INSTITUTO SUPERIOR DE CIÊNCIAS E EDUCAÇÃO A DISTÂNCIA

FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS E HUMANAS

CURSO DE LICENCIATURA EM ADMINISTRAÇÃO PÚBLICA

What are the main challenges faced by public administrators in your

country today.

Suggest some probable ways to mitigate these challenges.

Francelino Manuel António Ferrão

Tete, May 2023

 INSTITUTO SUPERIOR DE CIÊNCIAS E EDUCAÇÃO A DISTÂNCIA

FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS E HUMANAS

CURSO DE LICENCIATURA EM ADMINISTRAÇÃO PÚBLICA

What are the main challenges faced by public administrators in your

country today.

Suggest some probable ways to mitigate these challenges.

Scientific work delivered to the Department Center of Social and Human Sciences, as a
requirement to obtain the academic degree of degree in public administration.

Tutor:

Francelino Manuel António Ferrão

Tete, May 2023

List of abbreviations

CRM→ Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique;

ERDAP→ Public Administration Reform and Development Strategy.

ABSTRACT

This article aims to understand the public administration in the context of the purpose of the
purpose of the ends and functions of the institutionalization of the State, so that part of the
concept, nature and purpose of public administration and the state to discuss models and forms
of public administration, in addition to principles and different powers, and It ends with a look
at the reality of the Mozambican public administration. In essence, the work shows that the
role of public administration goes through the agent of transformation of the company,
creating technical and organizational conditions for the institution of a development of
development.

Resumo

Este artigo visa compreender a Administração Pública no contexto da prossecução de fins e

funções da institucionalização do Estado, de modo que parte do conceito, natureza e finalidade
da administração pública e do Estado para discutir modelos e formas de organização da
administração pública, para além de princípios e diferentes poderes, e termina com um olhar
sobre a realidade da administração pública moçambicana. Na essência, o trabalho mostra que
o papel da Administração Pública passa por agente de transformação da sociedade, criando
condições técnicas e organizacionais para a instituição de uma administração para o
desenvolvimento.
Sumário
1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 6
1.1. Objective of the work ........................................................................................................................ 9
1.1.1. General objectives...................................................................................................................... 9
1.1.2. Specific objectives ...................................................................................................................... 9
2. Theoretical reference ......................................................................................................................... 10
2.1. Conceptualizations (State, Government and Public administration).......................................... 10
2.3. Ends and Functions of the State...................................................................................................... 10
2.4. Government .................................................................................................................................... 11
2.5. What is Public Administration ......................................................................................................... 12
2.6. Public Administration Models ......................................................................................................... 13
2.7. Forms of organization of public administration .............................................................................. 14
2.8. Fundamental Principles of Public Administration ........................................................................... 14
2.10. Local administration in the colonial period................................................................................... 16
2.11. Post-independence Local Administration (the 1975 end of the years 90) ................................... 17
2.12. Structure and composition........................................................................................................ 17
2.13. Principles of public administration in Mozambique ..................................................................... 18
2.14. Mitigation of the challenges of public administration .................................................................. 19
A public administration facing the citizen, with improving the quality of public services and the
improvement of the administrative responses offered to society .................................................... 19
2.15. Rationalization and decentralization of service structures and procedures ................................ 19
1.16. Formulation and monitoring of public policies ............................................................................. 19
2.17. Professionalization of public sector officials ................................................................................. 19
2.18. Financial Management and Accountability ................................................................................... 20
1.19. Good governance and combating corruption ............................................................................... 20
2.20. The public administration of tomorrow ........................................................................................ 20
3. Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 22
4. Bibliographic Reference ..................................................................................................................... 23
1. INTRODUCTION
The management models of a country show efforts that it has been accomplished in the
adaptation of their local needs in order to create favorable conditions for their development.

In describing the administration models in Mozambique, we have to take into account the two
main periods: before and after independence. According to Cau (2004, p.19), the period between
1498 to 1974 (before independence) presents three sub periods: the first is called that of the
traditional land management authorities in pre-colonial times; The second period discusses the
role of traditional authorities on land control in areas that worked in Portuguese (1498 - 1884);
The third period questions the role of the Communities in Earth Management between 1885 -
1975, period of effective occupation (CAU, 2004).

