Contents

Computer Network Types.........................................................................................................1

LAN (Local Area Network)..................................................................................................1
PAN (Personal Area Network).................................................................................................. 2
Examples Of Personal Area Network:...........................................................3
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network).....................................................................................3
Uses Of Metropolitan Area Network:...............................................................................4
WAN (Wide Area Network).................................................................................................4
Examples Of Wide Area Network:................................................................................... 4
Advantages Of Wide Area Network:................................................................................5
Disadvantages of Wide Area Network:.............................................................................5
Internetwork......................................................................................................................... 6
Types Of Internetwork:.........................................................................................................6
Intranet advantages:..............................................................................................................7
What is World Wide Web?....................................................................................................... 7
FTP............................................................................................................................................8
Telnet........................................................................................................................................9
What is the URL?...................................................................................................................10
rest of the part of the URl..................................................................................................11
What is Domain......................................................................................................................11
Web Browser...................................................................................................................... 12
What Distinguishes a Search Engine from a Browser?.......................................................13
What functions do web browsers have?..............................................................................13
What is netiquette?..........................................................................................................13

Computer Network Types

A computer network is a group of computers linked to each other that enables the
computer to communicate with another computer and share their resources, data,
and applications.

A computer network can be categorized by their size. A computer network is mainly

of four types:

o LAN(Local Area Network)

o PAN(Personal Area Network)

o MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)

o WAN(Wide Area Network)

LAN (Local Area Network)

o Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in a

small area such as building, office.

o LAN is used for connecting two or more personal computers through a

communication medium such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc.

o It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware such as hubs, network

adapters, and ethernet cables.
o The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in Local Area Network.
o Local Area Network provides higher security.
PAN (Personal Area Network)

o Personal Area Network is a network arranged within an individual person,

typically within a range of 10 meters.

o Personal Area Network is used for connecting the computer devices of

personal use is known as Personal Area Network.

o Thomas Zimmerman was the first research scientist to bring the idea of the
Personal Area Network.

o Personal Area Network covers an area of 30 feet.

o Personal computer devices that are used to develop the personal area
network are the laptop, mobile phones, media player and play stations.

There are two types of Personal Area Network:

o Wired Personal Area Network

o Wireless Personal Area Network

Wireless Personal Area Network: Wireless Personal Area Network is developed by

simply using wireless technologies such as WiFi, Bluetooth. It is a low range network.

Wired Personal Area Network: Wired Personal Area Network is created by using
the USB.
Examples Of Personal Area Network:

o Body Area Network: Body Area Network is a network that moves with a
person. For example, a mobile network moves with a person. Suppose a
person establishes a network connection and then creates a connection with
another device to share the information.

o Offline Network: An offline network can be created inside the home, so it is

also known as a home network. A home network is designed to integrate the
devices such as printers, computer, television but they are not connected to
the internet.

o Small Home Office: It is used to connect a variety of devices to the internet

and to a corporate network using a VPN

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

o A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger geographic area

by interconnecting a different LAN to form a larger network.

o Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private

industries.

o In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other through a telephone

exchange line.

o The most widely used protocols in MAN are RS-232, Frame Relay, ATM, ISDN,
OC-3, ADSL, etc.

o It has a higher range than Local Area Network (LAN).

Uses Of Metropolitan Area Network:

o MAN is used in communication between the banks in a city.

 o It can be used in an Airline Reservation.

o It can be used in a college within a city.

o It can also be used for communication in the military.

WAN (Wide Area Network)

o A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical area
such as states or countries.

o A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the LAN.

o A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single location, but it spans over a
large geographical area through a telephone line, fibre optic cable or satellite
links.

o The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.

o A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business, government, and
education.

Examples Of Wide Area Network:

o Mobile Broadband: A 4G network is widely used across a region or country.

o Last mile: A telecom company is used to provide the internet services to the
customers in hundreds of cities by connecting their home with fiber.

o Private network: A bank provides a private

network that connects the 44 offices. This
network is made by using the telephone leased
line provided by the telecom company.

Advantages Of Wide Area Network:

Following are the advantages of the Wide Area Network:

o Geographical area: A Wide Area Network provides a large geographical area.

