Bearings (Vi Bearings are n (which is the « sh (0°) ina clockwise 4 7 asing Hare racer write he prs adlgrees 38085 ed (or ent The seale by which th gram is than ee reality ft repre The scale factor tells you how much smaller (or larger) he da 5 ‘ale drawings a Hl Be a ‘ill be earning how to use the trigonometric ratios to accurately {ater inthis chapter yu wi es, For this you will need the use ofa calculator. Missing. cae nd wig sea drawings although this es achat ttn Tor seale drawings you will needa ruler, protractor and.a sharp pencil. Sometimes you have to draw a diagram to represent something that is much bigger than yu, can fit on the paper or so small that it would be very difficult to make out any detail. Exam, includes plan ofa building, a map ofa country or the design of a microchip. These accuray diagrams are called a scale drawings. “The lines in the scale drawing are all the same fraction of the lines they represent in reali. ‘This fraction is called the scale of the drawing. ‘The scale ofa diagram, ora map, may be given asa fraction ora ratio such as or 1: 300 (a 1 ofthe Some of the construction skils from 1 — a hapter 3 wll be useful for scale Scale of 5555 means that every line inthe diagram has a length which is rawings. of the line that it represents in real life. Hence, 1 cm in the diagram represents 50000cm inre life. In other words, 1 cm represents 500m or 2cm represents 1 km. Scale drawings are often used to plan the production of items in design techn Many problems involving the fitting together of different shapes can be sclvc quality scale drawing. Mapsin geography are also scale drawings and enab’ the real world in a diagram of manageable size. yusinga| rorepresert Scanned with CamScannerexercise 15.1 tion are abvays ss fm he horzont osued Cees a din made with Arete elds 0m ong ad am vide. hve crt Ae 2 scale of 1mm 10 10m, What are the length and width of the 10m is represented by 1m + 100m Is represented by (100 + 10)em = 10cm and 45m is represented by (45 + tO)cm = 4.5m jidth = 45cm. So, the dimensions on the drawing ae: length = 10cm and width = 4° A scale of the plan 1 On the plan ofa house, the living room is 34cm Jong and 260m wide. The is Lem to 2m, Calculate the actual length and width of the room. ae 2 The actual distance between two villages is 12km. Calculate the distance between ao on a map whose scale @ lemtoskm b lemtoSkm. 2 . drawing is 3 ‘A car ramp is 28m long and makes an angle of 15° with the horizontal. A scale ng, ‘be made of the ramp using a scale of lem to 5m. @ How long will the ramp be on the drawing? _ b What angle will the ramp make with the horizontal on the drawing? e Angle of elevation and angle of depression Scale drawing questions often involve the observation of objects that are higher than you or lower than you, for example, the top of a building, an aeroplane or a ship ina harbour. In these cases, the angle of elevation or depression is the angle between the horizontal and the line of sight of the object. decease Scanned with CamScannerA scale drawing is similar tothe tel bec soe sides een = [ease edp crepes) Exercise 15.2 agram Drawing a scale di90 grams toes Here are some clues and tips FoF ‘e Drawa rough sketch, showing all details em ee eer ; ‘e Ifyouare told to use a rile sal YO ge. Give vay choose one that will make your diagrarn ft" i ee ty se Make a clean, tidy and accurale $8 drawing win arproptl OM ys ara eltthe given lengths and angie: wr eens ing. “e Measure lengths and angles in the raving tf ae al Pen Seg change the lengths to ull size using the scale. anges fs the angles In the scale drawiNB- 1 ‘Thedlagram isa rough sketch of afl . ABCD. a Usinga scale of Lem to 20m, make an acpurate scale drawing ofthe field. 90 my bb Find the sizes of angle BCD and angle ADCat the corners of the field. 4 ¢ Find the length of the side CD of 4 at the field. 2. Aladder of length 3.6m stands on horizontal ground and leans against a vertical wall at an angle of 70° to the horizontal (see diagram), 36m ‘a What isthe size of the angle that the ladder makes with the wall (a)? b Draw scale drawing using a scale of 1em to 50cm, to find how far the pve ladder reaches up the wall (b). T The accurate scale diagram represents the vertical wall TF of a building that stands on horizontal ground. Its drawn toa scale of Iem to 8m. a Find the height ofthe building. b Find the distance from the pi A to the foot (F) of the building. ¢ Find the angle of elevation of the top (T) of the building from the point A. ‘ground Scanned with CamScannery 15.2 Bearings >> Si ioe ct scale drawings to find distances! .n objects and to measure angles Ee Winona noe eh ere tan : ula tatonju dota heme Se cetnerae sss ngs dacrsn seb sd i eethieom later pe gBle 118°, shown inthe diagram, is measured = clockwise from the 1 feonges leckrite from the north direction Sich an angles All bearings are measured clockwise from the north direction. Here the bearing of P from O'is 118°. i ; a If the angle is less than 100° you sil use three figures sothat oi it is clear that you mean to use a bearing, Here the bearing of Q from O is 040°. : ‘North ‘Since you always measure clockwise from north it is possi R ene oa ci Ois 315°. < Here the bearing of R from fers to solve angle properties from previous chaPt . may sometimes need t0 wroblems. You bearings P! draw a sepa iat tre Coat Scanned with CamScannerQP. bee fo ee ee corresponding (0: ring th-east Give the three-figure beariNB Cee a west Exercise 15.3.1 fi sou from B for each of the following, gs ol 15.3 Unit 4: Shape, space and measures ari : 2. Write down the three figure bee i oy NJ [ 2 | i he three-figure bearing of 3 Use the map of Southern Africa to find 7 Johannesburg from Windhoek Johannesburg from Cape To Cape Town from Johannesburg Lusaka from Cape Town Kimberley from Durban. hoes "* sos SOUTH AFRICA, 4 Townsville is 140km west and 45km north of Beeton, Using a scale drawing With a scaleg 11cm to 20km, find: the bearing of Beeton from Townsville b the bearing of Townsville from Beeton © the direct distance from Beeton to Townsville, 5 Millage Qis 7k from village Pon a bearing of 060°, Village R is Skm from village Pona bearing of 315°. Using a scale drawing with a scale