GAEA: GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY -He marries his sister Rhea, and they bear the next

Research on Gaea, a Greek and Roman generation of gods,

Mythology. -Zeus, Hades, Poseidon, Hera, Demeter, and
Hestia.
Primeval void or emptiness- -Cronus, feared a prophecy that his own children
-the initial state of the universe. would overthrow him
-primordial element from which everything -Cronus, swallowed off his offspring upon their
emerges. birth.
Rhea manages to save Zeus by hiding him.
Chaos
-Where everything started Zeus when he grow up.
-it is the undefined, chaotic space structure of the -Zeus confronts Cronus, leading to a war known as
cosmos. the Titanomachy.
-foundational elements of the Greek universe -Titanomachy is a colossal conflict between the
-transcended from formless to form. Titans and the Olympian gods.
-gained identity as Gaea -Gaea, supports the latter.
-Zeus emerge victorious, casting the defeated
Gaea Titans, -cronos
-the Mother Earth.
-main trait being fertility. Gaia vs Zeus,
-birth to Uranus---the sky -Gaia conceive Typhon, leading to a clash between
Pontus--the sea gods and giants -Gigantimaki.
Oria ----the mountains. -Zeus and the Olympian gods prevailed
-Gaia surrendered herself to the new cosmic order,
Uranus ruled over the world and Gaea as the -Gaia worshipped as the personification of the
consort. Earth.
-birth to various powerful beings, including the
twelve Titans ROMAN MYTHOLOGY:
Cronos (represents time and is often associated -creation myth begins with Chaos
with the cycles and seasons),
Rhea (a Titaness embodying the nurturing aspects Chaos
of the natural world), -a formless and primeval void
Oceanus ( the vast and unending expanse of the -emerged Terra- the Earth,
sea), Caelus- the Sky.
Cyclops (one-eyed giants),
Hekatonkheires (Hundred-Handed Ones). Terra and Caelus
- create the first beings Titans and Giants.
Uranus and offsprings
-offspring grew in number and power, Titans
-Uranus became fearful that they would surpass -powerful deities like Saturn and Ops.
him. -Saturn, eventually overthrew Caelus,
-Uranus imprisoned the Cyclops and the -- -Saturn ruled during a mythical Golden Age
Hekatonkheires within Gaea’s womb
-Gaea, aggrieved by this and seeking to free her Golden Age
children, -where abundance and peace prevailed.
-Gaea conspired with her son Cronus to overthrow -As the Roman creation myth unfolds,
Uranus. it sets the stage for the rise of the Olympian gods,
-with Gaea’s assistance, castrated Uranus, thereby -Jupiter/Zeus becoming the chief deity.
dethroning him.

REACTION PAPER:
Cronus becomes the ruler of the cosmos.
the intricate web of Greek and Roman mythology,
there are few characters that symbolize life and
creation
Gaea,
-known as the Earth Mother.
-original divine being embodying the Earth,
- influence spans across the universe,
- Shaping the very foundation upon which
existence thrives.
Gaea’s significance in Greek and Roman
mythology
-is immense, as the mother of all life and the
source of all creation.
-These myths all center on her relationship to the
Earth and the natural world
- the numerous children she bears testify to her
function as both creator and nurturer.
Gaea’s nurturing essence,
an embodiment of unconditional love and
protection.
sustains life in all its forms, providing
nourishment and shelter
generous
her calm exterior exists a potent strength, an
intertwined energy of both creation and
destruction.
Gaea is not merely passive; she is an active
participant in the unfolding drama of existence.
Gaea stands as
- a timeless symbol of life,
- renewal, and interconnectedness.
-Her mythic legacy serves as a poignant
reminder of the profound mysteries that lie at
the heart of existence.
How does the creation myth (Gaea: Greek and
Roman Mythology) reflect their culture?
The creation myth of Gaea in Greek and Roman
mythology reflects the cultural values and
perspectives of the ancient people living in both
Rome and Greece in several ways:
•Connection to Nature:
- Gaea, as the representation of the Mother Earth,
embodies the profound connection ancient Greeks and
Romans felt with nature. The myth emphasizes the
Earth as a living, nurturing force, reflecting the
agrarian societies dependence on the land for sustenance
and the cyclical patterns of nature.
•Primacy of Maternal Influence:
- Gaea is not just a passive environment but an
active and powerful force. This mirrors the cultural
importance placed on motherhood, fertility, and the
protective nature of maternal figures within the
societies. It underscores the reverence for the feminine
aspects of creation and life.
•Generational Dynamics/ Patriarchy:
- The myth introduces the concept of generations
within the divine family, with Gaea as the mother of
powerful beings like Uranus and the Titans. This
reflects the societal emphasis on family lineage,
hierarchy, and the passing down of power through
generations, mirroring the aristocratic structures in
ancient Rome and Greece.
•Struggle for Power:
- Gaea's involvement in the overthrow of Uranus
by her Titan offspring symbolizes the ongoing struggle
for power and cosmic order. This mirrors the political
and social struggles within ancient Greek and Roman
societies, where power dynamics were complex, and
different factions vied for dominance
Comparative Analysis of Greek and Roman
Mythological Characters