Before the presence of the Portuguese to Mozambique, the largest parts of the Bantante peoples
of the Southern African Region, migrated to Mozambique in the search for survival conditions.
These communities were nomads and based on the hunt and the recollection. These created
strong relationships with the Bays of Mozambique, as well as the other immigrants. However,
there were conflicts between them related to land tenure, mineral resources, as well as land
dominance (Isaacman & Isaacman, 1983: 13).

No período pós-independência, Moçambique sofreu transformações radicais ao adotar um

sistema político e administrativo de mecanismos capazes de conferir maior racionalidade, de
funcionar como um catalisador das mudanças e do desenvolvimento da sua sociedade. Essas
mudanças iniciaram com a tentativa de implantação de um Estado socialista que depois
seguiram para a descentralização política.

The first transition occurred through the proclamation of independence and the rupture with the
old order, which meant the construction of the new state. It was from this act that the State began
to appoint from the People's Republic of Mozambique to the detriment of the Portuguese
overseas province (Nyakada, 2008).

The second generation of political reform begins with the adoption and adherence of measures
inserted in economic liberalism accelerated by globalization. The third transition was marked
with the advent of the democratization process, which occurred with the collapse of the of the
Monoopartisan regime and the emergence of multipartisantism (Nyakada, 2008).
With this description, we may mention that Mozambique presents a useful comparative
framework in the study of political transition issues. Now we see: The country was capitalist
and authoritative during the colonial, socialist and increasingly authoritarian period after
independence, authoritarian and increasingly capitalist from the 1980 and early 1990 and,
democratic and capitalist from 1994 (Pitcher, 2002, p. 2).

Before independence: 1498 - 1974 Before the presence of Europeans, "colonial states were
organized in clans, and after the presence of the colonial state were destroyed all the higher
levels of the political structures there existed" and the local leaders were Pressing to provide
employment labor and income cultures for the market (Vieira, 2004, p. 82).

In the period of the arrival of the Portuguese, the region, a process of political transformation
and an intensification and expansion of trade, making Mozambicans be able to defend their own
interests and controlling their relations with Costa Traders (Abrahamsson & Nilsson, 1994, p.
20).

The population was organized in families and lineages and they were responsible for their own
survival, since they consumed what they have produced and "also sold in the market in the
surplus production to their needs to access other consumer goods" (Vieira, 2004, p. 83). Given
the form of organization of traditional societies found in Mozambique and in almost all Africa,
it was difficult for the Portuguese to obtain legitimacy in the CEIO of these communities, which
was only possible to obtain it with the inclusion of local leaders in mobilization for forced labor
and tax payment.

These taxes were denominated of Muscock and this was charged to cover the new colonial
administrative network, thus taking advantage of the Mozambican workforce in a more direct
and more permanent way (David Hedges, 1993: 2). According to the same author, this
workforce were used in plantations, mines and public works in South Africa, Rhasiah,
Niassaland, Tanganhica and Zanzibar.

Given the poor working conditions in Mozambique, most of the workforce that could cause
production in the national territory to be at rather high levels began to migrate to the above

men-tioned neighboring countries (David Hedges 1983: 3).

Administrative and power forms in this period were organized according to the current system
of organization of the Portuguese State (Nyakada, 2008), where there were municipal chambers
and local joints, which were extinguished shortly after independence. In the context of this
extinction, the directions, services and other bodies and units or companies of the municipal
chambers were also covered, which were under the direction of the executive advice of the city
(Nyakada, 2008).

