00:03 so in this video we're going to be revising waves very simple what do we do however syllabus

update again because 2023 now in 2023 they didn't remove anything from waves They just added a few
things sure it's not written here and the overall things except this it says electromagnetic spectrum
edition of learning objectives concerning communication but you'll find out that this is a lot larger than
what you expect compared to the original curriculum this is why first first this is all stuff we know when
it comes

00:45 to lenses you know what the lens is what's the focal point focal length principle Focus we're
going to revise the stuff anyway but that has not changed the only thing that has changed is this when it
comes to lenses it's the addition of describing the diverging lens like understanding what is a Divergence
and how we can use it to correct short and long-sidedness so excitedness so folks like me who use
glasses glass gang for that one there's a reason why we wear glasses like it has to do with our own
lenses

01:18 and our eyes but that's another story additionally this is the part that they added for uh for
communication for core students which isn't really much satellites use microwaves that's it so there's a
difference between low orbit and geostationary orbits but that's the same thing they both use
microwaves this is the new stuff that you extended students need to know what type of ways to use for
mobile phones for Bluetooth for optical fibers what's the difference in digital and analog and here's the

01:55 thing if you're if you watch the electricity chapter you'll know that digital and analog which is
digital electronics has been removed from the syllabus but they basically shifted the concepts of digital
analog from electricity to waves here so digital analog still exists as their definitions are still there and
we need to know that sound is capable of being transmitted is digital analog and we'll talk about their
advantages so this is all new stuff then finally core students please note if you see this especially

02:35 at the top of the page this is not for you but please do listen it'll help you round out your
understanding of physics uh and if you see it right next to an equation that equation will not be used by
you at all and let's get started wait what are we starting where's the content well before we start with
the content like what are we studying today we need to ask a question what's a wave the answer it's a
transfer of energy that's it it's a method of transferring energy primarily through vibrations so for

03:08 example I'm talking right now I'm emitting sound waves or actually I am producing look at the
beautiful aren't doing see this is what I look like anyway or should we call this guy pen OD gang Mr U
anyway so when Mr U starts the talk it produces energy sound energy and that sound energy gets
transferred through the vibration of the air molecules reducing a sound wave so the purpose of energy
of a wave is to transfer energy whatever the type light energy heat genetic whatever the sound very
good next so what are we talking about first
03:58 we'll talk about the different types of waves transverse longitudinal electromagnetic and
mechanical what are the properties that we measure in a wave so it's amplitude wavelength period and
frequency and stuff the electromagnetic spectrum so what are the different types of waves that we
have that are all electromagnetic besides the spectrum of light besides roigibility the general behavior of
waves reflection refracted and diffraction because they both apply to light and sound so we're going to
apply them to

04:27 sound waves first and then to light waves when it comes to light we'll focus on two things the
refraction of light and the reflection of light when it comes to mirrors and the refraction of light when it
comes to lenses and how we can use lenses to correct addition next the socket types we have four types
the first two types are called mechanical and electromagnetic these two are opposites we basically ask
you hey does this wave need a medium or not so a mechanical wave is a wave that needs a medium but
electromagnetic waves

05:05 do not need a medium so we need to answer a question what do we mean by medium a
medium means matter so the solid or liquid or gas that the wave is going to go through the wave is
going to go through something and the molecules are going to vibrate it's called mechanical for example
you have sound waves water waves or Ripple waves these are all mechanical waves because they need
method to go through they cannot travel through empty space they cannot travel through a back
electromagnetic waves on the other hand

05:39 like light and infrared and UltraViolet and gamma rays and whatnot these are all waves that are
able to travel through a vacuum because they do not need particles in other words they do not vibrate
particles they vibrate something else to be honest like there is some form of vibration in the form of
electric and magnetic fields but it's not particles that are vibrating since particles are not vibrating they
don't need them which means the Sun is emitting ultraviolet rays or infrared or light they can all travel
through space or a

06:18 vacuum because they're electromagnetic because they don't need media so chemical waves like
sound cannot travel through a vacuum that's why you know the famous saying nobody can hear you
scream in space because you know what sound waves are mechanical next the other two types of waves
are also opposites and they're called transverse and longitudinal these have to do with how molecules
vibrate these have to do with how molecules vibrate a transverse wave is where the molecules vibrate
perpendicular to wave motion meaning if

06:58 you have a single molecule here this molecule vibrates up and then down up follow the cursor
and then down you can see them up so if you notice a single molecule doesn't move from its place it's
just vibrating up and down but because the other molecules are also vibrating up and down in order
because they're vibrating up and down in a certain order or sequence they create this illusion of
something moving well technically something is moving to the right what is moving to the right is the
energy which is the wave

07:39 but the molecules are vibrating up and down producing what we call crests which is the upper
Peaks and thrusts which are the lower Peaks this is basically all Waves by the way except for sound
waves I'm kind of spoiling it right now but sound waves are what we call longitudinal waves this is where
the molecules do not vibrate up and down or perpendicular to the direction of wave motion they vibrate
forwards and backwards they vibrate forwards and backwards so if you look at a single molecule here
take a look at

08:18 this red dot focus on it a bit let's see if we can zoom into this just a second what do you do it's
not going to move as long as zoomed in but this little dot over here it's going to be moving left and right
it's not going to be moving up and down and this instead of creating crests and drops this creates
regions where the molecules are close to each other which we call a compression and it creates regions
where the molecules are far apart called a rare faction so you have compressions and refraction

09:00 obviously these are animated pictures and such gifs but if you're just drawing the waves yourself
this is how we draw a transverse wave it's nothing special you have Preston troughs this is how we
represent longitudinal waves we draw multiple lines close to each other then a few lines far apart then a
few lines close to each other a few lines far apart this represents the compression all of this represents a
rare action Crystal trough yeah I did say sound waves are the only longitudinal waves but there is
actually

09:40 one more type of longitudinal when it comes to earthquakes once when there's an earthquake
underground due to the you know vibration Collision of the tonic plates of the outer crust of the crust
but happiness is the Fallen the Earth starts to vibrate the surface vibrates up and down right we call
them S waves because they're on the surface and these are transverse but the rocks or the ground itself
underground does not vibrate up and down it vibrates forward and backwards creating what we call a P
wave be short for pressure wave they used to