1.Primordial goddess of the Earth.
Gaea (Greek)- Terra (Roman )
2. Uranus (Greek) is the personification of the sky,
and
Caelus (Roman): Caelus serves a similar role in
Roman mythology. However, unlike the Greek
Mythology Caelus is not an offspring of Gaea. Instead,
just like Gaea he also emerged out from Chaos.
3. The Titans (e.g., Cronus) and Titanesses (e.g.,
Rhea):
While the Titans and Titanesses don't have direct
Roman equivalents,
Cronus is sometimes identified with Saturn in
Roman mythology.
4. The Cyclopes and Hecatoncheires: These beings,
born from Gaea and Uranus, don't have direct Roman
equivalents.
5. Zeus (Greek) - Jupiter (Roman):
Zeus, the king of the gods, has his Roman
counterpart in Jupiter.
6. Hera (Greek) - Juno (Roman):
Hera, queen of the gods, is paralleled by Juno in
Roman mythology.
7. Other Olympian Gods
(e.g., Poseidon, Demeter):
These gods and goddesses generally retain similar names
in both Greek and Roman mythology, with only minor
linguistic variations.
8. Typhon: A monstrous offspring of Gaea, Typhon
doesn't have a direct Roman equivalent, but his
influence is reflected in various mythological traditions.
Comparing the two versions:
Similarities:
Both traditions describe the Earth's origin from a
primordial state – Chaos.
- In both versions, there is a separation of Earth and Sky.
-Terra/Caelus (Roman) and Gaea/Uranus (Greek)
represent the primal elements of ----Earth and Sky
- In both myths, a primordial figure is overthrown –
Caelus by Saturn (Roman), and Uranus by Cronus
(Greek).
Similarities:
Both myths describe a period of divine rule and
prosperity.
Saturn rules during a Golden Age in Roman mythology,
and Zeus establishes a new cosmic order after the
Titanomachy in Greek mythology.
Differences:
While the characters involved are similar, there are
differences in their names and some attributes.
For example, Cronus (Greek) is identified with Saturn
(Roman) and Uranus (Greek) is identified with Caelus
(Roman) .
Differences:
The Roman version doesn't explicitly mention the
Cyclopes and Hekatonkheires, while they play a
crucial role in the Greek narrative.
-In the Greek version, Gaea actively conspires against
Uranus and later supports the Olympians in the
Titanomachy.
-In the Roman version, Terra's involvement in power
struggles is less emphasized.
Differences:
While both Greek and Roman mythology involve
familial relationships and marriages,
-the Romans might have adjusted some details to make
the stories more palatable or in line with their
moral values or align with their cultural and
religious sensibilities.
YGGDRASIL
THE TREE OF LIFE IN NORSE MYTHOLOGY
 -interconnected by the ash tree Yggdrasil.
Etymology: Asgard, Alfheim,
Interpretation: Midgard, Muspellheim,
Translated as "Odin's horse," also interpreted as Nidavellir, Helheim,
"gallows." Niflheim, Jotunheim,
Mythological Reference: Vanaheim.
Odin hangs himself for nine days to gain rune
magic. THE STRUCTURE, BEINGS AND IMPORTANCE
Origin:
"Gallows" referred to as "the horse of the hanged," Physical Description
evolving into "Odin's Horse." - Immense ash tree at the center of Norse cosmos.
- Connects all nine worlds.
Norse Creation Myth - Branches extend to form a roof over the world.
- Roots stretch into three different realms.
Yggdrasil - Trunk too vast to be circled by any creature.
grew from a void called Ginnungagap,
Muspellheim-fiery Niflheim –frosty Three Roots
the fires of Muspellheim began to melt the ice of 1. Niflheim: Represents death and endings.
Niflheim 2. Jotunheim: Symbolizes change.
two entities emerged from the realm of mist: 3. Asgard: growth and new beginnings.
Ymir -----the giant
Audhumla -------the cow. Wells
1. Well of Urd: Holds memories and wisdom from all
Audhumla drew sustenance from licking the ice time periods.
Audhumla uncovered Buri, the ancestor of the 2. Well of Mimir:Grants wisdom to those who
gods. drink from it.
Buri had a son (no mention is made of how) named 3. Hvergelmir: Source of all rivers, home to serpents
Borr who mated with the giantess Bestla (who also
appears from nowhere). Guardians
Bestla gave birth to the first of the gods: ● Mimir: -Guardian of the Well of Mimir,
Odin, Vili, and Ve. -offering wisdom.
-Where Odin had given his eye in
Odin and his brothers kill Ymir, order to gain a drink from it
forming the earth from his body,
seas and lakes from his blood, The Norns
rocks from his bones, ● Urd,
the sky from his skull fixed with four points Verdandi,
Austri (east), Skuld
Vestri (west), - Three fates weaving destinies at the Well of Urd
Nordri (north), - Guardians of the Asgard root.
Sudri (south).
Stars were made from sparks of Muspelheim.fire Beings Around Yggdrasil

