Professional Documents
Culture Documents
UNIVERSIDAD DE JAÉN
Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación
Julio, 2019
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………..1
1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………….3
2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND……………………………………………….5
2.1. Definition and concepts…………………………………………………………5
2.2. Chronology of influence………………………………………………………...6
2.3. Reasosns for their use…………………………………………………………...7
2.4. Advantages and disadvantages of their use……………………………………..9
2.5. Some fields of use……………………………………………………………..10
3. STUDY OF ANGLICISMS IN SELECTED MEDIA………………………….15
3.1. Classification (traditional and modern)………………………………………..15
3.2. Social media…………………………………………………………………...16
3.2.1. Twitter vs. Instagram…………………………………………………...16
3.2.2. Popular slang in social media…………………………………………...17
3.2.3. Analysis of anglicisms used according to Fundéu BBVA……………...20
3.2.4. Language of a generation……………………………………………….23
4. CONCLUSIONS…………………………………………………………………..25
References……………………………………………………………………………...27
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this essay is the study of how, when and why anglicisms have become a
widely used resource in the Spanish language. First, what is an anglicism is defined and
classified, among other terms. Next, a historical framework has been created to situate
the beginning of its use, afterwards, the reasons are treated as well as the advantages
and disadvantages of their use; finally, we talk about the different domains in which
anglicisms are used. Later, the term "social media" is developed and its influence on the
evolution of the language. Finally, it is discussed whether the continued use of
anglicisms spoils the Spanish language or is part of the inevitable evolution of language,
for which a comparison between the anglicisms most used in social media and its
equivalent in Spanish is used.
KEY WORDS
RESUMEN
El objetivo de este trabajo es el estudio de cómo, cuándo y por qué los anglicismos se
han convertido en un recurso muy usado en la lengua española. Primero se define y
clasifica lo que es un anglicismo, entre otros terminus. Seguidamente, se ha creado un
marco histórico para situar el inicio de su uso, después, se tratan tanto los motivos como
las ventajas e inconvenientes de su uso; por último se habla sobre los diferentes campos
en los que los anglicismos son usados. Más adelante, se habla sobre el término “redes
sociales” y su influencia en la evolución de la lengua. Finalmente se discute si el
continuo uso de anglicismos estropea la lengua española o es parte de la inevitable
evolución del lenguaje; para lo cual se usa una comparativa entre los anglicismos más
usados en redes y su equivalente en español.
PALABRAS CLAVE
1
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1. INTRODUCTION
For this reason I have chosen anglicisms as the main topic of this work, with the
characteristic of analyzing their use in something as common today as social media. The
main objectives of this investigation are the following:
As a methodology for this research, I searched for bibliography of all kinds, from
physical books to news articles, as well as searching directly on social media. All the
references used to develop this essay have been cited in Chicago system and they are
alphabetically classified at the end of the essay. Furthermore, the two main social media
that I had in mind during the whole process were Twitter and Instagram, since they are
two great sources of expression for young people today. For a while, I have been
observing a peculiar form of communication in these places, and I think it is interesting
to study how and why this form of communication, which has been used exclusively on
the Internet, but now becomes part of the daily dialect of the most young people.
The research begins with a theoretical framework that includes the definition of
several terms in general and anglicisms in particular. Then, it follows a chronology since
they began to be used until today. Later, I will discuss both, the reasons and the
advantages and disadvantages of its use, as well as the different points of view when
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talking about this topic, since not everyone supports the incorporation of many English
terms. This chapter ends once there is a general discussion of the domains where it is
more usual to find anglicisms.
In the next chapter it can be found the research itself, in which the media, both
traditional and modern, are classified first. Then I get to the heart of the matter with a
classification and subsequent analysis of anglicisms most used today in social media.
Here it is studied what has become the influence that these terms have had in the way of
communicating, becoming the language of a generation and thereby creating a
generation gap. Finally, the last chapter consists of the conclusions to which this research
has led me. Also included at the end of the document is the bibliography used for the
development of the work.