10:19 call it a pressure wave before defining it as longitude so during an earthquake you have two
types of waves waves on the surface which break your buildings and breaks the ground these are called
S waves and waves underground called p waves these are longitudinal very good [Music] let's look at
properties there are five properties that we need to measure amplitude and wavelength are the
distances period and frequency are related to time and finally their speed amplitude is defined as the
maximum displacement of the molecules from the
11:06 mean position what's the mean position the center line of a wave this is called the mean
position the word mean s average so Center position original position they're offline the distance that
the molecules move up or down is called displacement the maximum displacement this is called
amplitude maximum displacement is called amplitude all right this represents the amount of energy in a
wave so the more energy a wave has the greater the amplitude the less energy wave has the smaller the
amplitude wavelength is defined as the distance

11:46 between two successive crests or two successive crops literally from its name it's the length of a
wave it's how long one wave is if a wave starts at the crest then the distance from one press to the next
that's called the wavelength and this is the symbol called Lambda the distance from trough to the next
trough is also called London the wavelength but a wave or a single wave is not only defined by the
distance from a Crest to a Crest or a trough to a trough realistically you can start from the center as well

12:25 if you go up to the crest down to the trough then back up to the crust to the center of the wave
again like we've started the center and you end in the center after touching a Crest and a trough this is
also considered one wavelet so the wavelength is not just from Crest to Crest or tractor trough on a
diagram it's also from the center not to the one right next to it to the other that's one complete wave or
oscillation when it comes to longitudinal waves they don't have trusses and troughs so we

13:01 measure it from a compression to the next compression or from a rare faction to the next
rarefaction but because you have so many different lines in a wave like this you have to choose the
center or to choose the same line but I prefer to choose the center of the compression so this is
wavelength or the center of the refraction to the next Center very good next what is period Then period
is defined as the time taken is defined as the time taken for one complete oscillation time for one
complete oscillation so when a wave moves from crust to crust

13:53 the time that it takes for it to see one Crest the next that's called period if I go back for a second
to this animation and let's draw a line right here if I were to start a stopwatch let me pull out the
stopwatch give me a second and stopwatch and I'll wait until the wave hits this line and start and one
two three four stop it took 4.

14:26 14 seconds for a wave for one wave to go through that's what we call the period kind of also
why there's no diagram for it because it's literally a time that you measure frequency on the other hand
is defined as the number of oscillations you could also say waves per unit time or per second so how
many waves pass by you per second the unit of measurement of frequency is called Hertz HZ so for
example if I tell you that the wave has a frequency of 10 Hertz this means that it completes 10
oscillations per second finishes 10 oscillations per
15:06 second now there is an equation that relates period and frequency they're inversely
proportioned because if you think about it the higher the frequency of a wave the lower the period it
takes less time and also the lower the wavelength by the way the shorter the wavelength will be but if
you have a wave with a very low frequency meaning the number of oscillations has decreased the
wavelength and the period increases so it takes more time to finish one complete oscillation and
obviously it travels longer and

15:39 won't complete our solution so we simply say that frequency and period are inversely
proportional or f equals 1 over t where T is not just any time T is the time of one oscillation as always
remember to hydrate gosh I'll I'll preach this forever and I'll still forget to drink water myself anyway
finally how do we calculate speed now we know that speed is distance over time that's not an issue
speed is distance over time but in a way we don't really measure the total distance and the total time

16:24 instead we measure the distance of one oscillation and the time for one oscillation so we simply
say that speed is Lambda over t wavelength over time however with a little bit of you know smart maths
remember that f equals 1 over t a little bit of substitution you can remove the one over t and replace
that with f so you can say F times lump so you change the over t to Lambda your substitute so the
equation that we use to calculate the speed of a wave is V equals F times Lambda right frequency times
wavelength for a quick example let's say you're

17:11 given away with a frequency of 10 Hertz and you know that the speed of this wave is 300 meters
per second calculate the wavelength see this time I didn't ask you to calculate the speed I'm actually
asking to calculate the wavelength it doesn't matter you're given the frequency or given the speed you
can calculate Lambda very easily Lambda equals V over F so rearrange this formula the speed is 300 the
frequency is 10.

17:45 300 over 10 gives you third meters it's very long Wave by the way which makes sense it's a very
small frequency 10 oscillations a second is actually a very low frequency next yeah this is where most of
the new stuff regarding waves has you know thrown up in the syllabus we already talked about what
electromagnetic waves are electromagnetic wave is a wave that does not need a medium to propagate
or to travel through it can travel through a vacuum but it's not just light that's electromagnetic we have
a ton of electromagnetic waves

18:33 and they're all listed in front of you right now before we discuss them individually they all have
the same speed they all have the same speed and they're all transfers there's no such thing as a
longitudinal electromagnetic wave they all have the same speed and they're all transverse you have to
memorize this value though 3 times 10 Power 8 which is about 300 million meters per second it's very
fast honestly there's nothing faster than the speed of light in air right very good now before I talk about
these there are

19:15 a few questions so let's go over them uh remember to type your questions in chat guys year 10
we don't need to memorize equations right no you have to with Cambridge specifically you have to
memorize all of the equations please like he does give a formula sheet and we'll discuss this during the
problem solving section so we'll see what the exams are like and it does give you a formula sheet but it's
uh a very very very anemic formula sheet it barely has anything useful so yes please that's

19:51 that's part of the difficulty of the subject you have to memorize formulas all right so when you
say this equation do you mean the speed equation this is only for year 10 students not for Year 9. all
right this is only for standard students not for core students oh this is not an equation this is a value of
speed and you have to memorize it you have to memorize temporary it's not going to ask you what type
of equations more along the question it's more along the lines of hey what's the speed of light in air it's
three times

20:40 temperature eight is the tricky one what's the speed of radio waves in here that's the trick they
all have the same speed in there you are so moving on so what are the different types of
electromagnetic equations we have and why are they ordered this way because they're ordered in
terms of frequency as you go to the right the frequency increases so this has the highest frequency and
the other side is the lowest frequency earlier we mentioned that frequency and wavelength are
inversely proportional so