The gods built Midgard, Earth's fortification, from
Ymir's eyelash to defend against giants.
At this time, Odin and his siblings also created the
first two humans, from two trees
Ask (man)
Embla (woman)
The nine realms,
-are established, marking the completion of
creation.
1. Unnamed Eagle:- Perches on the top branches.
2. Nidhogg: - Malicious dragon gnawing on the
roots, seeking chaos.
3. Ratatosk:- Trouble-making squirrel spreading
rumors between the eagle and Nidhogg.
Importance
● Represents the interconnectedness of all existence
and theinterdependence of actions.
● Signifies growth, stability, and endurance,
standing forgenerations without weakening.
● Establishes an axis mundi, connecting heaven
and earth, facilitating communication between
gods and humans.
● Enables travel between worlds, such as through
Bifrost, therainbow bridge.
THE NINE REALMS
1.Asgard:
-Home of the Gods
-is depicted as a majestic city inhabited by the
gods,
-situated at the center of the cosmos.
- realm of Aesir gods, including Odin, Thor, and Loki.
2. Alfheim:
-Home/realm of the Light Elves
- known for its beauty and luminous landscapes
-ruled by Freyr, the god of fertility and prosperity.
3. Midgard:
-Home of the Humans
-situated at the center of the Norse cosmos.
-depicted as world surrounded by oceans and
inhabited by humans, who live their lives under
the watchful eye of the gods.
4. Muspellheim:
-The Land of Fire
-inhabited by fire giants
-ruled by Surtr, the fire giant king.
-characterized by its blazing flames and
volcanic landscapes.
5. Nidavellir:
-Home of the Dwarves
-known for its underground caverns and
skilled craftsmen.
-where legendary weapons like Thor's
hammers Mjolnir and Stormbreaker, were forged.
6. Helheim:
-Home of the Dishonorable Dead
-ruled by Hel, the goddess of death.
-where those did not die in battle go after death,
-Depicted as a cold and dark underworld.
7. Nilfheim:
The Realm of Fog and Mist
-realm of ice and mist,
-situated in the northern part of the cosmos.
-associated with icy landscapes and freezing
temperatures,contrasting with the fiery realm of
Muspellheim.
8. Jotunheim:
Home of the Giants
-inhabited by the jotnar (giants) who are often
in conflict with the gods.
-depicted as a harsh and rugged wilderness.
9. Vanaheim:
-Home of the Vanir (gods)
including Njord, Freyja, and Freyr.
-associated with fertility, nature, and abundance,
-depicted as a lush and fertile land
RAGNAROK:
The Apocalypse in Norse Mythology
- Heimdall unearths the Gjallarhorn and blows it,
signaling the onset of Ragnarök, the end of the
world.
- A cataclysmic battle ensues between the gods and
their enemies, resulting in the fall of the Aesir.
- Yggdrasil, the foundation of the universe,
trembles as the celestial order collapses.
- The sun turns black, the earth sinks in the sea,
and stars fall from the sky.
- Intense steam and flames engulf heaven itself.
- Despite the devastation, a new world emerges
from the ashes.
- Yggdrasil, as the figurative root of the cosmos,
remains standing, suggesting its resilience amidst
chaos.
- Lif and Lifthrasir, two human survivors, find
refuge in Yggdrasil's branches, hinting at the tree's
role in preserving life even amid destruction.
Yggdrasil 1. It is the Norse mythological
tree of life.
Odin's horse/gallows 2. The translation
of Yggdrasil
Asgard 3. It is depicted as a majestic city
inhabited by the Aesir gods such as
Odin, Thor, and Loki.
Mimir 4. The guardian of the Well of
Mimir.
Nidhogg 5. The creature that gnaws on
the roots of Yggdrasil.
dishonorable dead 6. Helheim is home
to the ________.
Ymir 7. The giant who is killed to form
the earth.
Muspellheim 8. The realm ruled by
Surtr.
Odin 9. He is said to have hung himself
on Yggdrasil to gain rune magic.
Well of Urd 10. The name of the well
that holds memories and wisdom from
all time periods.
Vanaheim 11. The realm associated with
fertility, nature, and abundance.
Skuld Verdandi Urd 12-14. The three
fates weaving destinies at the Well of
Urd, also called "The Norns,"
Ask & Embla 15. They are the first two
humans created by Odin and his
siblings.
Niflheim 16. This realm is characterized
by its icy landscapes and freezing
temperatures.
Ginnungagap 17. According to Norse
mythology, from what void did
Yggdrasil grow?
Buri 18. He is the ancestor of the gods in
Norse mythology.
Nidavellir 19. The name of the realm of
the dwarves.
Unnamed Eagle/Eagle 20. The creature
that perches on the top branches of
Yggdrasil.