of lem to 1km, find: fie direct distance from village Q to village R b the bearing of village Q from village R. Understanding the tangent, cosine and sine fa:ios covered in the followir techniques with bearings. culations Throughout the remaind, Scanned with CamScannerp = Labeltin, sntroduced g th | es Nouv have ae cttes Ot a right ra fo it bar eat leon ht eae co that the lo eee that the Longest side ofa right-angled tran pen ae you can also . peo ‘name’ the twa aa ahe to RON H : og the tne gh angen he ana hypotenuse, pple wae seta cpa et etna Wn aerate oa vcd thle nm mv exercise 15.4 1 ss For each of of the fol hypotenuse lowing triangles write: snd the values of pple) rede te retters that correspond to the length of he b x © ja a e ; ) 7 i : T gy ‘g > f ; In each case copy and complete the statement written, ‘underneath the triangle. pm oe : - ey oppl 0?) = eon opp(302) = ve ™ Investigation You will now explore the relationship between angles ina right-angled triangle. the opposite, adjacent and hypotenuse and the ies of the diagsam opposite vil need to use the skils plored for canst For ths investigation you wil eed to dra fur diferent sale cOP te cawings of triangles ree ght angle an 30° angle US re wen as accurately as possible, and al four triangles ve pstructions sted on the MEST PORE tape 3. 4 Tre abe of éierent izes. Flow cea Unit 4: Shape, space and measures Scanned with CamScannerbi) aa Look back at the work on calculating gradients in chapter 10 and “ompare it with the tangent rato, \Vhat connection do you notice? and fyporense cleat 0) and write down 1 Label the opp(30"2a)20"? (30°) and write it down 2 Measure the length oF erPO? 4) Measure the Fength of the 65 44 Calculate PPE) in each ease adj(30) i your answers same angles) and make the same caja. ig {5 What do you notice about ° sme triangles (with th different angles. Record any obser, Yation, 6 Aska friend to draw so What do you notice? n using triangle wil 7 Now repeat the investigation you make, opp(A) dA) depends on the angle cy Tangent ratio Ieturns out that 222 js constant for any given angle A. ‘adj(A) ; , 9 OPPCAD i : and not the actual sizeof the triangle. The ratio= 71S called the tangent ratio and yoy write: tan 4 = EPA) adj(A) Your calculator can work out the tangent ratio for any given angle and you can use this toh work out the lengths of unknown sides ofa right-angled triangle. For example, if you wanted to find the tangent of the angle 22° you enter: fan 2) Notice that the answer has many decimal places. When using this value you must make sur you don't round your answers too soon. Now, consider the right-angled triangle shown below. xem bP Rem You can find the ic unknown side, x cm, by writing down what you know about the tangent 2 tan22° = 2PP(22°) _ x adj(22°) 12 2tan(22°) 4.848314... x=4.8cm(Idp) —_——_——___ Scanned with CamScannerpe Lei Seale Find the va Flue tae answer tothe nesreat ea eam. Give Your Opp(s6") =x Adj 56° = 22.1 mm E self how to deal ut iat iwolve fractions rer 6. pone ith tanse = 221 a = x=22.1tan(6") =32.76459... = 33 mm (nearest mm) Worked, Betu ySes of approach of an airliner 3°. Ifa plane is 305 metres how far should it be | The angle | should be | above the ground, - | from the airfield? tan3e = 305 =xtan3° = 305 = 5819.74... = 5820 (nearest metre) Unit 4: Shape, space and me? Scanned with CamScannerratios, giving YOUF AMSWETS 3 signicgy, in ngent Exercise 15.5 1 Calculate the value of these ange” - necessary. . : . band ne — 2 tans f tan l7° g tan 05 te lhe required tangent ratio asa frat, in fe tan 156° 2 For each ofthe following triangles fins . lowest terms. . a tanA= Lem b tan bem 2em tom 4 a tanx= a2 2 i, Bm yy f tanC= @ e tmz= tan y ‘; [ vas « @ g tanD= 3. Find the length of the lettered side in each case. Give your answers to 3 significant gu where necessary. . b o zm som a” 7 : € 18cm f ; we phy 3.8km = 7 Mk Tom > Scanned with CamScanner4 Caleutay ulate the letter Jength of the agar Heth tn each case, tn som ‘ou are expected to calculate the 1 cases you are expect ture that you are careful when substituting lengths Into the {angent ratio forma, MH . i Sem o 15cm « zom rem no 18cm) a ® em f Pe 4 83.3 m, deal 6 nna Token 8B fm, ho 38.7km i amo ae jekm A ae a 30m oO a Use your calculator to find the value of tan 47° correct to 4 decimal places. b_ The diagram shows a vertical tree, OT, whose base, O, is 30m horizontally from point M. The angle of elevation of T from M is 47°. Calculate the height of the tree. 6 Melek wants to estimate the width of a river tree which has parallel banks. He starts at point ‘Aon one bank directly opposite a tree on the other bank. He walks 801m along the bank B 80m A to point Band then looks back at the tree. He finds that the line between B and the tree makes an angle of 22° with the bank. Calculate the width of the river. 7 The right-angled triangle ABC has angle BAC = 30°. Taking the length of BC to be 1] hypotenuse, one unit: a work out the length of AC b use Pythagoras’ theorem to obtain the 4 adj(30) length of AB. B 0 pPL30°) c Scanned with CamScannerthat leans a the ladder and iches 3.2m UP foot of the @ The diagram shows a ladder brick wall, If the angle between the floor is 82°, and the ladder rea the wall, find the distance dm of the f ladder from the bottom of the wall. Give answer to the nearest cm. your 9 Adi and Sarah are taking part in a Maypole dance, Adi claims that the pole is 4 metres tall but Sarah thinks he is wrong. Adi and Sarah each pull a piece of maypole ribbon tight and pin it to the ground. The points A and B represent where the ribbon was pinned to the ground; Adi and Sarah measure this distance as 2.4m, Use the diagram to decide if Adi is right or not. Calculating ongles Your calculator can also ‘work backwards’ to find the unknown angle associated with a par on the calculator. Generally his” tangent ratio. You use the inverse tangent function [ fanction uses the same key as the tangent ratio, but is placed above. If this is the case you wit need to use [andF] or {shift before you press the tan button. re dealt with more 1 chapter 22. Wn cluyaC Find the acute angle with the tangents below, correct to 1 decimal place: bs ¢ 2.765 Scanned with CamScannerid angles: correct to 1 decimal place, the letter calculate, en a som Sem, sem 24m Tem 25m Tom 7m a _ opp(a) fen e="adi(a) sanr'(0.75) b _0pp(b) _12_o4 tanb= 255)” 5 b=tan"(2.4) c _ opp(c) _ 24 tan = “adj(c) 7 c= ta'(24) ~ Z = 73.739795... ¢= 73.7 (Idp) To find the angle d, you could use the fact that the angle sum in a triangle is 180° This gives d = 180° - (90° + 73.7°) = 16.3°. Alternatively, you could use the tangent ratio again but with the opp and adj re-assigned to match this angle: = 270d) 7. add) ~ 24 d-tan-( 7) 24 16.260204.... 