21:16 as the frequency increases the wavelength decreases and vice versa if the frequency decreases
the wavelength will increase how do we memorize them well I always like to start in the middle of the
table if you have visible light which consists of seven different colors they are red orange yellow green
blue indigo and violet or Roy gibbets it doesn't matter just try to remember that and remember red has
the lowest frequency Violet has the longest frequency highest frequency if you go higher than violet you
end up

22:03 with ultraviolet and keep that in mind the word Ultra means greater than so when I say
ultraviolet I mean it's a wave with a frequency higher than violence right after violence following
UltraViolets you have x-rays and then you have gamma rays and it kind of looks like UV X and Y but I
digress you go even lower than red however you end up with infrared again the word infra means below
so infrared means less than red or below red then you have microwaves and then you have radio waves
very good you need to memorize these in
22:43 order of their frequency and wavelengths the only one that's visible is light everything else is
invisible yeah let's briefly discuss some of their applications because you need to remember some of the
applications for each individual type of way and here's a quick table remember to snapshot it if you
need it or you'll find it in your notes or summaries gamma rays let's start from the heist what are they
used for mainly to treat cancer or to sterilize medical equipment or food and such what are X-rays used
for to check for

23:18 broken bones so if I put my hand for example my arm and x-ray machine the x-rays work or like
help me see my bones are broken because they're absorbed by materials that are very dense but they
can go through less dense objects so my bones are very dense x-rays cannot go through my bones like
imagine this here's a bone in my arm I know I'm I'm an artist by nature but please do not envy me
someday you'll be able to draw amazing Arts such as fun assume this is my arm now if I break my arm x-
rays cannot go through a bone

24:07 or they barely go through but they can go through my fracture because they can go through my
flesh and everything else so the reason why x-rays work is that they cannot pass through the bones or
more dense objects but they can pass through your flesh or any cracks or such we also use it when it
comes to Security checks at airports uh when you want to check if you have any metallic objects in your
luggage so if I have I have a pistol or anything else in my luggage you should be able to you should be
able to call I'm sorry if

24:44 I'm laughing because somebody sent me a very funny message I'll share it in a bit but anyway if I
have a pistol or a knife or any kind of dangerous metallic object in my bag you don't have to open my
back to find out what's inside x-rays just go through they're stopped by the metallic object and you can
see them on the screen ultraviolet rays come primarily from the Sun right it has a lot of applications but
the primary thing is my body uses it for what to produce vitamin D sure you can use it to check for fake

25:22 banknotes and sterilized water and such like that but your body needs it to produce vitamin D
uh we don't need to discuss what we use light for infrared waves now they're very wide ranging first we
discussed infrared waves earlier when we talked about thermal physics so they transfer heat but it's also
used for remote controls TV remotes and air conditioning remote controls it's also used for intrude
alarms and thermal imaging so think of it this way you're in a museum you have cameras that see light
I'll show you

25:56 pictures but they have these infrared cameras that show heat signatures that's how they can
detect if somebody's in a room even though it might be dark and there's no light and we can also use it
to transfer uh information using optical fibers all right microwaves primarily used for satellite television
mobile phones and a certain frequency is used for microwaves of microwave ovens but it's primarily
used for these two radio waves are used for again radios obviously right RFID tags like NFC like stuff on
26:39 your phone when you tap a card or something to your phone it triggers something that works
but it's mainly communication yeah what are the dangers or hazards microwaves and I don't mean all
microwaves I don't mean the microwaves from your phone I mean microwaves that are using a
microwave oven it can be used to internally heat your cells boil you on the inside infrared waves again
the certain frequencies that actually heat things they can cause you skin damage or Burns that can
literally burn you ultraviolet rates now

27:17 remember your body needs it for vitamin D too much of a good thing is a bad thing so too much
ultraviolet radiation exposure could cause skin cancer extras and gamma rays are both what we call
ionizing radiation which means when they go through cells and atoms they remove electrons from those
atoms causing them to ionize and that could cause damage to cells so how do we protect ourselves in
general you stay away from them from the source reduce your exposure time as much as possible and
maybe use a shield or a barrier to

27:56 protect yourself right yeah this is for extended folks what do we mainly use electromagnetic
waves for when it comes to communication though specifically like we said your phone and Wi-Fi they
all use microwaves they can go through walls you don't need very large receiving equipment to detect or
to emit or receive microwave so we use it for Wi-Fi and headphones Bluetooth you know Bluetooth
headsets and stuff this this isn't a Bluetooth headset itself or earphones they use radio waves right
Optical fibers what do they use

28:46 infrared waves or visible light so the optic fibers that are in the ground we'll talk about them in a
bit optic fibers that transfer information for internet use and so on they use wavelength sorry infrared
waves and visible light to transfer information we already mentioned satellites they use microwaves
right regardless of whether it's a low orbit satellite or a geostationary satellite it doesn't matter we use
my microwave strip one more thing there are two types of signals when it comes to transferring

29:25 information called analog and digital for example you have sound waves sound waves can be
transmitted as either analog or digital but what do I mean by analog or digital their definitions are
literally analogs or signals are just continuous values whereas digital have fixed values again what does
that basically mean to us right now I'm speaking to you right you can share my voice got a lot of
inflection different types of sounds that I'm emitting and I can raise my voice lower my voice and so on
my voice is not something constant

30:03 it changes that's considered an analog signal it doesn't have a fixed value it keeps fluctuating all
the time depending on the signal whereas a digital signal has fixed values it's either High or low think of
a sound wave that sounds like a beep like P that's a fixed signal that doesn't change right so it's either on
or off when it comes to transmitting information you can transmit it as analog signals like you can take
the current or the voltage that's uh that's going to be going through

30:42 that's going to be going through a wave and transmit it as a digital signal or analog but digital is
so much better why because here's the problem any wave as it travels gets weaker and it loses energy if
an analog signal loses energy it's very hard to regenerate it or Amplified it's hard to make it louder
because what happens when it gets weaker is that it gets affected by other waves and it gathers what
we call noise when you regenerate it to make the signal stronger Bye by just adding a little bit more

31:24 energy to the wave it ends up adding some noise to it so you know it sounds terrible if it's a
sound it's like listening to a song on a radio with the antenna missing and you got all the static in the in
the music all of that random noise as you're listening to the song it's terrible digital signals are so much
better why because it's only one of two values it's like high or low high or low higher low higher low it's
very easy to transfer this information like circuits are literally designed for digital things