Hel 21. She is the goddess who rules
Helheim.
Midgard 22. It is depicted as a world
surrounded by oceans and inhabited by
humans, who live their lives under the
watchful eye of the gods.
Bifrost 23. It is the rainbow bridge that
facilitates travel between worlds.
Ratatosk 24. The squirrel that spreads
rumors between the eagle and Nidhogg.
His eye 25. It is what Odin sacrificed in
the Well of Mimir.
Essay:
What reality does the Norse Mythology
symbolize?
Pan Gu:
The Chinese Myth Of World Creation
Daoism/Taoism
-a philosophy, religion, and way of life that arose in
the 6th century BCE in what is now the eastern
Chinese province of Henan.
-Strongly influenced the culture and religious life
of China and other East Asian countries ever
since.
Taoism
-has been connected to the philosopher Lao Tzu,
who around 500 B.C.E. wrote the main book of
Taoism, the Tao Te Ching.
The first writer to record the myth of Pangu was
thought to be Xu Zheng during the Three
Kingdoms period.
A primordial being and creation figure in Chinese
mythology and Taoism who separated heaven and
earth, and his body later became geographic
features such as mountains and rivers.
The story started at the beginning of the universe.
-universe was a chaotic mixture at start. -giant
named Pangu was sleeping inside this mixture.
-After 18000 years, Pangu woke up and broke the
chaos apart.
-Some parts of the mixture became the sky and
some other parts became the land.
Pangu afraided that the sky and the land will
change back to what it was before.
-So he stood inbetween the sky and the earth to
keep them apart.
-As days past, the sky was so far away from the
earth and Pangu became too tired to stay alive.
-Pangu died.
How the world is created through Pangu?
1.His breath became the wind, mist and clouds;
2.his voice, thunder;
3.his left eye, the Sun;
4.his right eye, the Moon;
5.his head, the mountains and extremes of the
world;
6.His blood became the rivers;
7.his muscles, fertile land;
8.his facial hair, the stars and MilkyWay;
9.his fur, bushes and forests;
10.his bones, valuable minerals;
11.his bone marrow,precious jewels;
12.his sweat, rain; and
13.the fleas on his fur carried by the wind became
animals.
In other versions of the story, his body turned into the
mountains.
The moral:
The egg gives us a visual idea of creation, and helps
us to well define Chinese culture and the idea of
Yin and Yang.
-Yin, the heavy and dark part, represents the
earth; also represent death
-Yang, the light part, represents the heaven and
bright; also represent life
Yin and Yang are two opposite force but also
independent of each other. They believed that one
couldn’t exist without the other.
- The idea of good and evil came from this concept
also.
- a concept originated in ancient Chinese
philosophy that describes how obviously opposite
or contrary forces may create each other by their
comparison and are to be seen as actually
complementary, interconnected, and
interdependent in the natural world
Confucianism
-follow the concept of the Yin and Yang as their
belief,
-was the first religion to use the Yin and Yang
concept in their religious beliefs
As a result, for the religion of Taoism
-life is cyclical and always takes turns of Yin and
Yang.
Chinese religion,
-Taoists favour Yin - emphasize reclusion
-Confucianists favour Yang in keeping with the
prime focus of their respective philosophies. They
believe in the importance of engagement in life.
1. What is the name of the giant that was
sleeping inside the mixture
- PANGU
2. Where did Pangu slept for thousands of years?
- COSMIC EGG
3. After how many years did Pangu woke up and
broke the chaos apart?
- 18,000 years
4. How many feet did Pangu grow every single
day?
-10 feet a day
5-6. As Pangu broke the egg apart, what do you call
the upper part of the shell, and thE
lower part of it
.- HEAVEN AND EARTH.
7. When rain occurs that would eventually form
rivers and lakes, it means that Pangu
is_______
.- CRYING
8. When he snores, what natural occurrence would
happen?
- THUNDER
9. What is the oldest religion in the Chinese culture
that Pangu associates of?
- DAOISM/TAOISM
10. What is the main book of Taoism?
- TAO TE CHING
11. When PANGU died, his breath became
the______.
- WIND
12. His blood became the________.
- RIVERS.
13. The mountains are formed from his_____.
- BODY
14. What does the egg signifies in the Culture of the
Chinese?
- YIN AND YANG
15. Who is the philosopher and the founder of
Taoism?
- LAO TZU
16-20 (5pts) Essay