With regard to the administrative organization of Mozambique Chiziane (S / D, 4-8) refers to

the following:

In the colonial period, since its origin, the administrative organization of the overseas
provinppces was based on the principle of reproduction in the colonies in general and that of
Mozambique in particular, the management model adopted for the metropolis. The colonies
were considered as simple overseas provinces, which fulfilled plans set and established in the
metropolis. "

It is this context that Cistac (2012, p. 3) states that:

Mozambique inherited an administrative structure essentially based on the centralization

principle, which has translated, in particular, in the centralization of the decision power at
the higher bodies of the central administration

It should also be noted that, due to the emergence of the first societies and, in particular, with
the emergence of the modern state, the public administration has always had a significant role
in the context of organizations dedicated to the handling of the public thing '. For more, with
the state's crisis, in the second half of the twentieth century, substantial changes in public
management policies and the design of state organizations, requiring administrative reforms
that addressed strategies of the private sector in a wave that may be considered the deepest
redefinition of public administration. But what is "Public Administration"?

It is in an attempt to respond to this issue, relating it for purposes, functions of the state, as well
as their relationship with government, which we will try to lean with this work, not

Wanting, however, to make the subject as something finished.

Being a research of a research nature, the consultation of different bibliographic sources was
appealed, for the purpose of collecting available information on the governance models in
Mozambique. Subsequently, the analysis and intersection of the information collected which
contributed to the enrichment of the predefined objectives.

The approaches inherent to this work were based on a comparison of the colonial, colonial and
colonial administration.

1.1. Objective of the work

1.1.1. General objectives
 Know main challenges faced by the public administrators of Mozambique;
 Develop some likely ways to mitigate these challenges.

1.1.2. Specific objectives

 Define public administration;
 Identify the main challenges faced by public administrators in your country today;
 Distinguish some likely ways to mitigate these challenges.
2. Theoretical reference
2.1. Conceptualizations (State, Government and Public administration).
State: concept and elements

According to the approach that is intended in this study, it is essential to begin with the
surrounding discussion of the concept of state, in so far as every action of the objective public
administration materialize the ends and functions of the State.

Although it is difficult to give a "completely closed" state definition due to the complexity that
characterizes it, Azambuja (2008: 67) brings a simple definition of the state that helps you to
achieve reasonable knowledge in relation to the concept.

For Azambuja (2008: 67), "State is the political-legal organization of a society to carry out the
public good, with its own government and determined territory." From this definition, we can
withdraw three aspects essences, which conjugates construct the indispensable elements for the
existence of a state. The three elements are territory, people and political power.

The territory is the geographical space in which the government action manifests itself. The
people are the group of individuals belonging to this territory and who are organized in search
of the public good. And, political power, is a widespread capacity to ensure the implementation
of mandatory commitments assumed by units of a collective organization system, when bonds
are legitimized with respect to their relation to collective goals and when there is a recalcitrance,
There is a guarantee of compliance through negative situational sanctions (Ibidem). Finally, in
the absence of any of these elements it can not be said to be facing a state.

2.3. Ends and Functions of the State

The political society, the state has as fundamental end, constituting in the midst of that
individuals and other societies, situated in a given territory, to reach their purposes, such the:
Maintenance of the Order, Defense and Promotion of the well-being and progress of society.

Thus, it is concluded that the end of the State is the common good, understood this as a set of
all living condition that allow and favor the integral development of human personality (Lopes,
2010: 12).
According to Mello (2004: 140), "the function of the State or Public Function, is the activity
exercised in compliance with the duty to achieve the public interest, through the use of
instrumentalally necessary powers conferred by the legal order." It is the political nature of the
State which gives it the function of coordinating groups and individuals in view of purposes to
be achieved, imposing the choice of appropriate means.

In other words, the functions of the State are all the necessary actions to carry out the common
good. For Mello (Ibidem), there are three fundamental functions of the State, namely: legislative
[or normative], administrative [or executive] and judicial.

The legislative function is understood as the one that the State, in an exclusive way, exercises
through the edition of general and abstract rules, which innovate in the legal order and are
subordinated directly to the Constitution. This function is basically exercised by the legislative
power, therefore, normally acts of the other powers only have concrete effects. Except for
interim measures and delegated laws, which, in spite of being edited by the executive, are
immediately, subordinated to the Constitution.

Jurisdictional functionː is also assigned exclusively to the state to settle conflict conflicts with
a judged thing force. Only the Judiciary exercises this function, therefore, only their decisions
become immutable after exhausted the resources or after the deadline for your interposition.
This is the system of the unique jurisdiction, according to which the Judiciary can assess all
matters, which is the only competent power to decide them in a definitive way.