31:57 like high and low so it's very fast when it comes to this transfer second even if this signal gets
weaker over time like oh my God no the signal is weak this is still low the signal is weak this is the low
signal is weak we know what this value should be it's very easy to put a regenerator or an amplifier and
it just immediately gives me the exact same signal again because there's no continuous variation noise
doesn't affect it so we say that digital is better than analog because one it increases the rate

32:30 of transmission how fast you're transferring this information and increases the range of it listen
how far it can travel because even if it loses energy it isn't affected by noise very much and therefore it's
easier to amplify or regenerate [Music] nice one extend this focus is one way to call someone tall then
what should I call a not so tall people not so extended anyone let's move on let's talk about the behavior
waves there are three types of behavior an extended an extended nice one there are three types of
behavior that

33:25 you need to keep in mind we call them reflection refraction and diffraction so three types of
behavior all waves exhibit this Behavior light wave sound waves water waves everything so you just
need to understand the basic concept of these behaviors and then we'll apply them to sound online
before we do when we draw waves you have to understand what the term wavefront means instead of
drawing a transverse wave like this with crests and drops instead we draw the wave as if we're looking
at it from above so we draw an arrow

34:08 that is called the array this represents the direction of the wave and then we just draw straight
lines where the crests are supposed to be we call these straight lines wave runs the whole point of this
drawing method or system the whole point of this is to simplify my diagram so I don't have to waste my
time drawing crests and troughs and rolling things and to show me what happens to the wave itself does
the wavelength increase does the wavelength decrease because the distance between two successive
wave fronts is

34:46 the wavelength because if this is a Crest and this is a crust the distance between them is London
away from it also show us what happens to the shape of the wave does it Bend does it curve does it stay
straight so what is reflection so the change in directional wave when it hits the surface it's refraction it's
change in speed it's not changing direction it's changing speed when a medium changes but it can cause
the direction to change what is diffraction it's the spreading of wave when it goes

35:22 through a gap or around an edge or a corner so one behavior is when a wave hit something and
then comes back it's called reflection another is when a wave travels from one medium to another so it
changes speed and it can also Bend that's also fine and diffraction is when a wave spreads out because it
goes through an opening or a gaffer so reflection a wave that's going to hit this surface this could be a
solid surface this could be a water wave this could be a light wave this could be a sound wave anyway

35:56 this Ray is going to hit the surface is called the incident Ray this is called the incident Ray when it
hits the surface it reflects so the ray that comes back is called the reflected array that's great nice
incident and reflective reflection only follows one simple rule which is one which is that the angle of
incidence I is equal to the angle of reflection r but what are the easier well the angle between the insulin
drain and the normal this is called I angle of instance and the angle between the reflected ray and the
normal is

36:44 called r now that you've heard that properly your question might be what's the normal it's just
an imaginary line you can draw a dotted you can draw it solid doesn't matter it's just an imaginary line
that's at 90 degrees to the surface to the mirror that's doing the reflection that's why it's called normal
in mathematics the word normal means perpendicular not normal and regular so the angle between the
angle of the incident Ray and the normal it's called the angle of instance

37:16 the angle between the reflected ray and the normal is called the angle of reflection easy piece
finally the wave fronts of the wave nothing about them changes just their Direction they're always
wavefronts are always perpendicular to the array so if a wave is going up they're also going up with it if
it's going down it's going down with with the wavelength doesn't change the speed doesn't change the
frequency does not change nothing changes this is the direction then what is refraction refraction is
when a wave changes its

37:56 speed as it travels from one medium to another for example this is deep water this is deep
water and this is shallow when water waves travel from Deep to shallow the speed decreases for water
waves this change in medium this change in depth is a change in medium if a sound is traveling through
the air and goes into water that changes the speed if light is traveling through the air and goes through
glass that changes the speed through water waves and just for now we're talking about waterways
when a wave moves from Deep to shallow

38:44 the speed goes from high to low the speed decreases and it's not just the speed that decreases
take a look here's the wavelength now here's the wavelength the wavelength also decreases we call the
shallow water a more dense medium so the speed decreases and the wavelength decreases we call
Deep Water a less dense medium this has nothing to do with density which is mass over volume it's just
the figure of speeches just like me saying hey this medium is heavy and this medium is light so if you're

39:24 going through a heavy medium it's uh you're going to move slowly if it's going through a light
medium front move quickly all right good very good now you're going to have to memorize I'm just
going to have to memorize what mediums change which waves we only have three waves that you have
to remember water waves sound waves and light waves so for water waves as you just saw they travel
faster in deep water but slower in shallow before I move on frequency is always constant I don't care
what

40:02 anyone says frequency does not change during refraction all right we're not going to go over
why what shallow water is a more dense medium just memorize it as it is because we're just trying to
revise everything as quickly as possible but you can think of it as well fine you can think of it this way
there's less water for the molecules to vibrate up and down so the water molecules find it harder to
vibrate up and down and transfer the energy to the neighboring molecules so they slow down the
transfer Banner the

40:35 more space the molecules have to vibrate up and down the faster they can transfer the energy
you could think of it that way kind of helps amplitude is not something we often discuss that's another
question the question was what about the amplitude amplitude is not something we will often discuss
because if you see the amplitude decreasing the wave has simply lost energy is the way of losing energy
because of a refraction or not that's not our concern but if you see the amplitude decreasing it has lost
energy that's the that's the

41:07 same point refraction does not only change this feed it also changes the direction if a wave or
array is moving from less dense to more dense and it's perpendicular to the surface it does not change
direction but if the wave hits the surface at an angle it does change direction it does not keep moving in
a straight line instead it bends the ray bends closer to the norm and vice versa if a wave is moving from a
more dense medium to a less dense medium it doesn't move in the same direction it bends away from
the norm
41:56 the question is why that's because before the wave hits that you know surface the entire wave
is moving the same speed but at a certain point part of the wave is still in the less dense medium so it's
moving more quickly the other part is in the more dense medium so it's moving more slowly so the
entire wave ends up bending a bit because part of it is slower than the other and as you can see here
the wavelength decreases why because the speed decreases same thing the wavelength here has
increased why because the speed has