In what we had discussed, last meeting, what does

YIN AND YANG represent?

-Yin, the heavy and dark part, represents the earth; also
represent death
-Yang, the light part, represents the heaven and bright;
also represent life

Shintoism

-is an Ancient religion of Japan.

-Started at least as long ago as 1000
B.C.E. but is still practiced today by at
least five million people.
-followers of Shintoism believe that
spiritual powers exist in the natural
world. Like any religion, it is difficult to
concisely.
-is also classified as an animistic religion, one that
worships nature or nature spirits.
-Another term to describe Shinto is
“kami-no-michi,” or “the way of the gods.”
-define Shinto in a few words, however, it is
notable for its polytheistic worship of “kami,”
“kami,”
-meaning “gods or spirits that exist in all things.”
-belief that kami reside in all things across nature—
such as mountains, trees, waterfalls, etc—
BELIEFS OF SHINTO
-main beliefs of Shinto are;
-the importance of purity, harmony,
respect for nature, family respect, and
subordination of the individual before
the group.
-There are many Shinto gods or spirits
and these have shrines dedicated to
them where people offer food, money and prayers.
RITUAL PRACTICES AND
INSTITUTIONS
Shintō does not have a weekly religious
service.
People visit shrines at their convenience.
Some may go to the shrines on the 1st
and 15th of each month and on the
occasions of rites or festivals (matsuri),
which take place several times a year.
Devotees, however, may pay respect to
the shrine every morning.
Varieties of festival, worship, and prayer
The order of rituals at a grand festival is usually as
follows:
-Purification rites (harae) — commonly held at a
corner of the shrine precincts before
participants come into the shrine but
sometimes held within the shrine
before beginning a ceremony.
-Adoration — the chief priest and all the
congregation bow to the altar.
Opening of the door of the inner
sanctuary (by the chief priest).
-Presentation of food offerings—rice, sake wine,
rice cakes, fish, seaweed, vegetables, salt,
water, etc., are offered but animal meat is not,
because of the taboo on shedding blood in
the sacred area.
In the past cooked food was usually offered to
kami, but nowadays uncooked food is more often
used.
In accordance with this change, the idea of
entertaining kami changed to that of thanksgiving.
-Prayer—the chief priest recites prayers (norito)
modeled on ancient Shintō prayers.
These prayers were compiled in the early 10th
century and were based on the old
belief that spoken words had spiritual potency.
-Sacred music and dance.
-General offering—participants in the festival
make symbolic offerings using little
branches of the evergreen sacred
tree to which strips of white paper
are tied.
-Taking offerings away.
-Shutting the door of the inner sanctuary.
-Final adoration.
-Feast (naorai).
Shinto symbols
- Torii Gates, The Entrance to Shinto Shrines
- Shimenawa, Shinto's Sacred Rope
- Shide, the White, Zig-Zag Papers
- Sakaki, Shinto’s Sacred Tree
- Tomoe, The Swirling Commas
- Shinkyo, Shinto's God Mirror
Creation According to Shintoism Mythology
-A Shinto interpretation of creation
-is that the world and its inhabitants are not
“made” but “born,” and;
-the divine couple Izanagi no Mikoto and Izanami
no Mikoto play a central role in this narrative. The
couple marry and give birth to the islands of Japan,
as well as to several important natural deities that
give the islands shape.
This myth of Izanagi and Izanami
-introduces significant concepts, such as;
 male and female roles, marriage,
copulation, birth,
death afterlife,
and the birth and death cycle.
Beginnings of “Kami” The story of creation.
In the beginning the world split into the heavens
and the earth, and three kami deities of
the heavenly realm came into being. Then the first
reeds took root and sprouted, and two
more kami deities came to be. These first five
kami deities were formless and had no
partners. Thereafter, however, pairs of “partner”
kami deities were born in succession.
The seventh and final generation was the male
Izanagi no Mikoto and the female Izanami
no Mikoto.
Izanagi --means 'he who invites'
Izanami --means 'she who invites'.
Izanagi and Izanami with the task of bringing order
to the world and granted them a sacred spear with
which to do so.
-Standing on a bridge, the two first looked down
upon the primordial mire and decided to
try mixing it.
-They stuck the spear in, turned it about, and
when they drew it back out, a drop fell from its tip.
-This drop settled and became the first island,
Onokoro Shima.
Birth of the Islands of Japan
After descending to the island, Izanagi and
Izanami became aware of the differences in
their bodies and decided to join together to give
birth to the country.
And so, they married by circling a sacred post
