3.00 * 10 m.

Find the magnitude and direction of the elec-

force that the water molecule exerts on the chlorine ion. Is this Charge q1 = -4.50 nC is located at x = 0.200 m, and charge
e attractive or repulsive? Assume that x is much larger than the q2 = +2.50 nC is at x = -0.300 m. A positive point charge q3 is
ration d between the charges in the dipole, so that the approxi- located at the origin. (a) What must the value of q3 be for the net
e expression for the electric field along the dipole axis derived force on this point charge to have magnitude 4.00 mN? (b) What is
xample 21.14 can be used. the direction of the net force on q3? (c) Where along the x-axis can
.
9 Torque on a Dipole. An electric dipole with dipole q3 be placed and the net force on it be zero, other than the trivial
S
ment p is in a uniformPHY electric
S
E answers of x = + q and x = - q ?
105_A1 HW 2 the orientations 21.66 .. A charge q = +5.00 nC is placed at the origin of an
field . (a) Find
he dipole for which the torque on the dipole is zero. (b) Which 1
he orientations in part (a) is stable, and which is unstable? xy-coordinate system, and a charge q2 = -2.00 nC is placed on
1. Twoaway
nt: Consider a small displacement positive
from the point charges qthe
equilibrium arepositive
placedxon -axisthe at x-axis,
x = 4.00 onecm.at(a)x =Ifaaand thirdone at x q=3 -a.
charge = (a) Find the
tion and see what happens.) (c)magnitude
Show that for andthedirection
stable orien- of the
+6.00electric
nC is field at x =at0.the
now placed (b)point
Derivex = 4.00an expression
cm, y = 3.00for cm,the electric
field atfield
n in part (b), the dipole’s own electric points
tendson the x-axis.
to oppose find your
the Use the x- result
and y-components
to graph the of x-component
the total force exerted on this field as a
of the electric
rnal field. function of x, for values of x charge between by the other two. (b) Find the magnitude and direction of
-4a and +4a.
0 .. Consider the electric2. dipole
Three of Example
charges are21.14.
at the(a)
this
corners
force.
of
ve an expression for the magnitude of the electric field pro- 21.67
.. CPisosceles
an triangle as shown in Fig. E21.61. The 5.00- μC
Two positive point charges Q are held fixed on the
charges form a dipole. (a) Find the force (magnitude and direction) the -10.00-μC charge exerts
ed by the dipole at a point on the x-axis in Fig. 21.33. What is x-axis at x = a and x = -a. A third positive point charge q, with
onHow
direction of this electric field? (b) the dipole. (b) Forfield
does the electric an ataxismassperpendicular
m, is placed to on thethe xline
-axisconnecting
away from the theorigin
5.00-μC charges at the mid-
at a coordi-
point of this
ts on the x-axis depend on x when x is very large? line, find the torque
nate (magnitude
x such that ƒ x and
ƒ V direction)
a. The chargeexerted
q , which on the
is dipole
free to moveby the -10.00-
1 . Three charges are at μC charge. along the x-axis, is then released. (a) Find the frequency of oscilla-
corners of an isosceles trian- Figure E21.61 tion of the charge q. (Hint: Review the definition of simple har-
as shown in Fig. E21.61. monic motion in Section 14.2. Use the binomial expansion
!5.00-mC charges form
15.00 mC
11 + z2n = 1 + nz + n1n - 12z 2 >2 + Á , valid for the case
ipole. (a) Find the force ƒ z ƒ 6 1.) (b) Suppose instead that the charge q were placed on the
2.00 cm y-axis at a coordinate y such that ƒ y ƒ V a, and then released. If
gnitude and direction) the
.00-mC charge exerts on the this charge is free to move anywhere in the xy-plane, what will
3.00 cm 210.00 mC happen to it? Explain your answer.
le. (b) For an axis perpendi-
r to the line connecting the 21.68 .. CP Two identical spheres Figure P21.68
.00-mC charges at the mid- 2.00 cm with mass m are hung from silk
t of this line, find the torque threads of length L, as shown in
gnitude and direction) exerted 25.00 mC Fig. P21.68. Each sphere has the same
he dipole by the -10.00-mC charge, so q1 = q2 = q. The radius of
each sphere is very small compared to L L
ge.
. 3. The electric
2 A dipole consisting of charges !e, 220 nm apart, is field at a distance the of 0.145
distance m from
between the
the sur-
spheres, face so of a solid insulating
u u sphere with
radius 0.355 m is
ed between two very large (essentially infinite) sheets carrying 1750 N/C. they
(a) may
Assumingbe treated
the as point
sphere’s charges.
charge is uniformly distributed, what is
al but opposite charge densitiesthe 2 Show that if the angle u is small,
charge density inside it? (b) Calculate the electric field inside the sphere at a distance of 0.200
of 125 mC>m . (a) What is the
imum potential energy this dipole m fromcan have due to the sheets, the equilibrium separation
the center. 2
d between
1>3
how should it be oriented the spheres is d = 1q L>2pP 0mg2 .
4.relative
A very to thelongsheets to attain cylindrical
insulating this shell of radius 6.00 cm carriesmass charge of linear
mass m density 8.50
e? (b) What is the maximum torque the sheets can exert on the (Hint: If u is small, then tan u ! m
μC/m spread uniformly
le, and how should it be oriented relative to the sheets to attain sin u.)
over its outer surface. What would a voltmeter
charge q 1 read if it were
charge q2 connected
between (a) the surface
value? (c) What net force do the two sheets exert on the 21.69 of the ...
cylinder and a point 4.00
CP Two small spheres with cm above the surface, and (b) the surface
le? and a point 1.00 cm from the central
mass m =axis
15.0 of
g the
are cylinder?
hung by silk threads of length L = 1.20 m
5. A very long cylinder of radius from 2.00 cm carries
a common pointa(Fig. uniform
P21.68).charge
Whendensity
the spheres of 1.50 nC/m. (a)
are given
equal quantities of negative charge,
Describe the shape of the equipotential surfaces for this cylinder. (b) Taking the reference level so that q = q = q, each
OBLEMS = 25.0°
1 2