The administrative functionː is the state exercised in the intimacy of a hierarchical structure
and regime, and the only one may be exercised by individuals, such as those receiving a
delegation for the provision of public services. In fact, it is unique in all powers, although it
predominates more evidently in the executive power.

2.4. Government
In the perception of Bobbio (1986: 253), Government must be understood as "the set of organs
and activities carried out in the sense of conducting politically the state, defining the supreme
guidelines." As is seen, government is all the necessary functions for maintaining legal order
and public administration.
However, the Government does not confuse itself with the public administration which has the
function of concretely carrying out its guidelines in so far as the Government acts with broad
discretion, and the public administration acts subordinate.

In this way, the government is identified with the powers and organizations of the State; It is
present in the functions originating in these powers and organs as the manifestation of
sovereignty. However, the Government constant is its expression policy of command, initiative,
to fix the state objectives and maintenance of the current legal order (idem).

2.5. What is Public Administration

The term "public administration" may refer to different contexts and different meanings, not
only by the complexity of their action, but also by the progressive reforms that the modern
state has been suffering over time, with a view to ensuring the pursuit of its purposes.

For an improvement of the term "public administration" expression, we turn to three following
elucidative situations:

 The Mozambican Public Administration undergoes a successive reform process." In

this case, the expression refers to the state apparatus, that is, to the set formed by a
government, by a body of employees that occupies management and a police and
military force that seeks to ensure protection against external enemies as well as the
internal order. That is, when the State apparatus is complemented by a legal system
that regulates and regulates the entire company (Pereira, 1995: 67).

 Long queues in health posts are the result of public administration inefficiency. " In
this situation, expression refers to the process or activity of public business
administration, that is, of the management itself, of a social practice as old as the
handling of collective goods (Waldo, 1964: 123).

 With this discipline, I intend to deepen my studies in public administration. " In the
latter case, the expression refers to an area of intellectual research, a social science that
has a specific object and scientific method, that is, a part of the human knowledge we

Can know and evolves over time (Waldo, 1964: 123).

Due to the diversity of contexts applicable to the expression, Meirelles (2004: 59) stresses that
public administration3 should be conceived considering two senses:

Formal, subjective or organic, understood as the set of bodies established for the pursuit of
the objectives of the State, that is, the designation of legal persons, bodies and public agents
responsible for exercising the administrative function in any of the powers (legislative,
executive and judiciary). It is referred to in the first of the three previous situations; and

Material, objective or functional, understood as all the necessary functions for public services
in general, that is, designates the nature of the activity exerted by public entities. In this sense,
public administration is the administrative function itself that it is predominantly in the
executive power. It is referred to in the second of the three previous situations.

The public administration is the set of organizations and servers, maintained with public
resources, whose activities are carried out in accordance with the law, responsible for decision-
making and implementing the necessary policies and rules for the welfare of society (MELLO,
2000: 130).

2.6. Public Administration Models

The literature agrees, mostly, with the existence of four models that enter the evolution of public
administration, in particular:

Public Administration Heritageist: which vigored until the beginning of the nineteenth
century, was characterized by the personalist character of power, subjective and minute logic of
the legal system, fiscal irrationality and the tendency to corruption of the administrative
framework, that is, Absence of limits between public and private assets and resources,
clientelism, corruption, nepotism, among other practices, taking into account precariousness in
differentiation between public and private spheres (2003).

Bureaucratic Public Administration: From the late nineteenth century to the end of the
twentieth century, designed to promote impersonality and efficiency in the face of heritage
arbitrariness. In this case, it was characterized based by defense to the principles of formality,
impersonality and professionalism, as a base for the rational nature of the rules guiding public
agents and separation between public and private spheres (Weber 1999).
Managerial Public Administration: from the end of the twentieth century, which focuses on
results, guidance for the consumer-citizen and the training of human resources. The innovations
introduced by it in the state apparatus were the decentralization of processes and the delegation
of power. Thus, the characteristics were market opening, deregulation, privatization, as well as
focuses on economy / efficiency, efficiency / quality and equity / accounting (Kettl, 2005: 85).

