Learning Guide

Information sheet Uc9

Conducting loop check Level IV
MODULE DESCRIPTION: This module describes the knowledge, skills and attitudes needed to check
instrumentation and control loops (feedback loops in process controls).

MODULE CONTENTS:
At the end of this module the trainer will be able to
 Plan and prepare for loop checking control systems
 Conduct loop checking
 Test checked control systems

LO1: Plan and prepare for loop checking control systems

Definition and types of control system

Control – Control means measuring the value of controlled variable of the system and applying the manipulated
variable to the system to correct or limit the deviation of the measured value from a desired value.
Control is a set of technologies that achieves desired patterns of variations of operational parameters and
sequences for machines and systems by providing the input signals necessary.

Examples of Control Applications

 Aircraft autopilot
 Disk drive read-write head positioning system
 Robot arm control system
 Automobile cruise control system etc.
A plant performs a particular operation. It is the physical object to be controlled

Process – The device, plant, or system under control. The input and output relationship represents the cause-
and-effect relationship of the process.

A process is any operation to be controlled. Processes can be chemical, economic, biological, etc.

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Conducting loop check Level IV
PROCESS
Process as used in the terms process control and process industry, refers to the methods of changing or refining
raw materials to create end products.

The raw materials, which either pass through or remain in a liquid, gaseous, or slurry (a mix of solids and liquids)
state during the process,
are transferred,
measured,
mixed,
heated or cooled,
filtered, stored, or handled in some other way to produce the end product.
Process industries include the chemical industry, the oil and gas industry, the food and beverage industry, the
pharmaceutical industry, the water treatment industry, and the power industry.

PROCESS CONTROL
Process control refers to the methods that are used to control process variables when manufacturing a product.
For example, factors such as the proportion of one ingredient to another, the temperature of the materials, how
well the ingredients are mixed, and the pressure under which the materials are held can significantly impact the
quality of an end product.

Manufacturers control the production process for three reasons:

_ Reduce variability
_ Increase efficiency
_ Ensure safety
Reduce Variability
Process control can reduce variability in the end product, which ensures a consistently high-quality product.
Manufacturers can also save money by reducing variability.

Reducing variability can also save money by reducing the need for product padding to meet required product
specifications.

Padding refers to the process of making a product of higher-quality than it needs to be to meet specifications.
When there is variability in the end product (i.e., when process control is poor), manufacturers are forced to pad
the product to ensure that specifications are met, which adds to the cost.

With accurate, dependable process control, the set point (desired or optimal point) can be moved closer to the
actual product specification and thus save the manufacturer money.

Increase Efficiency
Some processes need to be maintained at a specific point to maximize efficiency.
For example, a control point might be the temperature at which a chemical reaction takes place.

Accurate control of temperature ensures process efficiency.

Manufacturers save money by minimizing the resources required to produce the end product.

Ensure Safety
A run-away process, such as an out-of-control nuclear or chemical reaction, may result if manufacturers do not
maintain precise control of all of the process variables.
The consequences of a run-away process can be catastrophic.
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Conducting loop check Level IV
Precise process control may also be required to ensure safety.
For example, maintaining proper boiler pressure by controlling the inflow of air used in combustion and the
outflow of exhaust gases is crucial in preventing boiler implosions that can clearly threaten the safety of workers.

WHAT IS PROCESS CONTROL?

Process control refers to the control of one or more system parameters, such as
 temperature,
 flow rate or position.

While most systems are a continual process, such as maintaining a temperature, other processes may be a sequence
of actions, for example, the assembly of a product.

Control systems can be very simple or very complex. Figure 1-1 is a block diagram of a simple continuous control
system. For control of the process, an input (such as a set point control or switch) is required into the controller.
Based on the input, the controller will drive an actuator to cause the desired effect on the process.

Process control is the automatic control of an output variable by sensing the amplitude of the output parameter
from the process and comparing it to the desired or set level and feeding an error signal back to control an input
variable— in this case steam.

Common terms and concepts relating to process control are defined in this section.
Describe the three tasks necessary for process control to occur:
• Measure
• Compare
• Adjust
_ Define the following terms:
• Process variable
• Set point
• Manipulated variable
• Measured variable
• Error
• Offset
THREE TASKS
Control loops in the process control industry work in the same way, requiring three tasks to occur:
_ Measurement
_ Comparison
_ Adjustment
In Figure 7.1, a level transmitter (LT) measures the level in the tank and transmits a signal associated with the level
reading to a controller (LIC).

The controller compares the reading to a predetermined value, in this case, the maximum tank level established
by the plant operator, and finds that the values are equal.
The controller then sends a signal to the device that can bring the tank level back to a lower level—a valve at the
bottom of the tank.

The valve opens to let some liquid out of the tank.

Many different instruments and devices may or may not be used in control loops (e.g., transmitters, sensors,
controllers, valves, pumps), but the three tasks of measurement, comparison, and adjustment are always present.

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process
control has its
own set of common terms that you should be familiar with and that you will use when talking about control
technology.

PROCESS VARIABLE
A process variable is a condition of the process fluid (a liquid or gas) that can change the manufacturing process in some
way.