for the zero of potential to bethread hangs atofu the

the surface from the
cylinder, findvertical. (a) Draw
the radius a diagram
of equipotential surfaces
3 ... Four identical charges Q are placed at the corners of a showing the forces on each sphere. Treat the spheres as point
having potentials of 10.0 V, 20.0 V, and 30.0 V. (c)
are of side L. (a) In a free-body diagram, show all of the charges. (b) Find the magnitude of q. (c) Both threads are now Are the equipotential surfaces equally
es that act on one of the charges.spaced?
(b) Find If the
not,magnitude
do they and get closer
shortenedtogether or farther
to length L = 0.600 apartm, as r increases?
while the charges q1 and q2
ction of the total force exerted on one charge by the other remain unchanged. What new angle will eachisthread
6. A 5.00-pF, parallel-plate, air-filled capacitor with circular plates to bemake usedwithin athecircuit in which
e charges. vertical? (Hint: This part 2
of the problem
it will be subjected to potentials of up to 1.00 * 10 V. The electric field between the plates is to can be solved numerically

be no greater than 1.00 * 104 N/C. As a budding electrical engineer for Live-Wire Electronics,
your tasks are to (a) design the capacitor by finding what its physical dimensions and separation
must be; (b) find the maximum charge these plates can hold.
7. In Fig. E24.17, each capacitor has C = 4.00 mF and Vab = + 28.0 V. Calculate (a) the charge on
each capacitor; (b) the potential difference across each capacitor; (c) the potential difference
between points a and d.
meter
ween aisand absent.
c. (c) Explain resistance
9.0 pF of the batteries.11(c) +
pF In The charge on each plate is 2.55 mC. (a) What is the potential dif-
maximum . value.
17 In Fig. E24.17, each one of the batteries, chemical ference E2between
5 8.0 Vthe plates?
r2 5 1.0(b)VIf the charge is kept constant, what
ius 1.10has
acitor cm isC made
= 4.00 ofmF
a energy is being converted into will be the potential difference between the plates if the separation
esistivity
Vab = + 28.0depends on the
V. Calculate electrical energy. In which one is is doubled?
this happening, (c) How
and atmuchwhat work
rate?is required to double the separa-
eys the formula
he charge r1x2 =
on each capacitor; (d) In one of the cbatteries, electrical tion?
energy is being converted into
thethe left end,
potential the resistiv-
difference across chemical energy. In which one is 24.25 . A 5.80-mF,
this happening, and parallel-plate,
at what rate? air capacitor has a plate separa-
eh capacitor;
right end(c)it the potential
is 8.50 * (e) Show that the overall rate of production tion of 5.00 mm of and is charged
electrical energyto a potential difference of 400 V.
erence
this rod?between
(b) What points
is thea Figure E24.17 Calculate the energy density in the region between the plates, in
equals the overall rate of consumption of electrical energy in the
d. current? (c) If we cut
75-A units of J>m3.
. In Fig.of each circuit.
18 C1 C2 24.26 . An air capacitor is made from two flat parallel plates
25.80 . A lightning bolt strikes one end of a steel lightning rod,
e resistance 24.8a,
half?let
=l Electrical
3.00 mF, C 2 = 5.00
Code, mF,
copper 1.50 mm apart. The magnitude of charge on each plate is
Vab = + 52.0 V. Calculate producing
a
a 15,000-A current burst that lasts for 65 ms. The rod
0.0180 mC when the potential difference is 200 V. (a) What is the
, hotels, office buildings, is 2.0 m longCand 1.8 cm in diameter, and its
he charge on each capacitor 3 capacitance? (b)other
Whatend is con-
is the area of each plate? (c) What maxi-
no more than a specified nected to the ground by 35 m ofmum 8.0-mm-diameter copper wire.without dielectric breakdown?