Societal Public Administration: In particular of the contemporary era, this model can be
considered a synthesis of practices, visions and trends related to public management,
characterized by four fundamental aspects: an alternative view of development, participatory
and deliberative conception of Democracy associated with the notion of social management, the
process of political-institutional reinvention and the new profile of the Public Manager (Paula,
2005: 90).

2.7. Forms of organization of public administration

According to Mello (2004: 139), the public administration can be organized in two ways:

1. Direct or centralized, when made up of the services integrated in the structure of the
main organs of the State. In practice, centralization occurs when the State performs its
tasks through bodies and agents of direct administration through the political person
representing the competent public administration.
For example: ministries, provincial, district governments, among others (Ibidem).
2. Indirect or decentralized, when consisting of those activities or skills, where the State
decentralizes its performance for other legal entities of public or private law. For Di
Pietro (2004: 349), decentralization implies the transfer of decision-making for the local
administration agents, or distribution of a person's competences to another individual or
legal person.
For example: local authorities, public foundations, public enterprises, among others.

2.8. Fundamental Principles of Public Administration

Most authors (Meirelles, 2004, Mello, 2004) advocates five fundamental principles of public
administration, in particular.

1) Principle of legality [more important]: It establishes that the action of the public
Administration needs to be provided by law. This must act when, as and the way the law
determines.

2) Principle of morality: establishes that the public administration imposes on the agent who
practices the administrative act an appropriate ethical, moral and legal behavior.

3) Principle of impersonality: establishes that the action of the public administration does not
confuse with the physical person of his agent. It is required that the act is always practiced for
public purpose.

4) Principle of advertising: establishes the legal imposition of the dissemination of

administrative acts in order to make its observance mandatory. However, not all administrative
acts need to be published to be valid. They are the cases of national security, police investigation,
among others.

5) Principle of efficiency: establishes that acts of public administration should be performed

aimed at the best cost / benefit ratio in public resources management, that is, the maximum
amount of human resources, material and financial resources should be observed.

2.9. Powers of public administration

According to Meirelles (2004: 72), the public administration is provided with instrumental
powers for the performance of the attributions that are legally defined to it, such as:

1) Binding Power: It is one conferred by the Law to Public Administration for the practice of
act of its competence, and the necessary formalization is determined.

Example: Dispatch from an application.

2) Dispicant power: Public administration has freedom of choice of convenience, opportunity

and content of the act.

Example: When the teacher let the classroom enter the late student.

3) Normative power: It is the power conferred on the chiefs of the executive to edit decrees
and regulations for the purpose of providing faithful execution to the law.
Example: Issue by the President of the Republic of a Decree.

4) Disciplinary power: It is exercised by the public administration to determine the offenses of

servers and other persons who are subject to administrative discipline.

Example: When a department chief applies a warning, suspension, dismissal, from a public
agent.

5) Hierarchical power: It is through the hierarchical power that administration escalates the
function of its organs, reviews the performance of its agents and establishes the relationship of
subordination between its servants.

Example: Definition of assignments and skills between the different responsible for
departments.

6) Police Power: It is the activity of the State that limits individual rights to the benefit of the
public interest, that is, to contain abuses of individual law.

Example: Control of the speed limit on the roads.

2.10. Local administration in the colonial period

At the height of colonization, during the new state, the creation of strongly centralizing
administrative structures was accentuated in which municipal structures were an extension of
central power, just as, moreover, happened in the colonial metropolis. Following the overseas
administrative reform of, Cologne was directed by a governor-general, composing three
provinces, in turn divided into districts with an administrator. "Local level, administrative mesh,
following the established already in, distinguished in municipal councils, in the main urban
centers, and in circumscriptions, in rural areas, in both cases, administered by appointed
authorities. Civil authorities directed municipal councils, being the most important presided by
a chamber president, and divided into parishes. Circumscriptions were governed by
administrators and decomputed in administrative posts, which could also exist in the rural areas
of the counties,

Leadership of post office. Administrative posts, in turn, grouped the regulants, arrested by
kinglet, under the exchanging of administrators. "Igura of the régulus was being promoted by
the colonial authorities, and among their functions was the recruitment of workers. Even after
the abolition of the status of the indigenous people in 1961, this remained or reinforced himself,
having the rules passed to be formally considered part of the Location. At the beginning of the
decade of, Banos with existed in Mozambique Counties - centers urored more voters - and
overseas, of circumscriptions. By Mozambique's new organic law became appointed status, but
the administrative structure remained similar to the existing (Meneses, 2009; Newit, 1997,
p.410.)