Suppose if the branch of our office is in a different city then we can connect
with them through WAN. The internet provides a leased line through which
we can connect with another branch.

o Centralized data: In case of WAN network, data is centralized. Therefore, we

do not need to buy the emails, files or back up servers.

o Get updated files: Software companies work on the live server. Therefore, the
programmers get the updated files within seconds.

o Exchange messages: In a WAN network, messages are transmitted fast. The

web application like Facebook, Whatsapp, Skype allows you to communicate
with friends.

o Sharing of software and resources: In WAN network, we can share the

software and other resources like a hard drive, RAM.

o Global business: We can do the business over the internet globally.

o High bandwidth: If we use the leased lines for our company then this gives
the high bandwidth. The high bandwidth increases the data transfer rate
which in turn increases the productivity of our company.

Disadvantages of Wide Area Network:

The following are the disadvantages of the Wide Area Network:

o Security issue: A WAN network has more security issues as compared to LAN
and MAN network as all the technologies are combined together that creates
the security problem.

o Needs Firewall & antivirus software: The data is transferred on the internet
which can be changed or hacked by the hackers, so the firewall needs to be
 used. Some people can inject the virus in our system so antivirus is needed to
protect from such a virus.

o High Setup cost: An installation cost of the WAN network is high as it

involves the purchasing of routers, switches.

o Troubleshooting problems: It covers a large area so fixing the problem is

difficult.

Internetwork

o An internetwork is defined as two or more computer network LANs or WAN or

computer network segments are connected using devices, and they are
configured by a local addressing scheme. This process is known
as internetworking.

o An interconnection between public, private, commercial, industrial, or

government computer networks can also be defined as internetworking.

o An internetworking uses the internet protocol.

o The reference model used for internetworking is Open System

Interconnection(OSI).

Types Of Internetwork:

1. Extranet: An extranet is a communication network based on the internet protocol

such as Transmission Control protocol and internet protocol. It is used for
information sharing. The access to the extranet is restricted to only those users who
have login credentials. An extranet is the lowest level of internetworking. It can be
categorized as MAN, WAN or other computer networks. An extranet cannot have a
single LAN, atleast it must have one connection to the external network.
2. Intranet: An intranet is a private network based on the internet protocol such
as Transmission Control protocol and internet protocol. An intranet belongs to an
organization which is only accessible by the organization's employee or members.
The main aim of the intranet is to share the information and resources among the
organization employees. An intranet provides the facility to work in groups and for
teleconferences.

Intranet advantages:

o Communication: It provides a cheap and easy communication. An employee

of the organization can communicate with another employee through email,
chat.

o Time-saving: Information on the intranet is shared in real time, so it is time-

saving.

o Collaboration: Collaboration is one of the most important advantage of the

intranet. The information is distributed among the employees of the
organization and can only be accessed by the authorized user.

o Platform independency: It is a neutral architecture as the computer can be

connected to another device with different architecture.

o Cost effective: People can see the data and documents by using the browser
and distributes the duplicate copies over the intranet. This leads to a reduction
in the cost.

What is World Wide Web?

 World Wide Web, which is also known as a Web, is a collection of websites or
web pages stored in web servers and connected to local computers through
the internet. These websites contain text pages, digital images, audios, videos,
etc. Users can access the content of these sites from any part of the world
over the internet using their devices such as computers, laptops, cell phones,
etc. The WWW, along with internet, enables the retrieval and display of text
and media to your device.
o The building blocks of the Web are web pages which are formatted in HTML
and connected by links called "hypertext" or hyperlinks and accessed by HTTP.
These links are electronic connections that link related pieces of information
so that users can access the desired information quickly. Hypertext offers the
advantage to select a word or phrase from text and thus to access other pages
that provide additional information related to that word or phrase.
o A web page is given an online address called a
Uniform Resource Locator (URL). A particular
collection of web pages that belong to a specific URL
is called a website,
e.g., www.facebook.com, www.google.com, etc. So, the World Wide Web is like
a huge electronic book whose pages are stored on multiple servers across the
world.
o Small websites store all of their WebPages on a single server, but big websites
or organizations place their WebPages on different servers in different
countries so that when users of a country search their site they could get the
information quickly from the nearest server.
o

FTP

o FTP stands for File transfer protocol.

 o FTP is a standard internet protocol provided by TCP/IP used for transmitting the files

from one host to another.

o It is mainly used for transferring the web page files from their creator to the

computer that acts as a server for other computers on the internet.

o It is also used for downloading the files to computer from other servers.