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2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
2.1. Definition & concepts
There are several terms to take into account when a word is classified from another
language; likewise I am going to explain the most important, although the main interest is
anglicisms.
First of all, a loanword is “a word adopted from a foreign language with little or
no modification” according to the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), for instance the
French word ‘café’ which literally means “coffee”; more concretely would be the term
xenismo from Spanish which include those words used literally respecting, as well as its
sound as its writing, for instance ‘airbag’. On the other hand, neologism is “a new word
or expression, or a new meaning for an existing word”; for example, the trademark
‘Kleenex’ which is used to refer a paper-based products.
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- False/Pseudo-Anglicisms:
a word or idiom that is recognizably English in its form (spelling,
pronunciation, morphology, or at least one of the three), but is
accepted as an item in the vocabulary of the receptor language even
though it does not exist or is used with a conspicuously different
meaning in English (Furiassi, 2010: 34)
- Hybrid Anglicisms: this type is similar to the previous one but in the
combination of words from different languages, at least one of them must be
English.
- Calque, which ironically is a loanword from the French verb ‘calquer’, and
refers to “a word of phrase borrowed from another language by literal
translation” (OED).
Spanish is full of cultural exchanges from other countries and this is reflected in the
foreign terms borrowed throughout history.
For much of the Middle Ages, Arabic was –after Latin- the language
which provided Spanish with the most loanwords. [...] From the 15th
to the 17th century, and most particularly during the Renaissance,
Spain imported many “learned” words, especially form Italian; in the
18th, with the advent of the Bourbon dynasty, French gained the upper
hand, and its influence continued through the 19th century up until out
times; in the 19th, [...] English began to exert a significant influence on
Spanish as well as on the other European languages, and this influence
increased as time went on, replacing French as the main source of
foreign loans. (Rodríguez González, 1999:103)
There are various stages which can be established in order to create a logical
chronology of influence:
1. In the first half of 18th century, the influence of English literature and cultural
life is translated to an impact on Spanish intellectuals. In the second half of 18 th
century, English is taught in some schools and the first English grammar is
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published in Spain. Moreover, the Spanish word «anglicismo» is attested in
1848 but also an earlier form «anglismo» since 1784.
3. After the Second World War there was a great impact of English in Spanish
coasts which became the favourite site for British tourists. In the 70s, drugs and
music were important sources of inspiration and new words. Then, the oral
media as TV and radio or journalism which expanded and reached almost
everyone. And finally, the 90s brought us the Internet.
Evidently, with the arrival of the Internet in our lives evolution does not end, but it
is true that from here we become part of a new stage: the emergence of social networks,
which will be analyzed later. The use of the Internet affects all areas since it has become
essential in our daily lives. There are many detractors of this, although it is in our nature
not to conform, so this evolution is something unstoppable.
There are several reasons that can be given about the continued use of anglicisms,
although the main one could be the globalization of English. As it has seen previously,
English has always had an influence on many languages, not only on Spanish, but once
we reached the digital age, English was even more present. The language of the mass
media is global and as the Canadian philosopher Marshall McLuhan said in The
Gutenberg Galaxy: “Si una lengua es un modo de conceptualizar la realidad y de
conformar la visión del mundo, de modo lógico, el lenguaje de los media, al ser
universal, también acarrea una concepción del mundo global para la comunidad de
receptores.”
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It is true that this change in the way we communicate can be seen especially in
young people, the main public of social networks. If these ages are characterized by
something, it is because of the ability of the environment to influence them. This is
another of the characteristics that the extension of anglicisms has, since it is enough to
stop to analyze the television advertising that we consume every day, to realize the
strong influence of English.