42:35 decreased increased [Music] you have to memorize a change in Direction next why did this
game okay the fraction that's the last Behavior the fraction is defined as a spreading of a wave as it goes
through a gap meaning if these are your reference and it hits a barrier a wall essentially and that barrier
has a gap in it an opening this is the gap that we're talking about the wave will not continue moving with
the same size of the Gap no no no no the moment it goes through the Gap Shore takes the size of the
gap

43:21 but then the wave front itself starts getting longer and longer and longer in other words it
spreads it doesn't stay at the same size of the Gap it just spreads and spreads and spreads but the
amount of spreading like how much does it spread by depends on the wavelength and how big this Gap
is when the Gap is very large or the wavelength is very small meaning the Gap is greater than the size of
the wavelength there is very little diffraction there is very little spreading but if you make the Gap
smaller or the wavelength larger

44:08 like they're almost equal or the Gap is a bit smaller than the wavelength like it's it's not like an
absolute thing it's not larger and small it's if you gradually keep decreasing it what's going to happen is
that this wave will now change its shape and it will curve more and more and more it's like you took the
wave front and you squished it so it bends and it starts to curve outwards so the smaller the Gap the
more the wave diffracts and the larger the gap the less the way the track

44:45 less diffraction this is more diffraction so any questions before we move on the sound waves
and light waves and everything else all right let's move on so so what are sound waves that's what God
sound like filter Sounders sound waves are basically mechanical and longitudinal waves they're both
mechanical and longitudinal waves because they need a medium and the molecules vibrate forward and
backwards producing compressions and refractions is it but sound waves don't just you know put these
compressions interfactions

45:47 they also change the pressure of the air or the atmosphere also change the pressure of the
atmosphere during a compression because the molecules are super close to each other the pressure of
the atmosphere increases during a rare faction because the molecules are all far apart the pressure of
the molecules decreases why because the closer you push the molecules together the more frequently
they collide with each other so the pressure increases and the farther apart the molecules are the less
frequently they collide with each other

46:25 so the pressure decreases this is why if you draw a graph of how the pressure of the atmosphere
changes with the distance traveled by the wave you will see a waveform similar to the transverse wave
but these aren't crests and troughs these are compressions and rare factions because a compression is a
region where the pressure is higher than atmospheric and the refraction is the original the pressure is
lower than right good yeah sound waves have speed what's the speed of sound in air the speed of sound
is around 330. meters per

47:13 second to around 350 meters per second that's the range in liquids the speed is around 1 500
meters per second it's actually about nine hundred two thousand but that's the middle of it in steel it's
around 5000 meters per second so around three thousand to ten thousand it's a bit faster in solids than
liquids and faster than liquids than gases why because solid molecules are already very close to each
other whereas gas molecules are far apart so it's a lot easier to transfer molecules that

47:46 vibrate affordable backwards when they're already touching each other but if the molecules are
far apart it takes more time so therefore the sound travels a lot slower in air compared to liquids and
salts by the way it's not slow by any account like by our standards 330 meters per second is still very fast
it's just slow relative to liquids and so like I said you're going to have to memorize how speeds change
for different waves so for water waves it was the depth of the water for sound waves it's the material
but moving from

48:24 solid to liquid to gas the speed decreases it's fastest solids and slowest and gases if you want to
measure the speed of sound if you want to measure speed of sound it's very simple although it's not a
very accurate experiment but you can get two people one of them with something like a starting pistol
or anything that produces both light and sound a flash and the sound and somebody else should have a
stopwatch then you measure the distance between the two of you the measuring tape you are the one
with the pistols and you

49:10 fire the pistol the second person sees the flash first so we press a start on the stopwatch to start
and then a few moments later he hears the sound so I press a stop so he gets the time taken it's the
time taken for the sound to travel to him this is all assuming that light travels instantly like it it doesn't it
doesn't somebody commented saying he won't hear the sound he's already dead no no no no no it's just
it's that starting pistol it's a it's a pistol that just produces
49:54 splash of flash of light and some smoke and some sound no bullets huh we'll touch to be so
gruesome oh it was me anyway any so we assume that light travels in zero time and that's why we can
do this and just like you said lightning and thunder you see the lightning first because we have a
lightning storm last night it was beautiful you see the lightning first like the sky lights up and then a few
moments later you hear you hear the sound right definitely they should get an A Star for thinking
outside the box

50:38 okay moving on amplitude affects the loudness of the sound so when I raise my voice or I raise
the volume or you raise the volume this uh sorry of this video or this recording or whatever it is on your
phone you raise the volume you're actually increasing the amplitude of the sound you decrease the
volume you're decreasing the amplitude so a large amplitude it's a very loud sound a small amplitude is
a very quiet sound next frequency affects the pitch of the sound how high pitched or how low pitched it
is and they're proportional

51:23 so a high frequency wave has a very high pitch so it's a very sharp Cheryl sound think like a
banshee screaming or something if you don't know what the Banshee is just I don't know play a video
game or two or like watch a horror movie or two and if you have a low frequency wave it has a low pitch
so think something like an opera singer oh deep voice we human beings don't hear everything though
we can only hear from 20 to 20 000 Hertz or 20 kilohertz this is called the range of audible frequencies

52:02 anything less than 20 is called an infra sound just like infrared but this time it's infrasound
anything higher than 20 000 is called an Ultra so very good finally what about Echoes an echo is just a
reflection of sound so just applying reflection the sounds if you're on a let's say you got stranded on an
island or something and you shout because for some reason you knocked your boat off of that Island
you emit a sound hello or Hell or I'm hungry anything when that sound hits this cliff on the other Island

52:45 and it reflects back maybe that's the main one this reflection is called an echo this reflection is
called in Echo and Echo is just the reflection of sound when hit the surface came back what you need to
be wary of when it comes to Echo questions is the concept of distance why let's say you are uh 300
meters yeah 300 meters away from this other Island from the surface and I tell you that the speed of
sound is something that you have to memorize is 330 meters per second as an example can you find the
time taken for you to hear the echo