16.3° (Idp) Scanned with CamScannerExercise 15.6 1 Find, correct tot decimal place, the accte angle that has the tangent ray \ a 085 b 1265 c a A 2. Find, correct tothe nearest degree, the acute angle that has the tangent rat, : Z «2 ay ac bet 7 2 i i" these di i 3 Find, correct to 1 decimal place, the lettered angles in these diagrams, a b Som hocm Tem 36cm) 4 Aladder stands on horizontal ground and leans against a . Vertical wall. The foot of the ladder is 2.8m from the base of the wall and the ladder reaches 8Smup the wall. Calculate the adder 85m angle the ladder makes with the ground. ma; 5. The top ofa vertical cliffis Draw a dear diagram. 68m above sea level. A ship is 175m from the foot of the cliff. Calculate the angle of elevation of the top of the cliff from the ship. Scanned with CamScannerSesine opposite He hypotenuse cecosine Aeadacent Tetn 6 Oisth centre Me Teme 2 ele with 3 Calculate AM, Calculate AB, 7 The ri ight-angled ti ee et nt Acro Aeon ac=3em. nd hence the angle ACB. Sine and cosine ratios ‘You will have What happen eay tangent ratio only makes use ofthe opPOst that you could eee lt hes the hypotenuse? Infact, there are three te and adjacent sides. possible pairs of sides ° ‘opposite and adjacent (already used with the tangent ratio) © opposite and hypotenuse © oradjacent and hypotenuse. ‘This means that you need two more ratios: opp (A) hyp the cosine ratio is written as cos(A)= 28a) hyp the sine ratio is written as sin(A) = -The abbreviation cos is pronounced ‘cd’ and the abbreviation spin is pronounced sin or'igr: ase the [i] and [as keys on your AlCUOR find given angles. You can also use The ‘ahi (sin orf to find angles. ‘As with the tangent ratio, you can sine and cosine ratios associated wit ‘hit cos | or cost] ‘inverse’ functions Before looking at some worked example ed to know hw topickthe right one! ‘SOHCAI ABA nes ofleters each representing 0s ells you which ratio it represents vr oich side’ length goes o” hE 1 the bottom. «you should note that with three possible ratios you THITOA might help you to remember: “SOHCAHTOM has been divided into three tri i letter in each trio the tee trigonometic FOS The first tune cosine petangent), the second eter (atthe top) tells yo top ofthe ratio. and che third ete tells you which side's length goes © ‘The word cape maemo A Scanned with CamScannerFor example, ifa problem involves the opposite and hypotenuse You simply nee, A \ ing triangle of letters that includes ‘O’ and “H's SOH. as-2 i H The ‘S'tells you that it is the sine ratio, and the lower ‘H’ sits on the bottom. “The use of SOHCAHTOA is shown clearly inthe following worked examples, 1, ratio has been included again in these examples to help show y should be used. the’ at the top ofthe triangle sts ony, of Wore connie Find the length of the sides lettered in ‘each of the following diagrams, a xem b a opp (55°) =x hyp = 11cm c F pom het fi em L. BN 7 [> sem Bie Identify the sides that you are going to consid clearly: a So sinsse = 2PP(55°) hyp x= 11 sinss* =+x=9.0 cm (to Idp) b adis2" typ So cos32° = =p cos32°= 13.2 | p= 132 | w0s32" =p = 15.6 cm (to 1dp) € adj(50°) = 35.2em_ ‘iE ~ = 9PP(50) __h 2 tansor = SPPCO") __h_ 50 tae 50) 382 ai 5.2 tan so" 1.9 cm (to 1dp) Scanned with CamScannerOf the lettered angles in each of the following diagrams. : b Sem em 6.2m i4m & opis) = Bem ic ides and ratio to be hyp = 120m, ‘Once again, clearly identify the sides used: Sosing = $00), & I ee) =X = 418° (Idp) b adj) =31.4m x = y= 60.2° (1dp) Worked'example 10 ‘A ladder 4.8m long leans against a vertical wall with its foot, 4 on horizontal ground. The ladder makes an angle of 70° with the ground, a How far up the wall does the ladder reach? 48m, b How far is the foot of the ladder from the wall? Lh a__Inthe diagram, AC is the hypotenuse of the right-angled triangle ABC. ‘AB is the distance that the ladder reaches up the wall, opp(70°) = AB 4 hyp =4.8m 70° = OPP(70°) _ AB Ld So sin70° = hyp a8 = AB = 4.8 sin70° c. = AB = 4.5m (Idp) So the ladder reaches 4.5m up the wall. Scanned with CamScanneree cer rt of the ladder I 1b The distance of the fo fom the wall is BC. = AC = 4.8 00570" 4 rs) a 2 Bac= 168m 22) oa om The foot ofthe ladder is 1.641 — the wall value of: Jes write down | Exercise 15.7 1 Foreach ofthe following tangles WIC ana i sina a oe / a » 2 © oR s 4 | x we] Ne x] fs B P 7 2 een f s 2B A ; ~ 8s \} 5 a Remember to check tat your 2. Use your calculator to find the value of each of the following. slay eee Give yor answers to 4 decimal places should bed sal ice onthe @ sins? bcos? © sin30° @ cos39° © singo® £ cose" B sing5° h Coen 3. Foreach ofthe following triangles, use igor in nls ste eters ofthe des to write down the gen os singe 4 : e 60s 25° ah “yt sin 30° g J a t ; A 7 — 0s 35° iz Cos @° Scanned with CamScanner4 Foreach Ach Of the following ‘ Some questions hg rene craneles find the length ofthe unknown, lettered side. (Again, Sarefully you should gent the "aNgent ratio have been included. If you use SOHCAHTOA, hould spot these. quickly!) 2 . ; 2 le Fwy Ce | -* 1 x] \ 2 "7 a . : x a 34 Ise 3 67 Scanned with CamScanner7 The diagram shows a ramp, AB, which makes an angle of 18° with the horizontal. The ramp is 6.25mlong, Calculate the difference in height between A and B (this is the length BC in the diagram). fs oer 8 Village Qis 18km from village P, on a bearing of 056°, a Calculate the distance Qis north of P. b Calculate the distance Qis east of P. 9A 15m beam is resting against a wall. Th the ground, At what height is the top of the beam touching the wall? 1b How far is the base of the beam from the wall? base of the beam forms an angle o 70g 10 A mountain climber walks 380m along a slope that is inclined at 65° to the horizontal, and then a further 240m along a slope inclined at 60° to the horizontal Calculate the total vertical distance through which the climber travels. 