The SAMR (Substitution, Augmentation, Modification, Redefinition) model was

developed by Dr. Ruben Puentedura as a framework to demonstrate the effects of

technology on teaching and learning. The SAMR model is a tool for “…assessing and
evaluating technology practices and impacts in the classroom setting” and can be
examined at both the student and teachers levels

Substitution is described as the first stage of integration in a classroom in which

technology acts as a direct replacement of older equipment. For instance, students take
notes on computer instead of notebooks. While this is only the beginning step, many
teachers are staying at this phase.

Augmentation is the second stage in which functional improvement begins with the
substitution in learning. For example, students can change or modify their essay in the
word with different tools. This kind of functional improvements enhance the students’
learning experience and augments productivity.
3. Modification is the third stage where move from enhancement to transformation
begins. In this stage, there is a shift in the lesson design and fundamentally redesign it
with technology, which impacts the quality of learning outcome. To be able to
understand whether the transformation begins, we should ask “Does the technology
considerably change the task?”. For example, students may add pictures or links to their
essays written in the word.

4. Redefinition is the last stage of the model where technology entirely transforms the
students’ experience. Technology provides opportunities to redefine and redesign a
traditional task. The redefined task cannot be created without technology. In this stage,
technology integration fosters and transform the lesson in a way that promotes
creativity, productivity and collaboration.

It is important to note that the one on the top does not necessarily mean the best
practice of all since they have different kinds of uses. However, students’ involvement
and motivation are rising with the technology integration particularly at modification and
redefinition stages. The figure 2 illustrates the SAMR Model in different levels. It can be
understood from the figures how the tasks evolve with the technology