2.11. Post-independence Local Administration (the 1975 end of

the years 90)
2.12. Structure and composition
The Mozambican Public Administration was born with the proclamation of national
independence in 1975 when the first Constitution of Mozambique independently

Entered into force. From that moment, there was a growing need for modernization of the
public administration due to the high cases and socio-economic and political requirements of
the time, which imposed the Government huge challenges related to the achievement, inevitably,
of reforms of your machine which is adjusted to national interests in the framework of
compliance with development objectives.

According to Article 250 of CRM (2004), "The Mozambican Public Administration is based on
the principle of decentralization and deconcentration, promoting the modernization and
efficiency of its services without prejudice to the unit of action and the powers of government
direction".

It is this constitutional structuring principle of the organization and functioning which is based
on one of the "direct" public administration [local bodies of the state: province, district,
administrative position and locality] and indirect [local power: local authorities] in Mozambique,
since If that, with the transfer of functions and responsibilities to local instances, the inclusion
of a number each stimulates. Time of citizens in shared search for solutions to identified
problems.

As in most countries of the world, the Mozambican Public Administration is currently

composed by three powers: Executive, Legislative and Judiciary, operating in a system of
"constitutional coordination" for economic development from a reform process Modernization
and improvement of state capacity.

2.13. Principles of public administration in Mozambique

Principles of public administration in Mozambique in its performance, in accordance with
Article 249 CRM (2004), the Public Administration in Mozambique serves the public interest
and respects the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens, so their organs comply with the
Constitution and the Law with respect for the principles of equality, impartiality, ethics and
justice.

According to Chapter II of Decree No. 30/2001, of October 15, The Principles of Public
Administration in Mozambique, are:

 Legality;
 Pursuit of the public interest and protection of rights and interests of citizens;
 Justice and impartiality;
 Transparency of public administration;
 Collaboration of management with individuals;
 Participation of individuals;
 Decision;
 Celeraity of the administrative procedure;
 Foundation of administrative acts;
 Responsibility of public administration; and
 Equality and proportionality.

In this case, the organization and functioning of the local bodies of the State comply with the
principles of deconcentration and administrative bureaucratization, aimed at the decongestion
of the central step and the approximation of public services the populations in order to ensure
the speed and adequacy of decisions to local realities, in a vertically hierarchical integrated
structure, ensuring the active participation of citizens, encouraging the local initiative in the
solution for the problems of the communities, applying the resources within its reach (Article 3
of Law 8/2003 of 19).
2.14. Mitigation of the challenges of public administration
A public administration facing the citizen, with improving the quality of public
services and the improvement of the administrative responses offered to society
Agenda 2025 is categorical in considering that "institutions should be structured so that the
change of government bodies holds does not create ruptures or prevent the pursuit of policies,
projects and actions undergoing" and advocates favor of promoting "state culture and
depersonalization of public institutions"

2.15. Rationalization and decentralization of service structures

and procedures
In this component, the functional analysis and restructuring of the ministries is the main activity.
This exercise will allow ministries to reflect on their mission and strategic objectives, their
functions and structures that can best allow compliance with the purpose and reason of their
existence, and on the destination to be given to the current functions: if they will be maintained
at central or provincial if they will be abolished, privatized or transferred to other sectors
including agencies.

1.16. Formulation and monitoring of public policies

Improving the public policy management process is one of the objectives intended with the
functional analysis and restructuring of ministries. Improving the capacity for the formulation,
implementation and public policy monitoring will contribute considerably to economic growth,
because it will allow you to respond adequately response from the demands in society.