11 Calculate the unknown, lettered side(s) in each ofthe following shapes. Give to 2 decimal places where necessary. YOUT arse —ji— by Re ot ; ‘ \\ D LS Find length AD, Ch Fy 2em Scanned with CamScannerEE 9 ————L 12. For ‘ach ofthe following angl a les calculate: a sing cose a x=30° ea © x=120" 4 What do you notice? 13> Calculate: @ (sin 30°) + (cos 3 oy _ (sin 89) (cosy © Choose an 4. Whar snaer angle and repeat he cleaton 14 Thedi 'e diagrams show a right-angled isosceles triangle and an equilateral triangle. c E sa ob f 2m > x19" ‘Write down the value of angle ACB. ‘Use Pythagoras’ theorem to calculate length AC, Jeaving your answer Copy triangle ABC, including your answers to (@) and (b). a ‘Use your diagram to find the exact values ofsin 45° eos 45° and tan 45°. Write down the value of angle y. Write down the value of angle = ‘Use Pythagoras'theorem to oe ethelength EG, leaving your answer St a pion inational axe ead met fe fe ute eapter 9. An example inexact form. PS isis called 2 ‘sud penile ee sIculator S rough a calculator esp ge a rounded value, nit is aN approximation. wm oan ee (ee for Fecuring iste nese? 2 Copy the diagram, including your answers 0 (€), () and (D> sop sin 0°. sesra ke 3 7 Use your diagram to find the exact values of in "30°, cos 30°, tan 30°, sin 60°» “nena question asks £20 os 60°, tan 60°. . peer a od Copy and complete the table below, using Your answers from previous parts of pine ay 5 eee this question, 6 yg cra 25 Soa eae re ‘alto ee ity 2 is nian) sot iia eat 067 (2 4) 90% 15.4 solving problems using trigonometry nen solving problems it 7 Ke ff more than one trigonometric ratio when i follo - say need to make use 2 * stig to use and when, you shoul cE pote reneangled Triangles. To make it leat which ratio to tube setul to remind youself these guidelines. , large. anu general angle properties of sestion does not includes dirar- draw one, Makeit aa ; a Poa tees om chapter 3. 4 he that youare ging! separately and clearly label tenes fom chapter 5." __— Draw any trian | nit 4: Shape, space and aie —_ Scanned with CamScanneryou ate given the equation of the line (y = me +c) and the ‘coordinates ofthe pointy), You can use what you know about coordinate geometry end ‘simuttaneous equations to work F. pea the equation of the ie perpendicular othe given fine that goes trough (,)), (Remember that if the gradient of ene line i /b, then the sgredent of alne perpendicular toitis-b/a) * Soke the two equations Simultaneously to find the point of intersection * laut the distance bemeen the point of intersection and the Bien point. You will use the distance between a Pint and a ine again wien you deal With Gls in chapter 19. that may know. : y right-angl already resting whe + Mj ae ea fe Hemify am it ie. pose tie which ratio £0 Use ty Wate down which of ne TT cide eet ae ee, either for ted for another part of ed triangles io and solv an : 2 ie dwn te at you pe in your calculator memory. Th may hat you #-fyouned tous si hardto se the uneounded avoid rounding errors ; from a point to a lin t Calculating ister asc i nc om = e aon In mathematics, when You ste een ond Sacma ny Pe nicl from the point to the Ii crane the line AB is 5 units. Pto In this diagram, the distance from A This is the B 4 Any other line from the point tothe line creates a right-angled triangle and the lin itselp i t be longer than the becomes the hypotenuse of that triangle. Any hypotenuse mus : peveadar toe so, ll the other distances from P to the line are longer than 5 unit, There are different ways of working out the distance between a Point and a line. The meth y choose will depend on the information you are given. For example, if you were asked 10 find distance between point A and line BD given the information on the diagram below, you could draw in the perpendicular and use trigonometry to find the lengths of the other sides. of the triangle, Scanned with CamScanner(=. a 267 Srplein navigation, « TP. aranverto3 © significant figures if no degree of accuracy is [a Worked/examplen The ogra shows an 2n isosceles tapetum ABDC. Calculate the area of the traperium. rail Aber, aa The area ofa trapezium = (mean ofthe parallel sides) x ke (Perpendicular distance between them) : In this diagram, perpendiculars have been added to form ‘ight-angled triangles so that trigonometry can be used. Abem, ‘AC =MN and you can find the length of MN if you calculate the lengths of 8M and ND- i : (60°) _ BM In triangle ABM, sin 60° = 2PP(60*) _ AM 19° = 205060) - sin 60° = 2PP(S0") AM and cos 60° = “hyp "4.6 Hence, AM = 4.6 x sin 60° and BM = 4.6 x cos 60° ‘AM = 3.983716...cm and BM = 2.3cm By symmetry, NO = BM = 2.3m and = MN= 8.2 ~ (23 +23) =3.6em Hence, AC = 5.6m and AM = CN = 3.983716...cm The area of ABDC = (42222) cam = 23.503929...cm* ‘Area of ABDC = 23.5cm? (to 3sf) Worked example 12 The span between the towers of Tower Bridge in London is 76m. When the arms of the bridge are raised to an angle of 35°, how wide is the gap between their ends? Scanned with CamScannerExercise 15.8 Applying your skills Look at chapter 7 and remind yourself about the formula forthe volume of a prism. showing the wo ane NO the gop 60 = and w= AE ‘ : The right-angled triangles ABM and rust meet inthe mi When the two halves are Intriangle ABM, cos 35° = hyp AM = 3800835" 2311277 MN 2 76~ (3UI2T7 ~ 4su277) 3.744. ‘The gap BD = 13:7m (t0 35) ints a ramp AB for a diagram represe! 1 Tbboat Acs vertical and CBis horizontal lifeboat. ACis vertical Calculate the size of angle ABC. 1 decimal place. 