solution
that
that can be implemented for mostly all types of marine equipment and machinery, and thus to further improve the prediction
can be implemented for mostly all types of marine equipment and machinery, and thus to further improve the prediction tools
tools
to support
to support advanced
advanced decision-making
decision-making techniques,
techniques, such
such asas optimal
optimal time
time repair
repair of
of vessel
vessel equipment.
equipment.

© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

©
© 2023
2023 The
The Authors.
Authors. Published by
by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open accessPublished
article under Elsevier B.V.
the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
This is an open
This is an open access
access article under the CC
article underofthethe BY-NC-ND
CCscientific
BY-NC-ND license
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility committee of the 27th International Conference on Knowledge Based and
Peer-review under
under responsibility
Peer-reviewInformation
Intelligent responsibility of
of the
the scientific
and Engineering Systemscommittee
scientific committee of
of the
the KES
KES International.
International.
Keywords:
Keywords: Industry
Industry 4.0
4.0 applications;
applications; Data
Data Management
Management System;
System; Serverless
Serverless Computing;
Computing; Service-as-a-Product
Service-as-a-Product (SaaP)
(SaaP)

∗ Corresponding
∗ Corresponding author.
author. Tel.:
Tel.: +65-67157270
+65-67157270
E-mail
E-mail address:
address: E-mail
E-mail address:
address: tan wei chit@artc.a-star.edu.sg
tan wei chit@artc.a-star.edu.sg

1877-0509 © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

1877-0509 ©
1877-0509 © 2023
2023 The
The Authors. Published
Published by Elsevier
Elsevier B.V.
B.V.
This is an open accessAuthors.
article under the byCC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
This is
is an
an open
open access
access article
article under
under the
the CC
CC BY-NC-ND
BY-NC-ND license
Peer-review
This under responsibility of the scientificlicense (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
committee of the 27th International Conference on Knowledge Based and
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under
under responsibility
responsibility of
of the
the scientific
scientific committee
committee of of the
the KES
KES International.
International.
Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems
Peer-review
10.1016/j.procs.2023.10.275
 Tan Wei Chit et al. / Procedia Computer Science 225 (2023) 2826–2834 2827
W.C. Tan et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2023) 000–000

1. Introduction

The proliferation of IIoT and cloud-based technologies have improved the traditional maritime sector towards
modern digitization and intelligent systems. Case studies [1, 2] showed that the faulty vessel equipment would lead
to a stoppage, where the most severe impact would cause a huge vessel damage during its sea voyage. Hence, other
than preventive maintenance, condition-based monitoring with intelligent systems could reduce the occurrences of
incidents such as black-sailing and off-hire.
However, the preventive maintenance might cause extra port calls, which also increases the operating costs. There-
fore, the prediction maintenance with advanced IIoT-based condition monitoring could potentially work together for
a service-as-a-product (SaaP) in equipment-based vessel maintenance. By keep monitoring and stay alerting for the
equipment health condition, the unplanned maintenance services could be reduced as well as the MRO companies
can serve the fleet operators better by having the vessel equipment health condition in advance. In addition, MRO
companies can keep the required spare parts at the optimal inventory level at the service centres [3].
For intra-vessel condition monitoring system, different kinds of sensors are mounted on different sub-systems
of vessel equipment to get all necessary measurements, for instance, vibration signals and temperature values [4].
Through the edge computing technologies, those time-domain raw signals can be processed into time-series data,
which later could be used as the base inputs for further data modelling and analytical solutions, such as the physical
asset modelling structure that is introduced and implemented by [5, 6]. However, instead of using a standalone data
repository to collect these edge-level IIoT data, an integrated data center would be recommended so that whatever
data comes from all edge devices will be uploaded to a low-cost, ease-to-deploy, accessible cloud platform, to achieve
a many-to-many SaaP business model as depicted in Fig. 1. The cloud platform is used to build a scalable remote data
management system by not only storing historical raw documents from edge devices in a data lake repository, but also
transforming them into schemaless data for further data manipulation, such as implementation of machine learning
(ML) techniques to predict different kinds of equipment failure modes.
In this paper, we present the overall architectural framework for building applications on a cloud hosting platform
to monitor equipment health condition in near real-time where the collected sensor data is uploaded to the cloud
through a ship-to-shore transmission system. First, we design the overall data flow architecture by taking advantages of
existing platform-as-a-service (PaaS) solutions that are available from the recent cloud technology solution providers
for allowing feasible data storage options to build the scalable, remote accessible cloud data center. Second, we deploy
a virtual (on-cloud) model based on a trained ML algorithm by leveraging a serverless compute service to provide an
up-to-date vessel equipment health status based on the latest received sensor data from the ship-to-shore transmission.
We also use similar cloud services to explore other related SaaP’s features, for example, sending email notification
automatically based on the latest equipment condition and also generating an overall vessel equipment health report
in a monthly basis. Third, we develop an application programming interface (API) layer as a gateway interface that
can publish the stored and analysed data to any third-party applications for data visualization and other purposes.
We implement our cloud-based, vessel equipment predictive maintenance SaaP framework on Microsoft Azure, one
of the major cloud providers, through an industry-based collaboration project where the proposed solution has been
deployed over a number of vessels for ship-to-shore data transmission. In short, we make the following contributions:

• A cloud data lake repository is created to receive the uploaded raw documents from an edge transmission device
that is on-vessel through ship-to-shore satellite communication for time-series sensor data collection.
• Using the available cloud PaaS tools to transform the stored raw, time-series sensor data to generate valuable in-
formation by integrating with feature engineering and predictive modelling for near real-time vessel equipment
health monitoring.
• An end-to-end vessel equipment health monitoring system with a live dashboard to display the latest vessel
information including the time-series sensor data for all the stakeholders to access, manage, and control.
2828 Tan Wei Chit et al. / Procedia Computer Science 225 (2023) 2826–2834
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Fig. 1. Many-to-many SaaP business model of smart vessel equipment predictive maintenance[7]

2. System Architecture

The overall architecture of our proposed solution is illustrated as in Fig. 2. The proposed architecture is leveraged
on the Azure cloud PaaS tools for multiple purposes to provide an end-to-end, scalable cloud data management
system, for instance, data-lake storage service, multi-model database, serverless functions, and etc. As the system
requirements, the architectural design framework should consider the limitations of ship-to-shore transmission system
due to restricted bandwidth over the satellite internet communications and also the essential firewall configuration
settings for vessels cybersecurity.

Fig. 2. Architecture of the system on Azure cloud

 Tan Wei Chit et al. / Procedia Computer Science 225 (2023) 2826–2834 2829
W.C. Tan et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2023) 000–000

2.1. Ship-to-shore Satellite Communications (SATCOM) System

As the rapid growth of satellite communications and industrial control systems (ICS) towards I4.0 in maritime sec-
tor, the vessels cybersecurity thus has become one of the critical key factors for the fleet operators to adopt the modern
maritime technologies. Having computer systems integrated into vessels might increase the vessel surface attack, on
the one hand, a bridge-like component or device becomes a middle man to interconnect two different communication
entities, essentially to establish ship-to-shore transmission system. On the other hand, the SATCOM operators also
act as a safeguard of the vessels cybersecurity [8]. Fig. 3 shows a network diagram that we have been configured
for setting the firework of a VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) satellite system by whitelisting the URLs (uni-
versal resource locators) to allow the external vessel internet access to establish the ship-to-shore transmission where
VSAT system is well-known for its reliable yet cost effective internet solution in terms of network bandwidth and data
transfer speed.