The increase of English loanwords after 1945 was also connected with the
introduction and spread of English in Spanish education, both at the secondary school
and university levels (Rodríguez González, 1999:112). In the past, French was the first
foreign language learned and nowadays, that position is for English. To this we must
add the boom of bilingualism in schools and high schools, where more and more is
committed to a globalized education in students. This irrepressibly influences their way
of communicating by having English almost as present as Spanish, their mother tongue.
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in the sector so, it is a fact that currently brands when promoting through social
networks, use a greater number of anglicisms to reach more people.
Once the main causes for which anglicisms are used today, it would be
interesting to talking about the pros and cons of their use.
According to some studies, the speech of an educated person has around 300 anglicisms
so, one of the advantages of the use of anglicisms could be a higher level in terms of
languages in future generations, as long as they learn how and when to use each
language. This, in turn, facilitates the fact of communicating since both English and
Spanish are two of the most spoken languages in the world.
This is the position defended from a foundation called Fundéu BBVA, which is
advised by the RAE and whose objective is to help make good use of Spanish in the
media and the Internet. The head of the Spanish Ministry of Education in the United
Kingdom and Ireland, Gonzalo Capellán argues that:
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social phenomenon caused by migratory movements from inhabitants of countries of
South America to North America, which gave rise to the creation of “Spanglish”.
On the other hand, an abuse regarding the use of anglicisms brings a series of
disadvantages. Incorporating constantly anglicisms into our language means that in the
end, the equivalents in Spanish are no longer used. This, sooner or later will make our
own words disappear and be replaced by foreign ones. With this, not only words from
our language would be lost, but it would also mean a loss of linguistic wealth, and in
turn, of personality.
The language of a country is not only the way of communicating among the
inhabitants of a territory, but also as the linguistic Joshua Fishman said: “cuando le
quitamos el idioma a una cultura le quitamos sus saludos, sus groserías, sus alabanzas,
sus leyes, su literatura, sus canciones, sus rimas, sus proverbios, su sabiduría y sus
oraciones.”
Another reason that has led to the excessive use of anglicisms in Spanish has
been the world of advertising, which led the RAE to create a campaign against the
invasion of English in advertising. The Real Academia along with the Academia de la
Publicidad created their own ad to show the public the consequences of the excessive
use of anglicisms. The creative director of Gray Spain, Enric Nel-lo, who coordinated
the initiative, said: “La publicidad es uno de los principales sectores implicados, ya que
el uso excesivo de los anglicismos en los anuncios que se emiten en España no solo
afecta a las marcas, sino directamente a la población en general y a cómo perciben los
mensajes comerciales.”
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2.5 Fields of use
There are many semantic fields in which anglicisms are used, so to speak of all would
be very extensive, so below are mentioned those in which they are more abundant.
On the one hand are the fields of gastronomy, fashion or makeup, very common
in Instagram especially, that being international issues, English terms abound due to the
aforementioned globalization.
Must Imprescindibles
Fashion De moda
Outfit Conjunto
Look Estilo
Glitter Purpurina
Makeup Maquillaje
1
All the terms have been extracted from the Fundéu BBVA. Available at: http://cort.as/-KCyI.
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Anglicisms Spanish equivalent
Burger Hamburguesa
Cake Tarta
Grill Parrilla
Healthy Saludable
Muffin Magdalena
On the other hand, another sector with greatest rise in the Spanish territory is
tourism because it is one of the main pillars of its economy. That is why the country's
tourism companies need to globalize since, especially in high season, the majority of
their clients are foreigners. This is probably the main reason why all tourism companies,
both those related to accommodation and transport, choose to use anglicisms instead of
their equivalents in Spanish, for better communication with the client. The following
table shows some of the most common terms:
Check in Llegada
Lobby Vestíbulo
Overbooking Sobreventa
2
All the terms have been extracted from the Fundéu BBVA. Available at: http://cort.as/-KD7h.