'b Calculate the length of BC correct 10 3 significant figures. a ‘correct 10 2 ABisa chord ofa circle, centre O, radius Sem. “Angle AOB= 120°. CCaleulate the length of AB. ‘5. The diagram represents a tent in the shape of a triangular prism. The front of the tent, ABD, is an isosceles triangle with AB= AD. ‘The width, BD, is 8m and the supporting pole 1.5 m ACis perpendicular to BD and 1.5m high. ‘The tent is 3m long. a Calculate: a the angle between AB and BD b thelength of AB € the capacity inside the tent (ie. the volume). Unit Shape, pce andes Scanned with CamScannerssf two-dimensional shapes covered in chapter 7. oem em. ‘The sketch represent: 0 R ieclgoane sents a field PQRS on North Ss 250m. ‘The sides PQand SR run due east, ama : Write down the bearing of S from P. Lo Q Calculate the perpendicular (shortest) 2 Ss distance between SR and PQ. © Calculate, in square metres, the area of the field PQRS. In the isosceles triangle DEF, E= ‘ = 35° and B side EF= 10m, @ Calculate the perpendicular (shortest) bs distance from D to EF. Za\ b Calculate the length of the side DE. E 1m Find the length of a diagonal (QT) of a regular Pentagon that has sides of length 10cm. Give P your answer to the nearest whole number. 10cm oe oe A T ‘The diagram shows a regular pentagon side 2cm. O's the centre of the pentagon. a Find angle AOE, b Find angle AOM. ¢ Usettrigonometry on triangle AOM tofind 4 the length OM. d__ Find the area of triangle AOM. € Find the area of the pentagon. eae uM -— E D Using a similar method to that described in question 8 find the area of a regular octagon with side 4cm. Find the area of a regular pentagon with side 2a metres. Find the area ofa regular polygon with m sides, each of length 2a metres. Scanned with CamScanner15.5 En sin8,cos@ and tnd are actually functions. Functions take input Values and give you a numerical ‘output. For example, i you use your calculator to find sin 30° you wil get the answer J. Your okt takes the input 30°, finds the sine ofthis ‘angle and gives you the output 1, 2 ‘You will learn more about functions in Chapter 22. » —_—— ETE f angles more than 90° tangent ofan angle ina tangents 0 sine oF Sines, cosines and ‘You have now seen that we cal by using your calculator. = It is possible to find sines, cosines and tangent .n find the sine, © igles of any size. Investigation ; llowing Usea calculator to find each of the followin sin 30° and sin 150° sin 10° and sin 170° sin 60° and sin 120° sin 5° and sin 175° What did you notice? What is the relationship between the two angles in each pair ‘Now do the same for these pairs. tan 30° and tan 210° cos 30° and cos 330° cos 60° and cos 300° tan 60° and tan 240° ‘cos 50° and cos 310° tan 15° and tan 195° os 15% and cos 345° tan 100 and tan 280° “The pattern is different for each of sine, cosine and tangent. in, y=cos @ and y=tan 8 to see why. You will now explore the graphs of y The groph of y = sin Ifyou plot several values of sin 8 against you will get the following: I a ‘\ (NO 4 ‘The raph repeats itself every 360° in both the postive and negative directions. Notice tat the section of the graph between 0 and 18 the line of election being @ =90°, This means that cy 2oushould have seen inthe investigation above. tis also very important to not than 1. MPO to notice that he value of sin is never 0° has reflection symmetry, with in@ =sin (180° — 8), exactly as, larger than 1 nor smaller Unit 4: Shape, space and measures Scanned with CamScannernn ‘Nie that is approached by a fephin ths way is known as an ‘Smptote. You will learn more nut asmptotes in Chapter 18. > SAtasimptotes in Chapter 18. The graph of y Ifyou plot several symmetry is in a cose values of cos Aifferent plac 8 against @ you will geta similar shape, but the line of e: ‘The graph repeats itself every 360° in both the positive and negative directions. Here the graph is symmetrical from 0 to 360%, with the reflection line at @ = 180°. Tis means that cos@ By enna, £08360" 6), again you should have seen this in the investigation above. 'y experimenting with some angles you will also see that cos6 = —cos(180°~ @) {tis also very important to notice thatthe value of cosO is never larger than 1 nor smaller than ~1. The graph of y = tana Finally, if you plot values of tan@ against 8 you get this graph: y 25: 2 TT \ hi | ee 1s Vi tS | \ f | titi | +—T | | 7 i | oan) of Ha 180Aeo ahora a 1 i | | | \ 300" 3305 a> 390" 40> 5 * 1 { ' : 1 { | | T 1 2 [ iL | “The vertical dotted lines are approached by the graph, but it never touches nor crosses them. Notice that this graph has no reflection symmetry, but it does repeat every 180°, This means that tan = tan(180° +8). Note that, unlike sin® and cos@, tanO is not restricted to being less than 1 or greater than —1. “The shapes of these three graphs means that equations involving sine, cosine or tangent will have multiple solutions. The following examples show you how you can find these. In each case the question is done using a sketch graph to help. Scanned with CamScanner(meena Fg pol slain in the range 010 30, _ ‘ole the following equations 8 swe 2 @ ober varies con apie a met eoorge so u b tano=3 Ce eee ae patcatecarpersised §— | ying. a ‘ol erin exce ae way E over oe wed. - 3 Use your caleulatr to find one solution: hy =sin @ and draw the line mark 6 45 degrees on a sketch ofthe grapl ‘This only needs to be a sketch jem degr sd dost need be aca yd het i hal be jst enough for you B seehow be syrmeny cane. Tip @ Net that you only need 19 shetch the pat ofthe graph for 010360", because youare only looking for solutions between these two values of ‘There ar mote solsions, but inthe "ange 010.360 the ne y = mee ethan Uni: tape, space and measures Using the symmet crores ty of the graph, you can See that there is another solution se Your calculator to check that sin135' but drawir rere aes Scanned with CamScannerExercise 15.9 ator to find one solution: tan "3 = 71,6". As before mark this on @ Braph y= tan @and draw the line u 5 More cone, hat the second solution is 180" + 71.6" = 251.6". lutions can be found by adding 180 degrees over and over, but these will all be larger than 360 degrees, so theyre rot in the range that you want. Use your calculator to find one solution: cos Draw a sketch and mark the values: y = 120°. ae a oo You can now see that the second solution will be at 360° ~ 120° = 240°. Express each of the following in terms of the same trig ratio of another angle between O° and 180°. a cosi20° sin 35° © cost36" ds sin 170" cos 88° f -cosl40? = g sin12I" sh sin 99° i -cos45° — j_ -cos 150° Solve each of the following equations, giving all solutions between 0 and 360 degrees. 