53:36 of course you can if I say speed is distance over time this means time is distance over speed
what's the distance 300 no wait wait the distance traveled by the sound to produce the echo is 300
meters to the wall and then it came back another 300 meters so it reflected back so that's 300 to the
wall 300 from the wall you actually travel a distance of 600 so it's 300 times two over 330.
54:11 so this gives me 600 divided by 330. which gives us a time of 1.8 seconds which makes sense like
1.8 seconds is pretty decent a pretty decent time to be able to measure quickly very good uh so that's
the one thing I want you to be careful of when it comes to solving Echo questions and that is the
distance traveled by the echo is back and forth but the distance between you and the surface is a half of
that distance half of the back and forth uh we have a question here what's the difference between pitch
and speed pitch

54:53 is how sharp or deep a sound is it's the type of sound that you hear is it like a low very or a very
sharp beep right so it's like the tone of the sound speed is just how fast it travels doesn't really affect
what you're here how fast does it travel from point A to point B light waves [Music] what is a light wave
it's an electromagnetic and transverse wave we said that all electromagnetic wage or transfers but we're
going to study a few things in Britain first let's talk about the refraction point

55:45 if I give you a glass block for light waves glass is considered a more dense medium whereas air is
considered a less dense reading in other words light travels much faster in air than it does in glass which
makes sense if array of light hits the surface of this glass block at 90 degrees it does not Bend it just
continuous three no bending why because if it's perpendicular to the surface it doesn't matter it slows
down sure the speed of light and air is around 3 times 10 power 8.

56:33 the speed of lighting glass is going to be around 2 times 10 Power 8 this is a number that you
don't have to memorize but chances are you'll eventually memorize it because most of the questions
involving the speed of light and glass give you this as an or as a value but if the light is moving from Air
to glass at an angle you have another story first some of the light reflects we call this partial reflection
but most of the light refracts bends closer to the normal that's fine you draw normal here it then bends
away

57:15 from the normal again so it depends towards the normal bends away from them this is a
refraction but turns out there's a funny thing when it comes to the values of that change in speed and
angle this angle was around 30 degrees this is going to be approximately 20 degrees it's actually 19.

57:42 5 degrees but still if the angle here is 20 degrees goes back to 30. in other words the ray that's
incident on the glass block is parallel to the ray that leaves because the surfaces are parallel to each
other because the surfaces are parallel to each other all right speaking of which this is extended okay
there's a ratio that you have to memorize which is the ratio of the speed of light and air over the speed
of lighting glass it is also the ratio of the angles so when the speed changed from three to two and then
back to three the angles also
58:31 changed with roughly the same ratio with roughly the same ratio oh if you want uh there's a
question can you specify the angle of refraction here it is r this is also an angle of refraction outside of
the block bar this is an angle of incidence this is an angle of incidence the ratio of the speeds is the same
as the ratio of the angles so n is equal to speed of lightning air over speed of light in the medium or the
glass let's solve this as a quick example n equals speed of lightning air this is something we memorize 3
times 10 power

59:13 8. over speed of light and glass which was given the previous page 2 times 10 power 8. this gives
you an end of 1.5 an N of 1.5 literally translates to this that the speed of light in the air is 1.5 times faster
than the speed of light in the medium in the glass for example it just tells you how dense that Medium is
the larger the value of n the slower the speed will be in the glass bar okay then next what about the
index what is this refractive index when it comes to the angles it's the same thing it's the same thing it's
just the ratio

01:00:08 of sine the angle and error sign the angle in glass so as a follow-up question I can say
hey uh sorry the angle of incidence in the air in the previous question was 50 degrees so you've got light
incident on a glass surface at 50 degrees if the N is 1.5 just like we calculated find the angle of refraction
which is find the angle here inside the glass so it's quite simple n equals sine angle and error over sine
angle in the glass so n is 1.

01:00:49 5 which is equal to sine 50 over sine r so sine R is equal to sine 50 over 1.5 this gives us
let me plug these numbers in 0.51 amazing I'm no not done if you want the angle R you have to remove
the sign so you shift sign the answer that you get sine to the power this gives you an R of 30.7 degrees
or 31 degrees which is correct by the way because the angle should decrease if you're moving from Air
to Glass it should bend closer to the room yes this is only for extended C right one more thing there is
one special thing that does happen when light travels from

01:01:53 glass to air this is very important if light is traveling from last air meaning if you have a
ray of light that's incident on this glass block at 90 degrees and it hits the center this ray of light will
bend away from the norm like it won't be here it'll just simply Bend away from the norm and this is fine
but then if this angle increases a bit this angle must increase like it has to bend even further away from
because you can't just keep increasing this and the external rate doesn't change no that's the movement
so the

01:02:35 increase increase this rate will continue to increase increase increase in angle until it
eventually almost touches the glass surface so it was refracting normally so far until it almost touches
the glass surface this angle is called this angle is called the critical angle of incidents and this is around 42
degrees it depends on the material and we will see how we can find it in a bit but this angle is called the
critical angle it's the angle of incidence inside glass like when light is moving from glass to air that causes
the angle of

01:03:26 refraction in the air to become 90. so again what is the critical angle it is the angle of
incidence in glass or if the light is moving from glass to air that causes the angle of refraction to be ninth
very good the more important thing is what happens if you increase the angle of incidence even Beyond
this like what if you go even more well the ray of light has already like extended past this like it can't
move any further unless it goes inside the glass and it does if the angle of instance is greater than the
critical angle then the light will

01:04:26 simply reflect the light will simply reflect this occurs when the angle of incidence is
greater than the critical angle and this is called total internal reflection so again what is total internal
reflection it's the complete reflection of light inside a glass block like when it's moving from glass to air
when it's moving from glass to air that causes the light rate to completely reflect within the glass it acts
like a mirror the glass surface acts like a mirror but this has one condition the angle of instance has to be
greater than critical

01:05:18 greater than 42. 45 46 50 55 and it follows the roles of reflection just as fine angle of
instance equals angle of reflection no big deal all right yeah how do we find this critical angle like if I tell
you for example but hey uh you have a light right here touches the surface as it leaves you know that
this angle is 90.

01:05:54 you know that this angle is 90. then what's the angle inside it's called the critical angle I
don't know what the critical is but I do know that the angle of refraction the air is 90. and that the value
of n of this material is 1.5 we got it through some other means whether we measure different angles or
speed it doesn't matter if the N is 1.