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Resort Complejo turístico
There are many more fields in which an infinity of anglicisms could be found, such as,
for example, the digital marketing by which many international companies are
interested, above all, to make themselves known in a correct way in social networks.
Then, once it have seen everything related to the theoretical framework, a detailed
analysis of social media and their most common concepts is carried out in the next
chapter.
3
All the terms have been extracted from the work of Giménez, 2015. Available at: http://cort.as/-KD8t.
More details in references.
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3. STUDY OF ANGLICISMS IN SELECTED MEDIA
The most traditional media are television, newspaper and radio, although evidently, they
were modernized with the arrival of the Internet. Currently, these media are still used as
was done when it was the only way of information, but now, we have a plus in terms of
speed, both to search and to share information: social networks, where “users can share
thoughts, curate content, upload photos and videos, form groups based on interests, and
participate in lively discussions. They’re built around the user and everything that’s
important to them and their social circles.”
Younger generations have been born in the digital age, which means that for
them, the constant change in technology is not a problem, but it is their means of
expression. The opposite side of the coin are the previous generations, who take longer
to get used to it and find it, sometimes, complicated.
When looking for big differences between traditional and modern media, I think
one of the most remarkable is the audience. Today, companies seek to reach the
maximum possible public, and the best way to do this is social networks, where without
a doubt they have a greater and more varied audience.
However, the audience is not the only difference between traditional and modern
media, but also the way of writing. The same style is not used when writing a
newspaper article that a tweet. A newspaper should be based on the seriousness and
veracity of its information, with which, it will use a correct language, without
abbreviations and without abusing foreign words. On Twitter, however, we have more
freedom and naturalness when it comes to expressing ourselves. The use of
abbreviations becomes necessary, taking into account that there is a limit of characters
per tweet; the grammar used is also different, but not incorrect.
In the case of this essay, I have focused especially on social networks and the
way of communication used in them, specifically how young people use foreign terms,
which initially were only used on the Internet, in their daily conversation.
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3.2. Anglicism in social media
Facebook was the first social network with a great impact which reached our lives in
2004, and after that others have appeared, similar or not, but with the same objective: to
share. Following this thread, we come to the two social networks chosen for this study:
Twitter and Instagram. Their concepts are totally different, although in my opinion, they
complement each other.
On the one hand is Twitter, a social network that despite having been founded
since 2006, today still has many detractors, either because they do not like the format,
or because they prefer other networks. Twitter is characterized by its brevity since, until
its last update; the maximum number of characters allowed in a tweet was 140. That is
why the users of this network are those who prefer to share thoughts and daily events
where naturalness prevails. Twitter has become the “newspaper” for many users due to
the ease it provides to be aware of any topic through labels. As you can see below:
Image 1 Image 2
Screenshot of the ‘world news’ section of Screenshot of the ‘trends section in
Twitter. Spain’ from Twitter. 16
On the other hand is Instagram, an application that from the beginning was very
well received by the public. In the beginning it was based exclusively on sharing
photos, usually food, sunsets or selfies. Now, years later, through brand profiles you can
even make purchases. This network has been the cradle of the so-called “postureo”, a
term that will be discussed later. In short, Instagram today is one of the main ways used
by companies for their promotion as they know the repercussion and dissemination
caused by this social network.
The purpose here has been to gather the words, not only more used in social networks,
but more used in the daily speech of most people who use social media. Many of them
have been taken as they are from English, others have been modified and others have an
equivalent in Spanish but it is not used with the same frequency.
Next, in the following table there is a list with words extracted directly from Twitter
and also the context in which they are used:
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gracias a todos.”
̶ Bon Jovi Spain (@BonJovi_Spain)
Hashtag #LosInfiltradosDeGol
¡COMENZAMOS!¡Todavía estás a tiempo
de ganar una camiseta del
@realmadrid!¡Participa con el hashtag del
programa!
̶ Gol (@Gol)
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Rosalía y Bad Bunny.”