5 ind=— b sin a sin=> d tan@=5 — € cos0 ho tanO=V3 i tan@=-4 Scanned with CamScannerEe __SS—ttltlt—tle Wite 05x =y and ty to fectorise Remember, the sine rule when you are daing wath po of poste sds and ier smallest postive value of for which s the following: ante ¢ tanx = tan235° 3 For each of oe . b cose = 008 a ‘ a sean eines f tanx= tand4o: 4d cosx =cost-15" a (z)es : te costzx)=cos(540")—# FANG J tan-476%) jn 240° rons between oand 360 de 8 sin(x 30" grees: 4 Solve, giving all solu ins) =4 5 Solve giving llsoltions between O and 360 degrees: 8(cosx)' -10cosx+3=0 The sine and cosine rules ‘The sine and cosine ratios are not only useful for right- angled triangles, To understand the following rules ‘you must first look at the standard way of labelling the angles and sides of a triangle. Look at the triangle shown in the diagram. 4 e B Notice thatthe sides are labelled with lower case letters and the angl igles are labelled wit ‘uppercase eters. The side that is placed opposite angle A is labelled ‘athe side ther placed opposite angle Bis labelled‘ and so on, rs The sine rule For the triangle shown above, the following are true: and Sn _sinC ang ae be ‘Tese relationships are usually expressed in one go: Scanned with CamScanner‘The formula ulae can also be tur “a we turned upside down when you want to calculate lengths: @ Sind” Sn” nc \ You should \ remember that Nolize that in each, that this represents three possible relationships. ich case, both the upper and lower case form of ‘each letter is used. ‘This means th s that each frac chon aahst each fraction that you use equres an angle andthe length ofits work mage k= 2" side BC= 15cm, _qaesate the size of C and the lengths of the sides AB and AC, Isem [os recast the angle C, use the fact that the sum of the three angles na wang abways 180°. 4 gp, +80-+30= 180 =9 C= 180-30 80= 70° vom thnk about the side AB. AB is opposite the angle (orming an ‘oppose pa | Mie A forming 2 second ‘opposite pa. le C forming an ‘opposite pai) and | so,wite down side BC is opposite the version of the sine rule that uses these pairs: BC. AB Sin sinc similarly: actorms an opposite pair with angle B, so once again use the pair BC and angle A: b _, BC _ AC epee 3nB~ sin sinB 15___AC 15_.AC aac 30° = 7.62em 6 > aa aoe xsin cm Gs!) The ambiguous case of the sine rule «of the sine function can lead to more than one possible answer. fe demonstrates how this may happen. ‘The special properties “The following exampl ee Unit 4: Shape, space and meast a aeliky Scanned with CamScannerMOS en ee ee oe In tangle DEF, DF = 10cm, EF = 7¢m and angle EDF = 34° Calculate, to the nearest degree, the possible size of: 10cm Jem @ angle DEF bangle FE. . pv ai Angle DEF is opposite a side of length 10cm. This forms one pé id pair. erat {2Ele EDF is opposite a side of lensth Zem: This forms the Sea akc vith the telus of sine (wc the num, YoU are tying to find an angle, so choove the version ‘ofthe sine sin34° sing sins 77g SNE = 10% S58" "ton 534° You can see this if you consider the sine gr is property of both functions is called ‘periodicity, ig, 100 0d £25. are periodic. The periodicity ofthe function tls you thatthe second possible value of angle Der, 180-53.0= 12702, Both of these are possible values of ‘angle DEF because the F Ns 2re two ways to draw such a triangle. 10cm, Jem 1a BF By b OF course, the answers to part (a) must lead to two possible answers for part (b).. jp onsle DEF = 1270°, then angle DFE~ 180-127 be vee (shown as E, in the diagram). dangle DEF = 55.0° then angle DFE = 180-53 54-950 (shown as E, in the diagram). (Vf asked fr, this would also have led to two possible sols for the length DE). trecesdlutly must take care to check that all possible answer hare been calculated. Bear this in mind as you wo through the following exerci Exercise 15.10 1 Find the value of x in each of the following equations, a 9 x 2 206 x b a ea gy ae in50 sin 38 sin25sint00 “ — 3in50 "ino Na 1a 2 Find the length of the side marked x in each ofthe following triangles, | 4: shape, space and mesures Scanned with CamScanner9 VY 3 Find the size of t10 ive your answers corree 1 decimal pia angle marked in the following triangles. Give YO a p : of \ ou wT ow jy N “2.em Lo) Al 2 en e asem ‘VW 7 4 Intriangle ABC, A=72°, B=45° and AB=20cm, Calculate th ACand BC, of Cand the lengths of the sides B 4 20m igle DEF, D= 140°, = 15° and side Calculate the size of F and the lengths of the sides DE and EF. 6 Intriangle PQR, Q= 120°, side PQ=8cm and R side PR= 13cm. Calculate the size of R, the size of P, and the length of side QR. Give your answers to the nearest whole number. em, =f Sem Q 7 Intriangle XYZ, X = 40°, side XZ= 12cm and side Zz YZ= 15cm. _ _ a Explain why ¥ must be less than 40°, b- Calculate, correct to | decimal place, Yand Z. ¢ Calculate the length of the side XY. x y Scanned with CamScannerRemember, if you know all three. Sides ofa tangle, you can use the ‘cosine rule to find any angle. you know to sides andthe unknown side is opposite a known {angle then the cosine rule can be ‘sed to alate the unknown sd, lelogram 8 ABCD isa paral ee . 4 32mm = ) e est degree -A (othe near ine ofangle BCA ( st degree) Bindi srf are ABC COIN aces. fate Tenth of diagonal AC correc € Findthe Cosine rule For the cosine rule, con: cexactly the same way as that used Je labelled in sider a ee aan ‘The cosine rule is stated as a single formula: a =b' +c -2becosA Notice the all thee sides are used in the formula, and just one angle. The side whose t isthe subject ofthe formulas opposite the angle used (hence they have the same ener ina different case). This form of the cosine rule is used to find unknown sides. By rearranging the labels of angles (but making sure that opposite sides are stl given ty Tower case version of the same leter fr any given angle) the cosine rule can be stated ia two more possible ways: Wea'tc—2accosB or =a! +b*—2abcosC ie also, that you can take any version ofthe formula to make the cosine ratio the ject. ‘This version can be used to calculate angles: @ =H +e 2becosa =a" +2becosA= bye = 2becosA=b ecg? Becag = cosA= te =a 2be MOLT) CENT In triangle ABC, B= 50° «. Side BC = 18cm, 50% side AB= 9¢m ang Calculate the length of ac. ae 18cm Scanned with CamScannersem ees Notice that AC = b and you know that B = 50”. | Use the cosine rule in the form, b?