2.2. Azure Blob Storage Service

Even though we have successfully established the secure data transmission over the SATCOM, we still have several
concerns about the allowed data volume over the limited network bandwidth to optimize the data transfer speed to
the cloud server. Hence, in this project, we select a storage service from Azure, which is called Blob Storage [9],
for us to build a data lake storage to keep all kinds of files in their raw formats, e.g., the text file formats like csv or
json. As we create one blob container for each transmitted vessel, we can guarantee the single source of truth of the
transmitted raw files, which are treated as blobs for subsequence data pre-processing such as data cleaning and ETL
(extract, transform, load) to data warehouse. In terms of blob storage read/ write access and connectivity, the storage
account keys are provided to be included in the client libraries, e.g, python or javascript to write a code for specific
purposes like inserting new blobs and processing them upon new requests [10].

2.3. Azure Cosmos Database

Consider now we have the single source truth of vessel onboarded data for equipment-based predictive maintenance
services in Azure Blob Storage. However, the stored raw data might not be cleaned, filtered or processed for the
optimal decision-making capabilities, thus we need to setup a similar data warehouse structure using multi-model
database, which is a perfect fit for us to transform the text files into semi-structured likes JSON format. In Azure,
Cosmos DB is served as a multi-model database [11], which is able to support for data models like columnar, key-

Fig. 3. Vessel internal network architecture

2830 Tan Wei Chit et al. / Procedia Computer Science 225 (2023) 2826–2834
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value, and JSON. Another important feature that can be found in Cosmos DB is both supports of SQL extensions
and SQL-like languages to perform various operations such as searching, filtering, and grouping on the stored data.
Therefore, in this project, we adopt Cosmos DB as the centralized database engine to perform and manage critical
tasks such as CRUD (create, read, update and delete) operations on cloud.

2.4. Azure Functions

Serverless functions provide a platform to allow any customized codes to be deployed on cloud without owning
persistent virtual machines [12]. According to the paradigm of PaaS [13], the users only need to pay their attentions on
the data sources and the applications that are going to build, regardless hardware and software resources management.
Therefore, we can leverage the given feasibility of serverless functions to support the development of on-demand
applications, for example, the real-time prediction model with REST API connector for a vessel equipment.
In particular, as we have deployed other Azure PaaS tools in the cloud infrastructure, we can develop multiple
event-triggered Function Apps to interlink the data over these PaaS tools seamlessly, namely Blob Storage containers
and Cosmos DB containers. The followings show the list of required tasks for our use-case scenarios in the vessel
equipment predictive maintenance SaaP development and deployment.

• Every new inserted blob from the input-binding blob container will be triggered to run the data cleaning and
ETL functions before the generated output JSON documents to be stored in the output-binding Cosmos DB
container.
• Every new inserted batch of documents from the input-binding Cosmos DB container will be triggered for a
pre-trained prediction model to update and store each equipment health score and present condition.
• Whenever an HTTP request is sent, the SQL-like queries written code is executed to an HTTP response for
generating an API.

2.4.1. Azure Function Apps via Blob-trigger-Cosmos-out-binding

A blob container contains all up-to-date time-series sensor data in text-format files as blobs. However, due to some
fault configurations on the edge data collection system, the received blobs might not clean for direct data manipula-
tion and analytical use. Therefore, data wrangling/ cleaning techniques must be applied on every new-arrived blob
before proceeding to ETL for Cosmos DB as centralized data warehouse. As a result, every written new Cosmos DB
document is cleaned such as correction of wrong timestamp format and null-value removal, so that the utilization
rate of the collected data can be maximized, for example, the cleaned data can be used as training datasets for vessel
equipment-based predictive modelling.

2.4.2. Azure Function Apps via Cosmos-trigger-Cosmos-out-binding

Once the Cosmos DB container is updated with the latest written data, the calculated health score and the present
condition of a vessel equipment should be instantly available by a virtually deployed predictive modelling on cloud.
Hence, the authorized stakeholders can have a full comprehension of the overall vessel equipment health by interpret-
ing the given modelling result. A vessel equipment health score is calculated based on the latest time-series sensor
data as the input of the prediction model, e.g., ML-based anomaly detection model. Through a serverless function
that binds to the Cosmos DB container, the predictive modelling will be able to yield the latest condition of vessel
equipment by applying the filtering condition on the calculated health score, to decide whether the vessel equipment
is in either good or bad health condition, and the estimated time for next maintenance.