̶ Yasss (@yasss_es)
19
̶ Fini Golosinas (@Fini_golosinas)
Once introduced the base words in the slang of any current young, we will analyze
some of them, their origins and equivalents, if they are accepted or not by the RAE, if
they will remain or simply are a fashion. For this, I will help myself from the Fundéu
BBVA, which was mentioned previously, but which will be discussed in detail. The
foundation is active in all social networks, in addition to having its own website, where
it publishes videos, articles and images about everything related to the use of Spanish.
Because this section consists of an analysis of the words most used in social
networks, I have decided to start with one of the concepts that currently has the most
impact: influencer. It is very common to see this term in media and social networks to
refer to those people who with their prestige and knowledge on a subject, influence their
audience to promote a product or create a trend. Faced with this, the Fundéu offers us
the term «influidor» or «influenciador» as equivalent to not use the English term, or at
least, less frequently. “Las voces españolas influidor, correctamente formada a partir del
verbo influir (‘ejercer predominio, o fuerza moral’), e influenciador (a partir de
influenciar), pueden sustituir perfectamente al anglicismo influencer.” (Fundéu BBVA,
2019)
4
The table has been completed with information extracted directly from Twitter.
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Another word very present in the day to day of the youngest is stories, which are
publications with a duration of 24 hours that it can find in several social networks,
although the most famous now are those of Instagram. This term has a clear equivalent
in Spanish «historia», but once again, it is more common to hear the Anglicism than its
equivalence.
Shippear means “idealizar y apoyar una hipotética relación amorosa entre dos
famosos o dos personajes, en especial en las redes sociales” (Fundéu BBVA, 2019), and
it is used both in the form of a verb (shippear) and a noun (shippeo).
“El término shippear, que proviene del verbo inglés shipping —y este,
a su vez, del acortamiento de relationship—, se considera un híbrido
no adecuado en castellano, pues combina la forma inglesa no
incorporada al español ship con la terminación española de los verbos
de la primera conjugación”. (Fundéu BBVA, 2019)
Another example of Anglicism not adapted but that has a great use is spoiler,
used in the occasions in which someone discovers an important part of a series or film
that can spoil the interest of the person in following the plot. The alternative proposed
this time is the verb «destripar», which has the same meaning and also, its first
appearance in the Dictionary with this meaning consists of 1884.
From the Fundéu they dismiss this Anglicism as “totally unnecessary” since
there is an equivalence like «etiqueta». Another anglicism totally unnecessary according
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to the foundation is spam, since in Spanish there are alternatives such as
«correo/mensaje basura».
Then, the term hater “que procede del verbo inglés to hate —‘odiar’—, hace
referencia a la ‘persona que odia algo o a alguien y dice o escribe cosas desagradables
sobre alguien o critica sus logros, especialmente en internet y en redes sociales’”. The
alternative proposed by the Fundéu is the concept «odiador» although also “existen
otras expresiones, quizá más transparentes, como enemigo, detractor, difamador,
maldiciente, aquel/el que odia, etc”. (Fundéu BBVA, 2019)
As for the concept of meme, it could be said that it is not something new since it
has been present on the Internet for several years. “Este término, creado por Richard
Dawkins en su libro El gen egoísta, aparece definido en el diccionario Webster como
‘idea, comportamiento, moda o uso que se extiende de persona a persona dentro de una
cultura’.” (Fundéu BBVA, 2019)
It is an accepted neologism that can be written and used as such since it follows
the orthographic rules of Spanish. In fact, it is officially recognized by the RAE, as it
can see in its online dictionary:
Image 3
Screenshot from RAE Online Dictionary of the term meme.
Another accepted neologism is the noun postureo and with it, the verb
posturear. “La expresión postureo surge en el ámbito de las redes sociales para
calificar actitudes impostadas, con un sentido que puede ir de lo irónico a lo
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despectivo.”(Fundéu BBVA, 2019). For its creation, a mixture of «postura» and
especially «pose» has been used, since it refers to an unnatural posture.