(b) the potential difference voltage can be applied
below shows the maxi- (a) Find the potential difference d between the top of the
oss each capacitor. (Dielectric breakdown forsteel rod at an electric-field strength of
air occurs
19 .ofIn
zes wire
Fig.with varnished
24.9a, let C1 = and
b the lower end of the copper3.0 wire* 10during
6
V>m.the current
) (d) When burst.
the charge is 0.0180 mC, what total
is a standard
0 mF, C2 = 5.00 mF, used andto (b) Find the total energy deposited in theisrod
energy and wire by the cur-
stored?
the
= +larger
52.0 V.theCalculate
diameter of (a) rent burst. C4 24.27 . A parallel-plate vacuum capacitor with plate area A and
charge on each capacitor 25.81 . A 12.0-V battery has an separation x has charges
internal resistance of 0.24+ QÆ and and - Q on its plates. The capacitor is
m)
(b) the potential difference across
Imax 1A2 a each capacitor.
capacity of 50.0 A # h (see disconnected
Exercise 25.47).fromThethe source
battery ofischarge, so the charge on each
20 . In Fig. E24.20, C 8.1 =An
6.0018-gauge
charged 2 =copper
mF,byCpassing 3.00 a mF,wire
10-A and (diameter
current plate 1.02
remains
through mm)
it forfixed. carries
5.0 h. (a)
(a)What
What a current with
isis the total a current
energy storeddensity
in the of 1.50 *
18
= 5.00 mF. The capacitor network the 6 terminal2
is connected to anduring
voltage appliedcharging?
capacitor? (b) (b) The plates
What total are pulled apart28
electrical
10 A/m . The density of free electrons for copper is 8.5 * 10 electrons per cubic meter. an additional distance dx.
ential Vab. After25the charges on the capacitors
energy have reached
is supplied their during
What is the change in the stored energy? (c) If F is the force with
30 Calculate (a) thetocurrentthe battery
in the wirecharging?
and (b) (c) theWhat
drift electri-
velocity of electrons in the wire.
40 9. Incalthe
energy is dissipated
circuit in the internal
of Fig. P25.79, find (a) resistance
the currentduringthrough
charging? the 8.0-Ω resistor and (b) the total rate of
(d) The battery is now completely discharged through a resistor,
60 dissipation
65 again with a constant current of 10 A. What is the external circuit
of electrical energy in the 8.0-Ω resistor and in the internal resistance of the batteries. (c) In one
85 resistance? (e) What total electrical energy is supplied to the exter-
of the batteries, chemical energy is being converted into electrical energy. In which one is this
nal resistor? (f) What total electrical energy is dissipated in the
maximum current-carrying happening, and at(g)
internal resistance? what
Whyrate? (d)answers
are the In onetoofparts the (b)
batteries,
and (e) not electrical energy is being converted into
of 4200 W of power is to chemical the same? energy. In which one is this happening, and at what rate? (e) Show that the overall rate
to the household electri- of .
production of electrical energy equals
25.82 Repeat Problem 25.81 with charge and discharge currents the overall rate of consumption of electrical energy in
across the group of appli- the circuit.
of 30 A. The charging and discharging times will now be 1.7 h
the thinnest permissible rather than 5.0 h. What differences in performance do you see?
re used in this house is of 25.83 .. CP Consider the cir-
79 . In the circuit of Fig. Figure P25.79
l length 42.0 m. At what The Figure P25.83
5.79, find (a) the current cuit shown in Fig.r P25.83.
d) The house is built in a emf source E1 5 12.0 has 1 5 1.0 inter-
Vnegligible V
ough the 8.0- Æ resistor and + R2
lectric energy is $0.11 per
the total rate of dissipation nal resistance. The resistors
th wire of
electrical the next
energy larger
in the 8.0- Æ haveR resistances R1 = 6.00 Æ
5 8.0 V
E
+