Telnet

o The main task of the internet is to provide services to users. For example, users
want to run different application programs at the remote site and transfers a
result to the local site. This requires a client-server program such as FTP,
SMTP. But this would not allow us to create a specific program for each
demand.

o The better solution is to provide a general client-server program that lets the
user access any application program on a remote computer. Therefore, a
program that allows a user to log on to a remote computer. A popular client-
server program Telnet is used to meet such demands. Telnet is an
abbreviation for Terminal Network.

o Telnet provides a connection to the remote computer in such a way that a

local terminal appears to be at the remote side

Gopher

o Gopher was developed in 1991 at the University of Minnesota, and

named after the school's mascot. Gopher is a menu-driven interface
that allows a user to browse for text information provided by
various gopher servers. With later versions of gopher, such as
HyperGopher, users could also view GIF (graphics interchange
format) and JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) files.
After 1996, most gopher servers were either converted to the World
 Wide Web or taken offline. Below is a listing of some popular gopher
tools used.

What is the URL?

A URL is a type of uniform resource identifier and is address of a resource on the

World Wide Web and the protocol used to access it. It is used to indicate the location
of a web resource to access the web pages. For example, to visit the javatpoint
website, you will go to the URL www.javatpoint.com, which is the URL for
the javatpoint website.

The URL sends users to a specific resource online such as video, webpage, or other
resources. When you search any query on Google, it will display the multiple URLs of
the resource that are all related to your search query. The displayed URLs are the
hyperlink to access the webpages.

A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) contains the information, which is as follows:

o The port number on the server, which is

optional.

o It contains a protocol that is used to access

the resource.

o The location of the server

o A fragment identifier

o In the directory structure of the server, it contains the location of the resource.
The additional information about the URL is described below with the help of an
example:

Let's take an example: https://www.javatpoint.com/jtp.htm, it indicates the jtp.htm is

a file located on the server with the address of javatpoint.com.

http:// or https://

The http is a protocol that stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It tells the browser
to which protocol will be preferred to use for accessing the information that is
specified in the domain.

The https (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) is an enhanced protocol as

compared to http as it concerned with security. It provides the surety that the
information, which is transmitted over HTTP is secure and encrypted. The colon
(:) and two forward slashes (//) are used to separate the protocol from the rest
of the part of the URl

What is Domain

A domain name is the identity of one or more IP addresses; for example, the domain
name google.com points to the IP address "74.125.127.147". Domain names are
invented as it is easy to remember a name rather than a long string of numbers. It
would be easy to enter a domain name in the search bar than a long sequence of
numbers.

So, it is the web address of your website that people need to type in the browser URL
bar to visit your website. In simple words, suppose your website is a house, then the
domain name is its address.

A domain name cannot have more than sixty-three characters

excluding .com, .net, .org, .edu, etc. The minimum length of a domain is one
character excluding the extensions. It is entered in the URL after the protocol and
subdomain as shown in the following example and the image:

E.g. https://www.google.com

https: ( Protocol)

www. (Subdomain)

google.com (domain and domain suffix)

L.

Web Browser

Users can find, access, and view web pages with the help of a web browser, which is a
software program. The term "browser" is frequently used to refer to a web browser.
Using languages like 'Hypertext Markup Language' (HTML) and 'Extensible Markup
Language' (XML), websites on the internet and other content are generally displayed
and accessed through web browsers.
Web pages and websites transmitted via the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) are
converted into content humans can view using browsers. They can also display
additional protocols and prefixes, such as secure 'HTTP' (HTTPS), 'File Transfer
Protocol' (FTP), 'email handling', and files (file:). Additionally, most browsers accept
third-party plug-ins to show dynamic material such as embedded video, audio, and
game content.

What Distinguishes a Search Engine from a Browser?

Search engines and web browsers are sometimes mistaken for one another, yet they
serve different purposes. A search engine contains searchable data about other
websites (common examples of search engines are Google, Bing, Yahoo, and Baidu).
Nonetheless, a browser must connect to a website's server and view its web pages.
These are a few examples of browsers.

What functions do web browsers have?

Anything on the internet is accessible with a web browser, and it pulls data from
other websites and displays it on your computer or mobile device. The Hypertext
Transfer Protocol, which outlines how text, pictures, and video are communicated on
the web, is used to send the information. To ensure that users of any browser,
anywhere in the globe, can access this information, it must be shared and presented

consistently.

What is netiquette?

Netiquette is a made-up word from the words net and etiquette. Netiquette thus describes
the rules of conduct for respectful and appropriate communication on the internet.
Netiquette is often referred to as etiquette for the internet. These are not legally binding
rules, but recommended rules of etiquette. Netiquette is mostly used for dealing with
unknown people on the internet. The rules of netiquette very depending on the platform and
its participants . Generally, it is up to the operator of a website or communication app to
specify the type and scope of netiquette. It is also their responsibility to monitor compliance
with these basic rules and to penalize violations of them.