= a +c? 2accosB b= 97+ 18?-(29x18xc0s 50") = 81+ 324 - (208.2631...) = 196.7368. + b= Vi967368. = 140282... | Length of AC = 14.0cm (to 3 st) [Sms rere as aman mrernmemrnreT| Workedexample 19 In triangle DEF, fe EF= 25mand F side FD = 34m. Calculate the length of side OE. aN > D sm DE, so use the cosine rule inthe form, f= d? + e?~ 2de cos F. # = 25" + 34? (2x25%34 x cos 120°) = 625 + 1156 -(~850) (notice that cos 120° is negative) = 625+1156 +850 = 2631 = 2631 = 512932,, Length of DE = 51.3m (to 3 st) Combining the sine and cosine rules {he following worked examples show how you can combine the sine and cosine rules to solve problems. ec , a Combining the sine and cosine rules In triangle PQR, R= 100°, side PR = 8m and R side RQ= Sem. ‘ Sem Sem. @ Calculate the length of side PQ. b Calculate, correct to the nearest degree, Pand Q. _p. 50 use the cosine rule in the form, +88 (2x5 x8 x05 100°) = 25+ 64~(-13.8916...) (notice that cos 100° = 102.8918. ots ViO28ST6. = 10.1435... Length of PQ = 10.1.m (to 3 5) P= Ph @~ 2pq cos R. negative) Scanned with CamScanner=e. the value of R, You can make use) eof 2 b Now you kné of the sine rule: sin? _ sinQ tions, sinP = Using the frst and third fa 29,0409...° Ris obtuse so Ps acute, ae = 29° rearest degt _ eo": totnd eres ae the angle sum ofa triangle = 180°: Q= 180- (100+ 29) Q=51° (tothe nearest degree) _ Monee ‘a Change the subject of the formula c? = a? + b?—2abcosC to cos C, Use your answer to pat (a) to find the smallest angle in the triangle which has sides of length 7m, 8m and 13m. 2 Pao sb*-2ab cose 2ab cosC = a?+ Bc? | 213, Using the result of party: cose = B +137 “eas = 844169~49 208 2184 8 seg 87." | |The smallest angle of the trang Scanned with CamScannerpxercise 15-11 xk at the beginning of this ‘hd remind yourself about a4 crap pee and mess SS In triangle ABC, B = 45°, side A ’ AB= 10cm and side BC = 12cm, Calculate the length of side AC, oem Gi 8 Tem In triangle DEF, F= 150°, side : EF =9m and side FD= 14m. Calculate the length of side DE. “<2 ie 14m 2 In triangle PQR, side PQ= 11cm, R side QR= 9em and side RP= 8m. Calculate the size of p correct to 1 decimal place. em 9em P Trem Q In triangle STU, S=95°, side ST=10m and side SU = 15m. L>> a Calculate the length of side TU. ce isa b Calculate U. © Calculate T. r u In triangle XYZ, side XY = 15cm, side Zz YZ = 13cm and side ZX = 8cm. Calculate the size of: x Bem, Bem a & F e Z% = 1Sem| a vat straight line from “Aardvark Island on a bearing: OF 060°. When the boat a ir 3 Kn ts ah Beaver Island and then turns to sail on a bearing of 150°. es om this bearing until it reaches Crow Island, 12km from Beaver sland. Oe enching Crow ‘sland the boat’ pilot decides to return directly to Aardvark Island. Calculate: ‘a The length of th The bearing on wl return journey. « hich the pilot must steer his boat to return to Aardvark Island. in the corner of avery large field, He walks, on a bearing of 030°, Pa ee a Jason then changes direction and walks twice as far on a new a distance 0” At the end of the walk Jason calculates both the distance he must bearing O he bearing required to return to his original postion. Given that the total M aa walked i 120 metres, what answers will Jason get ihe is correct? ist Scanned with CamScannerin by the following formula: ‘area = 3% ba8e% perpendicular heighy Lee rength of the base and perpendicy ifyou know el "o use another method. =i nometry. ‘This method can be wee yoo vales ; _ angle by using "i80 gth of t You can calculate the gle ABC shown i Look at the tria B a 6 ‘The second copy of the perpendicular height th But if you draw the right-angh separately, you can Use basic trigonome find the value of A. etry to Now note that opp(C) = and the hypotenuse = @- Using the sine ratio: sinC = Boo =asinC “This means that you now know the perpendicular height and can use the base length bt0 calculate the area: ‘Area = }xbasex perpendicular height =}xbxasin€ Area = 3absinC In fact you could use any side ofthe triangle as the base and draw the perpendicular height accordingly. This means that the area can also be calculated with: or I h ic In each case the sides used meet at the angle that has been included. Scanned with CamScannerMla eee) Calculate the areas of each ofthe folowing shapes. a c b A de Bem Gem B a c 17em c 1 Area = Labsinc }x8x6xsingor =22.3cm’ (to 1dp) b 1 Area = ocsing =! . = }x17x14 xsinse" =100.9cm? (to 1dp) lem Calculate the size of angle F. ee 92m Notice that the area =3 x8.4 x9.2x sin F = 20 2x20 “gax92 in (23 20. ) aaxo2 sin F. =31.2°(to 1dp) Scanned with CamScannerExercise 15.12 1 rindihearea ofeach triangle. D, c nak 2 Find the area of the parallelogram shown in the diagram. 3. The diagram shows the dimensions ofa small herb garden. Find the area ofthe garden, Give your answer correct to two decimal places. 4 Find the area of PQRS. 5. Find the area of each polygon. Give your answers to 1 decimal place. a 120m c 06m b Gem 85cm Scanned with CamScanner6 ‘The diagonals ofa parallelogram biseet each other at an angle of 42" Ifthe diagonals : are 26 cm and 20 cm Jong, find: athe area of the parallelogram b thelengths ofthe sides.” 7 R 25cm, Stem 63cm ce grams shows triangle PQR, which has an area of 630 em’. ‘8 Use the formula Area = + prsinQ to find Q correct to 1 decimal place. b Find P correct to 1 decimal place. 15.8 Trigonometry in three dimensions ‘The final part of the trigonometry chapter looks at how to use the ratios in three dimensions. With problems of this kind you must draw and label each triangle as you use it. This will help you to organise your thoughts and keep your solution tidy. When you work with solids you may need to calculate the angle between an edge, or a diagonal, and one of the faces. Ths is called the angle between a line and a plane. Consider a line PQ, which meets a plane ABCD at point P. Through P draw lines PR,, PR, PR, ... in the plane and consider the angles QPR,, QPR,, QPR, ‘e If PQis perpendicular tothe plane, all these angles will be right angles. If PQisnot perpendicular to the plane, these angles will vary in size. Itis the smallest of these angles which is called the angle between the line PQ and the plane ABCD. “To identify this angle, do the following: ‘e From Q draw a perpendicular to the plane. Call the foot of this perpendicular R fe The angle between the line PQ and the plane is IPR. angle QI 7 Ris called the projection of PQ on the plane ABCD. ‘The following worked ‘example shows how a problem in three dimensions might be tackled. Scanned with CamScannerExercise 15.13 ABCD and 50 ‘onto the plane. requir You know that triang! Je sD, you need (0 Tofirdanle $80.70 cg BD by using } | a= 52 | so, using right angled triangle SOP: 9018) _ $0 2 tanB=3G(@) 80 52 )=155013 ; (2 ‘Angle SBD = tan (& = 155° (to 1d.) the angle between diagonal BS and the floor ABCD angular 1 The diagram represents a ti ABCD, prism. The rectangular base, is horizontal. ‘AB=20cmand BC= 15cm. The cross-section of the prism, BCE, is right-angled at Cand angle EBC=41°. 