01:06:22 5 and you want to find out the critical angle this is the formula that we use n is equal to
1 over sine C technically technically this is actually n equals sine 90 which is the angle in air over sine C
which is going but sine 90 gives you one n is called the refractive index don't forget this is the same
formula as before n equals n equal sign error over sine glass speed over speed so n is the refractive
index which is equal to sine 90 over sine C so n equals 1 over sine C so if I want C I'll say sine C equals
one over n which is 1 over 1.5 and

01:07:09 remember you're going to have to shift sign your answer so 1 divided by 1.5 shift sign
the answer this gives me value of C of 41.8 degrees which is almost 42. again you don't have to
memorize 42. you just have to memorize this thing over here n equals 1 over sine C again n is the
refractive index n is the refractive index don't forget it a lot of you keep forgetting what N means n is the
refractive index which is just the ratio of the speeds or the angles which shows you how dense the
material is optically

01:08:02 when it comes to light is this clear any other questions all right good finally let's talk
about dispersion of life this is when white light splits and stuff but wait what if you don't have white
light what if you have what we call monochromatic light monochromatic means light of one frequency
or a single frequency I can't even say one color even though the word chroma means color but I can't
say one color because actually the color red for example has multiple frequencies so when I say
monochromatic I own one

01:08:52 specific frequency as the light moves from Air to glass it bends closer to the normal and
then it bends away from the norm and that's fine this is just regular reflection the dispersion happens if
you get white light why because white light consists of seven different colors and each color has a
different frequency and a different wavelength so each color has a different index as in each color will
refract by a different amount so when you have array of white light it splits because every color refracts
this

01:09:47 is still a refraction by the way this is nothing special this is still refraction it's just that
every color has a different angle of refraction and it slows down differently so each color bends with a
different angle red is the color that bends the least because it has the lowest frequency whereas Violet
is the color that bends the most because it has the highest frequency the higher the frequency of a wave
the more it slows down inside the medium by the way and the smaller the frequency of a wave the less
it slows down inside a medium

01:10:28 as for y let's not get into it to be honest it's it's irrelevant to our discussion today so if
you pass white light through a prism it splits into the seven different colors Roy Gibble above red you
still have infrared assuming the source emits infrared waves or below Violet you have or above Violet
meaning you have ultraviolet because it has a high frequency than Pi so in the original block and that is
this version this is still called refraction by the way like the bending is still called refraction

01:11:09 dispersion is only when the light splits all right good and this is what it basically looks
like white light shining through you got your spectrum Roy you can tell by the way that you know Violet
isn't really purple it's just a very very dark shade of blue let's talk about reflection so what is reflection
reflection is when light hits the surface and comes back cool but if you're standing in front of a mirror
you end up seeing what we call an image you end up seeing what we call an image this image is
considered a virtual image
01:12:02 it is not real in other words it cannot be seen on a screen it's not actual light being
emitted from the mirror the mirror is just reflecting the light so it makes you think that there's an image
behind it when there isn't there's a difference between a virtual image which is an image that you
cannot see on a screen and a real image which you're looking at right now you're looking at the screen
whether it's your phone your laptop your TV whatever this is that you're looking at right now this is an
image that's in

01:12:35 front of you on the screen but it's called a real image because the image comes directly
from the screen itself the lights from the screen itself it's not the light hitting a surface reflecting to my
eyes and it makes me think the light comes from the mirror if they're different properties uh the images
are the same size same distance from the mirror they're upright they're not upside down and they're
laterally inverted meaning the right side becomes the left side and the left side becomes the right side
so

01:13:09 this is actually the right of the image this is the left of the image this is his right hand this
is his left hand and vice versa how do we draw question is every human who looks into a mirror
hallucinating absolutely yes exactly we're all crazy now how do we draw a ray diagram for a mirror let
me just show you the shortcut since we know the image supposed to be behind the mirror and at the
same distance from the object to the Mirror what we do is this we measure the distance here between
the object and the mirror then we take that same distance

01:14:05 behind the mirror and we Mark the image I'm just showing you a method which I used
to cheat and get this answer very quickly not the actual diagram let's erase this so the first thing you do
is you draw where the image is supposed to be if this is the object this is where the image would be
same distance and same position then draw any two light rays from the diagram from the object to the
mirror I don't care draw a normal here because light is supposed to hit the surface and reflect the light is
supposed to hit the surface

01:14:49 and reflect and then from the image draw a line to this point and extend it draw a line
from the image to this point and extend you don't even need a projector this diagram will be almost 100
accurate you don't need to draw the reflections accurately because this will draw the reflections
accurately for it so again step one step one we Mark where the image is it's the same distance between
it and the object between the image and lever I'm sorry the object in the mirror image in the mirror all
right

01:15:38 so yes the question literally asks you hey draw a ray diagram to find the position of the
image so like I said we're cheating we're marking the image first after we Mark the image we draw these
rays and then from the image we draw two more rays the actual two rays passing through the mirror
itself where it reflects good and this is what it looks like if you've drawn it proper finally then this is the
last thing we'll discuss for tonight and with this will finish unit 3.

01:16:22 let's talk about lenses and I mean lenses like the ones I'm wearing they're just pieces of
glass that are shaped a certain way some of them are thin from the edges and thick in the middle called
convex lenses like so and some of them are thick from the ends but thin in the middle this is called a
concave lens or a Divergence first let's talk about converging lenses or what we call convex lenses the
whole idea of a convex or converging lens is that if flight rates are parallel to each other as they strike
the full the the lens

01:17:06 the light rays will bend due to refraction this is just regular refraction due to refraction
they will bend but because of the shape of the lens they all pass through the same point before moving
along forward along their way this point where they meet is called the focal point this is the point where
if light rays are parallel to each other like from the Sun hit the lens they will pass through that focal point
if you do this with sunlight you can focus sunlight and burn stuff but that's not our Focus for today

01:17:46 if you take an object that's emitting light and you have it passed like through a lens the
light rays will focus the light rays will focus somewhere in the air because you know that's the focal point
and then create an image on a screen for us then create a big image on the screen for us this image will
always be inverted because if you take a look at this diagram the light rays from the top of the object or
hitting the top of the lens go down and the lighter is hitting the bottom of the lens go up so the