three times and taking their vows.
The couple had sexual intercourse on several
other occasions and their other offspring included
the other islands of Japan and some of the kami.
Unfortunately, Izanami was gravely injured
giving birth, and soon died.
Izanagi mourned and missed her terribly, and
before long decided to travel to Yomi, the
land of the dead to get her back.
By the time Izanagi arrived and found Izanami,
she had already eaten food of the
underworld. This meant she was thus unable to
return. Izanagi pleaded with Izanami
anyway until she agreed to ask the deities of the
land of the dead if she might leave to go
back to the country they were still in the process of
making. Before she went to ask,
Izanami made one request: she bid Izanagi not to
follow her, and to wait outside until she
returned. Izanagi agreed.
A long time passed in Izanami’s absence, and
Izanagi grew impatient. At last, he decided
to disregard Izanami’s request and went to look
for her.
To his horror, he discovered her as a frightful,
decaying corpse. Izanami was furious at
being seen, and Izanagi fled in terror.
He quickly exited the land of the dead.
Izanami chased after him, but she soon found her
way blocked by a large boulder and could follow
Izanagi no further. Izanagi had placed
the boulder, and so trapped Izanami in the land of
the dead.
Izanami was furious and said that every day from
that moment on she would kill 1000
people every day. Izanagi replied by saying that
he would create 1500 new born babies
each day.
Izanagi’s “Misogi”
After escaping, Izanagi declared the land of the
dead an ugly and defiled place and
decided to purify himself by cleansing.
- This act is today considered the origin
of“misogi,”a ritual cleansing done at Shinto shrines
and ceremonies where one bathes or immerses
oneself in water. He went on the plain of Ahagi at
Tachibana in Wodo in Hiuga of Tsukushi, and
purified himself.
-As Izanagi washed his face, three significant
deities were born:
-the sun kami Amaterasu-no-Oho-Kami from his
left eye,
the moon kami Tsuki- yomi-no-Mikoto from his
right eye,
and the kami of the seas Susa-no-Wo-no-Mikoto
from his nose.
Izanagi gave these three children the duties of
ruling, respectively, the heavenly realm, the night
realm, and the seas.
Izanagi said ¨do thou Amaterasu-no-Oho-Kami, ¨rule
the plain of high heaven¨,
¨do thou Tsuki- yomi-no-Mikoto, rule the eight fold tides
of the ocean plain;
do thou, Susa-no-Wo-no-Mikoto rule the world¨.
1.It is an order of ritual during a grand Festival in
Japan where the chief priest and all the
congregation bow to the altar.
•Adoration.
2. It is an ancient religion of Japan in which their
followers believes that spirits/kami exist in the
natural world.
• Shintoism
3. They are tasked to bring order to the world
(Izanagi Mikoto and Izanami Mikoto)
4.) They are given a _____ to bring order to the
world. This weapon is also relevant in making the
First Island which is Onokoro Shima
.• Sacred Spear
5. It is described/declared by Izanagi as an ugly
and defiled place.
Yomi/Land of the dead.
6. The kami that was born from the right eye of
Izanagi.
•Tsuki-yomi - No- Mikoto
7.) It is a ritual cleansing done at Shinto shrines and
ceremonies where one bathes or immerses oneself
in water.
•Misogi
8.) The kami that was born from Izanagi's left eye,
and is the ruler of the heavenly realm.
•Amaterasu -no- oho- kami
9.) He is the kami of the seas.
• Susano-wo-no-Mikoto
10-12: (Enumeration)
Give at least 3 importance of the main beliefs of
Shinto.
• purity,
harmony,
respect for nature,
family respect,
and subordination of the individual before the
group.
(13-14)
Give at least 2 symbols of Shinto.
- Torii Gates, The Entrance to Shinto Shrines
- Shimenawa, Shinto's Sacred Rope
- Shide, the White, Zig-Zag Papers
- Sakaki, Shinto’s Sacred Tree
- Tomoe, The Swirling Commas
- Shinkyo, Shinto's God Mirror
15.) True or False
In the Shintoism's story of creation, it is believed
that the world and its inhabitants are" made" and
"not born"
• False.
(16- 20)Essay:
What are the significant concepts that are
introduced in the Story of Creation Myth in Japan
(Shintoism)?
Brahmanism
(Hindu Mythology)
Myths are stories that are based on tradition. Some may
have factual origins, while others are completely
fictional. But myths are more than mere stories and they
serve a more profound purpose in ancient and modern
cultures. The same in Hindu Mythology (Brahmanism)
although it may have different versions, but it didn’t
change their cultural beliefs and values.
Brahmanism
-was a philosophical movement that began in
India thousands of years ago
--was the forerunner to Hinduism.
focused on brahman, the ultimate reality to which
everything belonged and returned after escaping
cycles of reincarnation, the rebirth of the soul into -the patron of intellectuals, bankers, scribes, and
new bodies. authors.