4 a Calculate the length of AC. b Calculate the length of EC. Calculate the angle which the line AE makes with the horizontal. c Scanned with CamScanner‘The cube shown in the diagram has sides. B i of5m. 5m, a Use Pythagoras’ theorem to calculate U. the distance EG. Leave your answerin exact form, 'b Use Pythagoras’ theorem to calculate iE the distance AG. Leave your answer 5m (/ in exact form, © Calculate the angle between the line Z| AG and the plane EFGH. Give your co om ie answer to 1 decimal place. ‘The diagram shows a tetrahedron ABCD. Mis the mid-point of CD. AB= 4m, AC=3m,AD=3m, @ Calculate angle ACB. b Calculate BC. © Calculate CD. Calculate the length of BM. © Calculate the angle BCD. ‘A cuboid is 14 em long, 5 em wide and 3 cm high. Calculate: the length of the diagonal on its base b the length of its longest diagonal € the angle between the base and the longest diagonal. ygle ABC is the base and B isa right angle. ABCD isa tetrahedral drinks carton. Dis vertically above A. Calculate the following in terms of the appropriate lettered side(s): a thelength of AC b length of DA ¢ thelength of DC the size of angle DAB e the size of angle BDC f thesize of angle ADC. Scanned with CamScannerSummary now the following? o eo batepeeeeet ‘something that is much bigger oF ros e © An angle of elevation is measured upwards the horizontal. eee * An angle of depression is measured downwards f the horizontal © Bearings are measured clockwise from north, i: © Gee to ofany two lengths ina right-angled trang! 4epends onthe angles in the triangles in = 2A) = baie - a beyond the angles in tangles © Thesine, cosine and fangent functions can be used to @ Solve trigonometric equations. © Thesine and, cosine rules can be used to calculate ‘and angles in iangles that are net © The sine rule is used for ‘calculating an angle from an et 288 and tw sides os 8 side from another side ind two known angles, The Sides and angles must be | “ranged in opposite pairs, © he cosine rues used fos Calculating an angle from ire known sides, ora sj fe from a. Town ang id ‘0 known sides ce © Moucancaleulate thea on right-an tangled by the sing ight-angl triangle ible to. ‘om ee Tte angle of elevatio Bee ca iagiee ef depraml . ieee vere ilicg A Se chich less hs eppoite *Waceny ent . otenuse Ee nui the sine, cosine and tangent ratio, When caleulate ‘iangle . ight-angled triang| lengths in arigl i Saee tangent ratios to fing Sag, and sides hee oe complex problems by extracting, solve mor gles and combining sine, cosine ang 78" Bs ssi stad Suis is {0 find unkngn 9 ao rae ight-angled triangles ily on sine, cosine and tangent functions yy “a i lapses sti, finding all the Solutions q between 0 and 360° use sine and cosine rules to find Unknown angle Ind sides in triangles that are not Fight-angies © use trigonometry in three dimensiong © find the area ofa triangle that is not Tight-angleg Scanned with CamScannerexamination practice gamstyle questions c 1m shows the cross-section of the roof of qhe diagrat 1 Mitzi’ house, The house is 12m wide, angle CAB = 45° and angle ACB = 90° alelate the lengths ofthe two sides ofthe roof, ‘Acand BC. B a 12m ‘The diagram shows a trapezium ABCD in which angles p_2smm_C CD = 90°. AB=90mm, BC=72mm and cD= 25mm. Calculate the angle DAB. 72mm 4 90 mm 7 girl, whose eyes are 15m above the ground, stands 12m away from a tall chimney. She has to raise her eyes 35° ‘upwards from the horizontal to look directly at the top of the chimney. Calculate the height of the chimney. “The diagram shows the cross-section, PQRS, ofa cutting made for a road. PS and QR are horizontal. PQ makes an angle of 50° with the horizontal. a Calculate the horizontal distance between Pand Q (marked x in the diagram). b Calculate the angle which RS makes with the horizontal (marked y in the diagram) ‘A game warden is standing at a point P alongside a road which runs north-south. There is a marker post at the point X, 60m north of his position. The game warden sees a lion at Q on a bearing of 040° from him and due east of the marker post. Scanned with CamScanner6 . i i Show by calculation that the distance, QX, of the lion from the road is 50.3m, correct to > 3 significant figures, h ik culate the distance, PQ, of the lion from the game warden. ‘other lion appears at R, 200m due east of the first one at Q. 7 Wate down the distance XR, oe i: culate the distance, PR, of the second lion from the game warden. Calculate the beating of the second lion from the game warden, correct to the nearest degree In the trian, gle OAB, angle AOB= 15%, OA = 3m and OB= A f | angle AOB = 15°, OA = 3man '™. Calculate, correct to 2 decimal places: 3m A thelength of az the area of triangle OAB, ° = : A pyramid, VPQRS, has a square base, PQRS, with sides of length 8m. Each sloping edge is 9cm long v Q P vem Q @ Calculate the perpendicular height of the pyramid. Calculate the angle the sloping edge VP makes with the base. ‘The diagram shows _ the graph of y . for 0 < x < 360. 1 0.5 9 9 120 140 18\ 2/0 240 240 300 3 05 ‘y =sin x° -l B a Write down the co-ordinates of A, the point on the graph where x= 90°. b Find the value of sin270°. ¢ Onacopy of the diagram, draw the line y= + for0. NOTTO SCALE c B Triangle ABCis isosceles with AB = AC. ‘Angle BAC = 110° and the area of the triangle is 85 em’, 7 Calculate AC. {Cambridge IGCSE Mathematics 0580 Paper 22 Q13 October/Nover* 2014) _—_— Scanned with CamScanner