APA 8th edition format for citations and references:

In-text Citation Examples:

1. Single author: (Johnson, 2024)

2. Two authors: (Smith & Brown, 2023)

3. Three or more authors: (Clark et al., 2022)

4. No author (use the title): ("Ethical Principles," 2021)

5. Group author (organization or institution): (World Health Organization, 2020)

6. Multiple works by the same author in the same year: (Miller, 2022a, 2022b)

7. Personal communication: (J. Doe, personal communication, January 5, 2023)

8. Secondary source (citing a source you found within another source): (as cited in Johnson, 2024)

Reference List Examples:

1. Book with a single author: Doe, J. (2023). Ethical Theory: A Comprehensive Introduction.
Publisher.

2. Book with two authors: Smith, A., & Johnson, B. (2021). Moral Philosophy: Contemporary
Debates. Publisher.

3. Book with three or more authors: Clark, R., Brown, L., Miller, S., & Wilson, K. (2020). Ethics in
Practice. Publisher.

4. Chapter in an edited book: White, D. (2022). Ethical Decision-Making in Business. In A. Brown &
C. Davis (Eds.), Ethical Dilemmas in the Workplace (pp. 45-67). Publisher.

5. Journal article with a single author: Garcia, A. (2022). Ethical Relativism: Challenges and
Responses. Journal of Ethics, 10(3), 112-125.

6. Journal article with two authors: Martinez, G., & Patel, S. (2021). Virtue Ethics in Contemporary
Society. Journal of Moral Philosophy, 5(2), 78-91.

7. Journal article with three or more authors: Turner, S., Harris, R., Carter, P., et al. (2020). The Role
of Empathy in Ethical Decision-Making. Ethical Perspectives, 15(4), 220-235.

8. Online article (without DOI): Wilson, K. (2023). The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. Ethical
Technology Magazine. https://www.example.com/article

9. Online article (with DOI): Smith, J. (2021). Utilitarianism and Environmental Ethics.
Environmental Ethics, 25(3), 301-315. https://doi.org/xxxxxx

10. Newspaper article: Doe, J. (2024, January 15). Ethical Considerations in Medical Research. The
New York Times, p. A1.

Reference List Example:

Author. (Year). Title of the thesis (Unpublished doctoral dissertation or master's thesis). Name of
Institution, Location.

Reference List:

Brown, L. (2023). Ethical Decision-Making in Business (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of

Ethics, New York, NY.