Characters:
how the universe was created
Brahma (Sanskrit: ब्रह्मा, IAST: Brahmā)
-This is not the first world, nor is it the first
-is a Hindu god,
universe.
-referred to as "the Creator" within the Trimurti, -
There have been and will be many more worlds and
associated with creation, knowledge, and Vedas.
universes than there are drops of water in the holy river
-is prominently mentioned in creation legends.
Ganges.
Vishnu
-universes are made by Lord Brahma -the Creator,
-is the god of Preservation,
-maintained by Lord Vishnu -the Preserver
-the great maintainer who often appears in
-destroyed by Lord Shiva.
various incarnations (avatara) to provide salvation
(These three gods are all forms of Supreme One and part
for humanity.
of the Supreme One.)
Shiva
The Supreme One is behind and beyond all.
-Destroyer of Darkness –
-also known as the Destroyer / Transformer.
Lord Shiva is called the Destroyer and Re-creator.
-is usually depicted as white, from the ashes of
Since the universes must be destroyed before they can be
corpses that are smeared on his body, with a blue
recreated,
neck, from holding poison in his throat.
-wears a crescent moon and the Ganges River as
-After each old universe is destroyed nothing is left
decorations in his hair and a garland of skulls and
but a vast ocean.
a serpent around his neck.
-Floating on this ocean, resting on the great snake
Ananta, is Lord Vishnu.
Saraswati
-Some say that a lotus flower springs from his
-is the Hindu goddess of knowledge.
navel and from this comes Lord Brahma.
-associated with wisdom, music, art, and learning.
-And it is from Lord Brahma that all creation
-her dhyana mantra describes her to be as white as
comes.
the moon, clad in a white dress, bedecked in
white ornaments, radiating with beauty, holding
a book and a pen in her hands (the book
represents knowledge). She is generally shown to
have four arms, but sometimes just two.
Lakshmi How does Lord Brahma create?
-also known as Shri
-is one of the principal goddesses in Hinduism. Some tell of how he grows lonely and splits himself in
- goddess of wealth, fortune, power, beauty, two to create male and female.
fertility and prosperity. Then he becomes one again and human beings are
-Hindu goddess of wealth, good fortune, created.
happiness, youth, and beauty. In the same way he creates all the other living things,
-the wife of Vishnu, the god that sustains the from the great animals to the tiniest insects. Others say
universe. that everything comes from different parts of Lord
Brahma's body.
Ganesha All the different animals and all the people come from
-the elephant-headed his mouth, arms, thighs and feet.
-Hindu god of prosperity and wisdom, figure on Everything comes from one - Lord Brahma, who
external wall of a South Indian temple in Kerala, is part of the Supreme One - so everything is part
India. of the Supreme One.
-Hindu god of beginnings, who is traditionally For this universe, this world and this Lord Brahma,
worshipped before any major enterprise like all those before and all those to come, will be
destroyed by Lord Shiva.