2.4.3. Azure Function Apps via HTTP-trigger

Besides supporting the connectivity between two storage/ database entities, an HTTP-trigger serverless function
can be used to make an API to connect any third-party application, for instance, to support real-time data visualization.
Since Cosmos DB is chosen as our centralized data server, SQL-like query languages thus can be embedded into the
serverless function to give an instant response whenever a HTTP request calls [14]. The HTTP response returns the
data in JSON format so that the API can be supported by any web languages/ plugins and the returned data is displayed
in the most suitable chart for visualization.
 Tan Wei Chit et al. / Procedia Computer Science 225 (2023) 2826–2834 2831
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3. Smart Vessel Equipment Predictive Maintenance SaaP Integrated Platform

By having the cloud-based data center as structured in Fig. 2, we can leverage this architecture to integrate with
other third-party applications or systems such as live monitoring dashboard platform and blockchain applications to
build the end-to-end, full-fledged of smart vessel equipment predictive maintenance SaaP integrated platform for the
end-users like fleet operators, MRO companies and OEMs. To achieve a minimum viable product (MVP) based on
this conceptual smart vessel equipment predictive maintenance SaaP, we propose a blueprint of integrated platform
architecture, which is depicted in Fig. 4. To further explain the proposed integrated platform architecture, there are
several key components to be included as followings:

• A live vessel equipment-based health monitoring dashboard to serve different roles of stakeholders in the mar-
itime MRO supply chain ecosystem.
• Email-based notification as well as reporting service to give real-time vessel equipment-based health alert for
making any recommended action.
• An API-driven gateway service layer that allows the intercommunication among different system or platforms.
• Azure blockchain service or any third-party blockchain solutions such as IIoT-based blockchain decentralized
applications (DApps) [15] to make immutable records of vessel maintenance service reports to secure and
authorize all MRO-related transactions have been made within the stakeholders.

Fig. 4. Overall architecture of smart vessel equipment predictive maintenance SaaP integrated platform

3.1. Smart Vessel Equipment Health Monitoring Dashboard Platform

In this project, we use Power BI dashboard to make a quick development of a live monitoring dashboard platform.
However, since we have developed the REST APIs as the connectivity gateway (see Sec. 2.4.3), there is also an option
to use any external third-party applications software platform likes [16] to build the web-based frontend of smart
vessel equipment predictive maintenance SaaP platform.
2832 Tan Wei Chit et al. / Procedia Computer Science 225 (2023) 2826–2834
W.C. Tan et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2023) 000–000

A snapshot of the live vessel equipment health monitoring dashboard via Power BI dashboard is illustrated as in
Fig. 5. As illustrated, all features being displayed in Power BI dashboard can be retrieved from Cosmos DB containers
by creating different APIs respectively. For example, each vessel information likes geographical location, equipment
health score as well as current status can be obtained in JSON format via REST APIs. Apart from that, in order to
enable a closer-look of the historical time-series sensor features data, the time-series APIs can be built and integrated
into the Power BI dashboard to increase the user experience, as illustrated in Fig. 6.