t would
istor andbe in the savings in and R2 = 4.00 Æ . The capacitor
the internal R1 C
at the appliances are kept +
istance of the batteries. (c) In has capacitance C = 9.00 mF.
e of the batteries, chemical WhenE2 5 the8.0 capacitor
V r2 5 1.0 is Vfully
s.rgy Compact fluorescent
is being converted into charged, the magnitude of the charge on its plates is Q = 36.0 mC.
ng light
ctrical than are
energy. ordinary
In which one is this happening,
Calculate the emf andEat . what rate?
In one
uch of the
more, butbatteries, 10. Consider
they lastelectrical
far energy
25.84 .. CP Consider shown
isthe
beingcircuit
converted into inshown
the circuit Fig. P25.84. The battery
in Fig. P25.84. The battery has emf 60.0 V and negligible internal
mical energy.
ccording to oneIn which
studyoneof is resistance.
this happening,
has emf 60.0R2V=and and at
2.00what rate?
Ω, C1 =internal
3.00 μF, and C2R= 6.00 μF.Æ ,After the capacitors have attained their
negligible resistance. 2 = 2.00
Show
as much thatlight
the asoverall
a 100-W rate ofCproduction of ,electrical energymF. After the capacitors have attained
1 = charges,
final 3.00 mF and
the 2 = 6.00
Ccharge on C is Q = 18.0 μC . (a) What is the final charge on C2? (b) What is
uals
ower. theThe
overall consumption of electrical energy in the 1
rate ofbulb
compact
1
their final charges, the charge on C1 is Q 1 = 18.0 mC . (a) What is
costs $11.00, whereas the the
cuit. resistance R ?
the final charge on1C2? (b) What is the resistance R1?
80 . A lightning bolt strikes one end of a steel lightning rod,
lasts just 750 hours. The
ducing a 15,000-A current burst that lasts for 65 ms. The rod
per kilowatt-hour and that
2.0 m long and 1.8 cm in diameter, and its other end is con-
at is the total cost (includ- Figure P25.84
ted to the ground by 35 m of 8.0-mm-diameter copper wire.
lb
Findforthe
3.0potential
years? (b) How between the top of the steel
difference R1 rod
duse thea lower
compact endfluorescent
of the copper wire during the current burst.
Whatthe
Find is total
the resistance of
energy deposited in the rod and wire by E the cur- R2
+

C1 C2
it actually
t burst. uses only 23 W
81 . A 12.0-V battery has an internal resistance of 0.24 Æ and
capacity of 50.0 A # h (see Exercise 25.47). The battery is
rged by passing a 10-A current through it for 5.0 h. (a) What is
terminal voltage during charging? (b) What total electrical
rgy is supplied to the battery during charging? (c) What electri-
energy is dissipated in the internal resistance during charging?
The battery is now completely discharged through a resistor,
in with a constant current of 10 A. What is the external circuit
istance? (e) What total electrical energy is supplied to the exter-
resistor? (f) What total electrical energy is dissipated in the
ernal resistance? (g) Why are the answers to parts (b) and (e) not
same?
82 . Repeat Problem 25.81 with charge and discharge currents
30 A. The charging and discharging times will now be 1.7 h