How long is the life of a universe?
Its length is beyond imagination.
One day to Lord Brahma is longer than four
thousand million of the years that we know.
Every night when Lord Brahma sleeps the world
is destroyed.
Every morning when he awakes it is created
again.
When the Lord Brahma of this universe has lived a
lifetime of such days the universe is completely
destroyed by Lord Shiva.
Everything disappears into the Supreme One.
For an unimaginable period of time chaos and
water alone exist.
Then once again Lord Vishnu appears, floating on
the vast ocean.
From Lord Vishnu comes forth Lord Brahma of the
new universe and the cycle continues for ever.
This belief in reincarnation, in the cycle of life,
strongly influences the lifestyle of many Hindus.
It can best be explained by the terms 'dharma' and
'karma'.
Dharma may be translated as 'duty' and for
Hindus, part of that duty is to respect and care for
all living things.
The belief that after death we are reborn in another
body, not necessarily human, leads to a great
respect for all life and results in many cases of
vegetarianism.
Karma is the result or product of what we do.
If we do our duty, then we create good karma,
since the next life we may have is directly related to
the actions of our present life.
To the Hindu, everything is part of the Supreme One,
and thus every living thing is equally important in the
great cycle of life.
How did the story of creation reflects to the
Hindu culture?
Hindus strive to achieve dharma, which is a code
of living that emphasizes good conduct and
morality.
Hindus revere all living creatures and consider
the cow a sacred animal.
Food is an important part of life for Hindus.
Most don't eat beef or pork, and many are vegetarians.
With their strong beliefs they also incorporate in
their daily living the faith in Karma and
reincarnation.
They highly practice goodness in their actions for
their belief that everything that you do will
comeback to you and will affect what you will be
in your next life.
How does the Hinduism mythology reflects on our
society?
How does the Hinduism mythology affect the
world?
Although there are many versions of the
Brahmanism in Hindu Mythology, it still does not
affect its cultural beliefs and values.
Hindus believe that every thought, word and
action accumulates karma, which can affect current
and future lives.
Hindus believe in reincarnation. Actions from a
past life can affect events in the current life,
including health and wellbeing.
1. It is a philosophical movement that began in
India thousand of years ago and was the
forerunner of Hindu religion.
BRAHMANISM
2. In Hindu mythology he is known as the god of
creation. BRAHMA
3. This god in Hindu mythology serves as the
redeemer, he is Lord?
VISHNU
4-5 they are the first man and woman in Hindu
mythology who are created.
MANU & SHATAPURA
6. The elephant - headed Hindu god of prosperity
and wisdom, figure on external wall of a south
Indian temple in Kerala, India is?
GANESHA
7. Saraswati is the Hindu goddess of?
KNOWLEDGE
8. In Brahmanism Shiva is known as the?
DESTROYER / GOD OF DESTRUCTION
9. -11 Illustrate the cycle of existence in
Brahmanism incorporating the Trimurti.

12. One day in Lord brahma is more than ___

million years that we know.
FOUR THOUSAND
13. Where did Lord Brahma came from?
LOTUS FLOWER

14. - 15. This two is the main goal of living in

Hindu mythology, it can be explained by the terms
____ and ____
DHARMA AND KARMA

TRUE OR FALSE
1. Hindu mythology does not believe in
reincarnation. FALSE
2. Some tell of how Lord brahma grows lonely and
splits himself into two to create one male and
female. TRUE
3. In Hindu mythology the cycle of existence can
still continue even if one of the Trimurti is missing.
– FALSE
4. Lord Shiva is a bad god according to
Brahmanism since he is a god of destruction.
- FALSE
5. In Brahmanism they believe that Karma is all
about the bad actions that you do and that will
come back to you. - FALSE

5 pts. Essay: In what ways does Brahmanism WHAT IS PANTHEON?

reflect the culture of India?
-refer to different things depending on context:
1. A temple that is built to honor all the gods of a
particular country or group of people. Example: Roman
Pantheon: The Pantheon in Rome is a famous ancient
temple dedicated to all the gods of Ancient Rome

Derived from the Greek words ‘πᾶν’ pan – all, and ‘θεός’
theos – god, pantheon literally means 'of all gods'

2. Pantheon can mean a group of gods or deities

worshipped in a particular religion or mythology.
It's like a divine family tree, detailing the relationships
and hierarchies among gods and goddesses. Also
referred to as "Pantheon of Gods"

In modern contexts, "pantheon" can metaphorically

refer to a group of highly esteemed individuals, such as
artists, writers, or historical figures, who are considered
the most significant or influential in their field.
These are referred to as "Modern Pantheon"
Other Characteristics:
01. Roles and Attributes
Within a pantheon, each deity typically has
specific attributes, responsibilities, and myths
associated with them. They may govern
domains such as war, love, wisdom, agriculture,
or the underworld, depending on the culture's
beliefs and needs.
2. Evolving
Pantheons could evolve over time through cultural
exchange, conquest, and religious syncretism. As
societies changed, new gods might be added to the
pantheon, while others faded into obscurity or
underwent transformations to remain relevant to the
culture.

GREEK AND ROMAN PANTHEONS

Greek Pantheon
The Greek Pantheon was ruled by a council of twelve
great gods known as the Olympians, namely
Zeus,
Hera,
Poseidon,
Demeter,
Athena,
Hephaistos,
Ares, Aphrodite, Apollo, Artemis, Hermes, Dionysos, and
sometimes Hestia. These twelve gods demanded
worship from all their subjects.
Differences Between the Greek vs Roman Gods

Greeks gods possessed human attributes while the

Roman gods represented objects.
Greek gods are famous for having human characteristics
and intervening in human affairs, some even had affairs
with humans, and they influenced other mythologies as
well. Greek Gods are stronger than their Roman
versions as they can determine fate