Fig. 5. Smart vessel equipment live monitoring main dashboard

Fig. 6. Different time-series charts of vessel equipment

3.2. Azure Logic Apps for Serverless Workflow Builder

Similar as Azure Functions, Logic Apps is also a serverless compute service, while the main difference is Azure
Functions is code-based whereas Logic Apps is workflow-based. In this project, we will use Logic Apps for two use-
case scenarios, namely event-trigger and timely-schedule, by utilizing the built-in connectors to orchestrate business
processes [17].
 Tan Wei Chit et al. / Procedia Computer Science 225 (2023) 2826–2834 2833
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As for the event-trigger use-case scenario, we use Logic Apps to enable an automated workflow to trigger an email
notification to inform the relevant stakeholders for the current health status of vessel equipment. Upon the change
of vessel equipment health status, an email notification will be triggered and sent to the fleet operator such as chief
engineer, so that the staff can take an immediate action, for example, to do a quick check on the error-prone vessel
equipment and investigate the potential root causes based on the collected time-series sensor features data. Hence, we
build such a workflow to keep monitoring an onboarded vessel by making use the Cosmos DB connector to query
for its latest result, whenever the result could not satisfy any health checking condition, an email notification will be
triggered to record the incident. Unlike Azure Functions, the Logic Apps workflow can be built without writing a
code by invoking the connectors to take the corresponding actions, such as using an email connector to send an email
message. In addition, a scheduled monthly vessel health report could be triggered using Logic Apps workflow to give
a brief summary about the overall vessel equipment health performance within a month.

3.3. Azure Service Bus for Messaging Services

We have been introduced the REST APIs for updating real-time information to the live monitoring dashboard,
which is considered a synchronous operation of client-server web applications through the HTTP request/ response
model. However, this type of web integration tool might not be worked for more advanced integration patterns between
two web applications or application components.
For instance, a third-party blockchain web application would need to get the latest up-to-date vessel equipment
information to support its functionality whenever a vessel maintenance service is called. Unlike a synchronous data
service that requires data producer and consumer available at the same time, Azure Service Bus serves different kinds
of messaging services like message queues and publish-subscribe topics for yielding a brokered messaging system.
Since Azure Service Bus could provide both message queuing and publish-subscribe messaging, by integrating any
of them with Azure Functions, we can build a serverless function to trigger the events from the origin such as Cosmos
DB container to produce the data in the message format, so that the data consumer such as third-party blockchain
web application can poll the Service Bus constantly to look for new messages. In this project, we have chosen the
Service Bus queue as the messaging system, other than data polling, we use a session to differentiate a user request
by correlating it with the sent/ received messages to uniquely represent as the message identifier for establishing a
bi-directional communication between web front-end and back-end server.

4. Conclusions and Future Work

In this work, we presented a scalable, cloud-based data management framework for a smart vessel equipment pre-
dictive maintenance platform to integrate different systems and applications as well as to serve different stakeholders
in the vessel MRO services supply chain ecosystem. The proposed overall architecture leveraged on the available
cloud PaaS resources, which are favourable for the developers and end users to quickly adopt and setup a cloud plat-
form solution without requiring a persistent allocation of computing hardware and also the developed solution is billed
through a pay-as-you-go scheme, instead of spending extra overhead costs for the physical data center infrastructure.
Besides, to support the overarching goal of many-to-many SaaP business model of smart vessel equipment MRO
services in maritime sector, we proposed an overall architecture by harmonizing and facilitating different cloud native
components like data lake storage, databases, blockchain, APIs and live monitoring dashboard together into an all-in-
one digitalized platform. Thus, in the light of serverless services, more and more advanced techniques such as artificial
intelligent (AI) and automation, can be seamlessly connected together in an integrated cloud platform by choosing the
suitable integration tools. For example, in the paper, we have been introduced and implemented the ease-to-use and
deployable serverless functions, serverless workflows and messaging services.
Finally, we presented a viable, well-grounded end-to-end digital solution of smart vessel equipment health mon-
itoring platform. By establishing ship-to-shore transmission system, the near real-time sensor data can be stored in
a cloud storage service for further data cleaning and feature engineering. The virtual deployed ML predictive model
is applied on the featured data to indicate each different vessel equipment’s latest health condition, which can be
continuously monitored and displayed through a live dashboard for enabling the critical decision-making process.
 2834 Tan Wei Chit et al. / Procedia Computer Science 225 (2023) 2826–2834
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Acknowledgements

This research is supported by the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗ STAR) under its RIE 2020
Industry Alignment Fund – Industry Collaboration Projects (IAF-ICP) funding scheme (Project No: I2001E0058).

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