Finally, about the term stalkear the Fundéu says that “acechar, espiar, husmear
o incluso acosar, según el contexto, son alternativas en español preferibles a stalkear,
término que se emplea con el significado de ‘seguir a alguien en las redes sociales para
obtener información y observar sus movimientos.’” (Fundéu BBVA, 2019). This term is
an adaptation of stalking, a term that has a meaning of crime, which does not occur
when the Anglicism stalkear is used in Spanish, since it loses the acceptation of the
original word.
As explained throughout this essay, languages evolve and change constantly. This
evolution is best appreciated when we analyze the change from one generation to
another, where it is easy to see how much things have changed.
Today's teenagers have their own language seen from the eyes of adults. It could
even speak of a variant of Spanish having so many foreign terms. “La brecha
generacional es hoy un pronunciado socavón alimentado por las redes sociales, la
mensajería instantánea y los realities de televisión, progenitores de una jerga que ha
relegado al adulto a carca desorientado”. (Viñas, 2017)
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This personality is not only formed by his values as a person or his way of thinking,
but also by his way of speaking. So, this generation gap is not only evident in aspects
such as the way of speaking, but also in the personality and way of life since everything
is totally different from how it was done years ago.
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4. CONCLUSIONS
Once the study is exposed and to conclude the essay, I will limit myself to answering
the questions formulated at the beginning, contributing my point of view to what has
already been narrated. In the introduction of the essay and as objectives, I asked three
questions that were the following:
There are several pros and cons on the use of anglicisms, as seen above. In my
opinion, foreign terms, whether from English or another language, do not spoil Spanish,
but enrich it, provided they are used in their proper measure. What I mean by this is that
adolescents and other users of social networks, will continue to use these terms, either
because they are fashionable or by their own choice, but it should also be known in
which field it is good to use an Anglicism and in which the Spanish equivalent. This is
something that is acquired with maturity and use.
On the other hand, its use is due to several reasons, as has already been said, and
I think that such use will not stop growing in the coming years, especially in Spain,
where a higher level of language proficiency is increasingly required for the most jobs
and, as a result, more and more students are bilingual from school. The millennial
generation, and therefore, the following are among the most prepared. Unlike other
generations who were only in contact with English during school hours, they do not
"leave that contact" by being more active on the Internet, where much of the
information they obtain is in English.
So, and following this thread, in my opinion and as I said before, social networks
are enriching if you know how to use them. They can help a lot of people who have
difficulties to relate physically and give the option of being able to relate and learn
about people who are miles away.
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Without further ado, I would like to conclude with a quote from Godfried
Bogaard, expert in social networks:
“In the past you were what you had; now you are what you share.”
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REFERENCES
• Balteiro, Isabel and Campos, Miguel Ángel. (2012). “False anglicisms in the
Spanish language of fashion and beauty”. Ibérica, 24: 233-260.
• El País. (2019). "Vídeo: La RAE Lucha Contra Los Anglicismos Con Una
Campaña De Publicidad". El País. Available at: http://cort.as/-KCtt.
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• Fundéu BBVA. Glosario De La Moda. (2015). PDF. 1st ed. Available at:
http://cort.as/-KCyI.
• Lema, Katy. (2018). "‘Bae’ Y Otros 12 Términos Para Entender A Los Más
‘Millennials’ Y La Generación Z.". El País, 2018. Available at: http://cort.as/-
KCuG.
28
• mtmad [@mtmad] (19/6/2019). Cuando mi amiga me dice que le ha escrito el
crush [Tweet]. Available at: http://cort.as/-KCuh.
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• Viñas, María. (2017). “«Shippear», «Crush», «Salseo»: Diccionario Para
Entender A Tu Hijo Adolescente”. La Voz De Galicia. Available at:
http://cort.as/-KCuB.
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