01:18:24 image itself gets flipped over not to mention this is a real image why because the light is
literally on a screen it's not just reflection of a mirror it's actually light on a screen one more thing just
just one more thing here something I need to point out clear this the distance that we clear the starters
the distance between the center of the lens and our focal point is called the focal length or the focal
distance and there are always two focal points for a lens one on the left and one on the right

01:19:09 because lenses are symmetrical it doesn't matter which side the light decides to go
through depends on us so it will focus and produce images either way how do we draw the ray diagram
follow my steps very closely before I show you the final results for any case you have step number one
draw array from the top of the object that's horizontal and Strikes the middle of the lens step number
two it needs to go through the focal point now you might be wondering where is the focal point you
mister he didn't tell me well he will

01:19:48 either mark it for you or he will tell you for example that the focal length or the distance
is two centimeters for example and every one square on this diagram is one centimeter so from the
center of the lens you count two centimeters so it's one and two and you mark that is your phone so
you will either mark it for you which is what he'll do most of the time or he'll just draw a focal point like
he'll give you sorry the focal length when you find that so Ray number one from the top of the object
which is the arrow over here from

01:20:32 the top of the object draw a horizontal line until it hits the center of the lens and then
from the center of the lens have it pass through focal point to where to infinity and beyond Buzz
Lightyear Style step number two we need a second Ray to intersect with the first tray in order to
produce an image you have two options first option is to pass through from the top of the object
through the center of the lens perfectly through the center and that will continue without bending if
you've drawn this correctly they

01:21:10 should intersect here this is your image I a third Ray which is possible by the way you
don't have to draw it you can choose not to draw it passes through the focal point first until it hits what
pass through the focal point first until it hits the center of the lens and then it leaves horizontal it's
basically the mirror opposite of the first tray if the first Ray is a horizontal rate that hits the center of the
lens that goes through the focal point this one pass through the focal point first and then it left

01:21:51 horizontally either way no matter what you draw this image should be real should be
inverted but the size of the image will change depending on where [Music] you put the object
depending on where you put the object right so you can either move the object close or farther right I
have three cases that you need to memorize case number one if you put the object very close to the
lens but not beyond the focal point like not between the focus components if you move the object
closer the image becomes bigger and magnified me

01:22:39 and farther away this is what we use for a projector by the way we're in the same if you
have if you move the object far away from the lens really far away from the lungs in the focal point the
light rays will intersect and give you a smaller image so the image is smaller and closer and this is what
we use foray camera like the whole point of a camera or a camera's lens no matter what type of lens it is
is to take in light from a very large object that's far away from it and squish it down to a very small

01:23:22 size so it can fit on the sensor that gives you the there's only one case in a converging
lens or a convex lens that gives us a virtual image and that's if you put the object between the focal
point and the loss it's the only case if you put the object between the focal point and the lens if you try
to draw these rays this goes through the focal point this goes through the center they will never meet so
you have to extend the Rays backwards and if you do this is just like what you've done in a mirror

01:24:11 the light rays reflect and then they're extended the backwards why to find where the
images so going back to lenses if you move the object very close to the lens between the focal point and
the lens the image becomes virtual and it appears behind the object this is what we call a magnifying
let's chill you put it on top of something you look through the lens and you see a much bigger image this
is the only one that's for the rest are real very good yeah one more lens and it's application instead of a
converging lens we have

01:25:03 another thing called a diverging lens which is called a concave lens the word to diverge
means to move things farther apart so if you're diverging light this means that if the lighters are
horizontal or parallel like they were in a convex lens they move further away instead right that's why it's
called the diverging lens the Rays Bend away from the center line not towards the focal point here but
they always bend so that their extensions pass through the focal point that's why it's called divert
moving the

01:25:46 Rays away from each other and not towards each other there are obviously before I talk
about the applications here's the quick gray diagram for diverging lens even though you won't really
need it still first horizontal line from the top of the object to the center of the lens and then this will
bend away or diverge it will diverge according to where the focal point is because even though it's
moving away from the center because of the shape of the glass and how it bends the extension still has
to pass to the focal point

01:26:30 right very good so that's the first try secondary just pass through that Center of terms
do you see where they intersect yeah you see where they intersect here so diverging lenses do produce
an image but it's very small and it's very close to the lens it has its applications all right so you could say
that this thing is diminished or any other description [Music] then what's the difference really somebody
lasted somebody who's long-sighted and short side people who are long-sighted not me can see things
very far away but they

01:27:29 struggle with things that they have to look up close and look closer the other word they
can't see it properly now here's the reason why when something is really close to your eyes and your
eyes are very good at seeing very long distances that's because the light rays that are coming from the
object get focused very far from your dragon if the objects are far away sure the light race meets at your
refill and produce an image if not however what do we do people who are alongside what do we do we
use a lens

01:28:13 reading glasses essentially with the convex lens does is that it helps the light rays Focus
all right at the correct spot so it's just focusing the light so since my eyes if I'm alongside my eyes cannot
focus the lens far enough we need to put a lens in here so it can focus the light for me so that when it
hits my retina I can Secret the opposite is true for folks like me who are short-sighted like I do not see
long distances at all I'm very good at seeing things that are up close with or without my glasses
01:29:02 but I struggled seeing things far away things are very far away light rays are often
patented and the problem with my lens my disc length that's in my side of my mind is that it's way too
strong at focusing stuff it's way too strong at focuses people so it doesn't create an image on the retina
it just creates something blurry on Direct so if the problem with short-sightedness is that they focus too
hard like their eyes are focusing too hard then what do we do we spread them further apart you spread
them farther apart

01:29:51 so we can give them enough time to focus so that they can travel a bit further and focus
on the rep so again how do you correct short-sightedness you use a diverging lens because you spread it
out a bit before they converge very hard whereas how do you correct long-sightedness if their issue with
their issue is that they don't see things that are up close because their eyes don't focus it fast enough we
pre-focus it for them so the purpose of the lens a convex lens is to pre-focus the light going into your
eyes represent the

01:30:35 diverging lens is to just help you understand what is that if my eyes are focusing things
too hard diverging lens diverges them a bit before they go into my eyes so even though my eyes are like
super strong at focusing and they want to focus it here because they're originally moving away from
each other they focus at the retina itself very good and we are Ledon complete game anyway we're
done with unit three hope you enjoy the evening goodbye