2.17. Professionalization of public sector officials

Improving the qualification of human resources is fundamental to the success of functional
analysis, because it guarantees that the new structures to be created will be competent and
adequately managed. On the other hand, in the context of human resources development, the
adoption of a new salary policy, which will link the remuneration to performance and / or
management by results. This element will introduce greater competitiveness by qualified human
resources between the public sector and the private sector, and will reduce, to a certain extent,

the chronicry trail of frames from the first to the second.

2.18. Financial Management and Accountability
By tradition, financial management in developing countries is recognized as one of the most
critical aspects of the public sector. However, poor financial management, in addition to
slowizing the state's ability to provide public services and sustenance of its own operation,
incorporates in itself the ghost of public deficits, whose forms of financing almost always
proven harmful to the national economy, which can Dilating the interest rate, one of the
consequences of investment, increased unemployment and fall in the economy, a problem has
already identified in Mozambique and that government authorities have been making efforts to
challenge the scenario in framework of their governance.

1.19. Good governance and combating corruption

The phenomenon of corruption is another face of the currency that plagues the public sector and
has high economic costs because it contributes to the retraction of investments, therefore,
consists of the illicit use of public resources for private purposes. Under the public sector, it
blooms with lack of transparency, excessive bureaucracy, procedures of extra and complex
structures.

However, under the public sector it blooms where there is a lack of transparency, excessive
bureaucracy, procedures and structures too complex. For this reason, the fight against corruption
takes place naturally from the positive changes that are operated on service structures and
procedures, in the professionalization of public administration, and modernization in the
management and development of human resources, public policy management and financial

Management and improvement of account mechanisms.

2.20. The public administration of tomorrow

Improve the quality of service provision to citizens by disclosing their rights and improving the
conditions of their service;

 Strengthen the role of public administration as a company transformation agent, creating

technical and organizational conditions for the institution of a development of
Development;
 Change the image of the public administration by improving the work environment, the
continuous training of its employees and dignification of its role;
 Reduce administrative costs by raising levels of efficiency and quality of services;
 Promote the coordination of construction and rehabilitation of infrastructures in the
administration of districts and administrative posts;
 Consolidate the process of reforming local bodies, through the training and / or training
of local authorities.
3. Conclusion
From the confrontation of prismatic theory with the analysis of administrative development in
Mozambique and with the analysis of the empirical data, it is true that culture and traditional
political structure are of central importance. In this way, the local administration does not
exhaust itself in the laws that translate imported models, but it has to be read in the
administrative practices and the behavior of the inhabitants. "Observation of these distortions
or refractions necessarily require another type of study more in depth, confrontation between
the role of formal administrative authorities and traditional authorities. In our opinion, the
practices and administrative routines are not a photocopy of the intentions of the legislature, nor
pure and simply the translation of traditional thought. "Empirical analysis does not completely
explain the prismatic theory, but that such theory constitutes an explanatory approach to the
training of local power in Mozambique.

In this way, it can be concluded that despite efforts and political will of the Mozambique
Government, many problems of organizing and the functioning of public administration
constituting authentic challenges at the moment and for the next 14 years. These can be grouped
into structural and functional problems. In order to cover this situation the Government
approved a long-term strategy, the reform and development strategy of the 2012-2025 (ERDAP),
with a fundamental objective of continuing reforms, morely integrated into public sector
activities.
4. Bibliographic Reference
State concept, Ends and Functions of the State, Government, Public Administration, Public
Administration Models, Forms of organization of public administration, Fundamental
Principles of Public Administration, and Powers of public administration. Available in:

http://197.249.65.29/repositorio/IMG/pdf/artigo_1.pdf Access in: 27 May 2023.

Local administration in the colonial period and Post-independence Local Administration (the
1975 end of the years 90). Available in:

https://journals.openedition.org/cea/pdf/1879 Access in: 27 May 2023.

Mitigation of the challenges of public administration. Available in:

https://www.academia.edu/31850986/DESAFIOS_DA_ADMINISTRA%C3%87%C3%83O_
P%C3%9ABLICA_MO%C3%87AMBICANA Access in: 27 May 2023.