In the example of you sitting by the fire, the process variable was temperature.
In the example of the tank in Figure 7.1, the process variable is level. Common process variables include:
_ Pressure
_ Flow
_ Level
_ Temperature
_ Density
_ Ph (acidity or alkalinity)
_ Liquid interface (the relative amounts of different liquids that are combined in a vessel)
_ Mass
_ Conductivity

SETPOINT
The set point is a value for a process variable that is desired to be maintained. For example, if a process
temperature needs to kept within 5 °C of 100 °C, then the set point is 100 °C.

A temperature sensor can be used to help maintain the temperature at set point.
The sensor is inserted into the process, and a controller compares the temperature reading from the sensor to the
set point.

If the temperature reading is 110 °C, then the controller determines that the process is above set point and signals
the fuel valve of the burner to close slightly until the process cools to 100 °C.
Set points can also be maximum or minimum values. For example, level in tank cannot exceed 20 fee

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Conducting loop check Level IV
MEASURED VARIABLES, PROCESS VARIABLES, AND MANIPULATED VARIABLES
In the temperature control loop example, the measured variable is temperature, which must be held close to 100
°C.

In this example and in most instances, the measured variable is also the process variable.
The measured variable is the condition of the process fluid that must be kept at the designated set point.
Sometimes the measured variable is not the same as the process variable.

For example, a manufacturer may measure flow into and out of a storage tank to determine tank level.
In this scenario, flow is the measured variable, and the process fluid level is the process variable.
The factor that is changed to keep the measured variable at set point is called the manipulated variable.
In the example described, the manipulated variable would also be flow (Figure 7.2).

ERROR
Error is the difference between the measured variable and the set point and can be either positive or negative.
In the temperature control loop example, the error is the difference between the 110 °----- measured variable and
the 100 °C set point—that is, the error is +10 °C.

The objective of any control scheme is to minimize or eliminate error.

Therefore, it is imperative that error be well understood. Any error can be seen as having three major components.
These three components are shown in the figure on the following page

Magnitude
The magnitude of the error is simply the deviation between the values of the set point and the process variable.
The magnitude of error at any point in time compared to the previous error provides the basis for determining the
change in error.
The change in error is also an important value.

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Duration
Duration refers to the length of time that an error condition has existed

OFFSET
Offset is a sustained deviation of the process variable from the set point.
In the temperature control loop example, if the control system held the process fluid at 100.5 °C consistently, even
though the set point is 100 °C, then an offset of 0.5 °C exists.

LOAD DISTURBANCE
A load disturbance is an undesired change in one of the factors that can affect the process variable.
In the temperature control loop example, adding cold process fluid to the vessel would be a load disturbance
because it would lower the temperature of the process fluid.

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Control Terminology
controlled variables - these are the variables which quantify the performance or quality of the final product,
which are also called output variables.

manipulated variables - these input variables are adjusted dynamically to keep the controlled variables at their
set-points.
disturbance variables - these are also called "load" variables and represent input variables that can cause the
controlled variables to deviate from their respective set points.

Control means measuring the value of the controlled variable of the system and applying the manipulated variable
to the system to correct or limit deviation of the measured value from a desired value.

A plant performs a particular operation. It is the physical object to be controlled

A process is any operation to be controlled. Processes can be chemical, economic, biological, etc.

A system is a combination of components that act together and perform a certain objective.

A disturbance is a signal that adversely affects the value of the output of a system. May be internal or external.

Feedback control refers to an operation that, in the presence of disturbances, tends to reduce the difference
between the output of a system and some reference input and does so on the basis of the difference.

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set-
point change - implementing a change in the operating conditions.
The set-point signal is changed and the manipulated variable is adjusted appropriately to achieve the new
operating conditions. Also called servomechanism (or "servo") control.

disturbance change - the process transient behavior when a disturbance enters, also called regulatory control or
load change.
A control system should be able to return each controlled variable back to its set-point.

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What is a Control System?
A control System is a device, or set of devices to manage, command, direct or regulate the behaviour of other
device(s) or system(s).

A control system is an interconnection of components forming a system configuration to provide a desired

system response.

Control System – An interconnection of components forming a system configuration that will provide a desired
response.

• A system Controlling the operation of another system.

A system that can regulate itself and another system

What is a system?
A collection of components that interact with one another and with their environment.

Some examples of systems.

Human beings, mechanical devices, an electrical switch, plants, animals, the atmosphere, the stock market, the
political system, etc.

Control systems are made up of components each of which

• Have input and output signal(s) (Examples of signals: position, velocity, acceleration, temperature, voltage,
current, concentration, etc.)

• Process their inputs to produce their outputs (outputs are caused by the interaction of the input and the
component)

• Are described by differential equations

Engineers produce mathematical models of the components so they can design controllers

Definitions

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Disturbances– A disturbance is a signal that tends to adversely affect the value of the system.

 It is an unwanted input of the system.

• If a disturbance is generated within the system, it is called internal disturbance.

• While an external disturbance is generated outside the system.

General Control System

Control System Components

i. System, plant or process
– To be controlled
ii. Actuators
– Converts the control signal to a power signal
iii. Sensors
– Provides measurement of the system output
iv. Reference input
– Represents the desired output

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Advantages of the Control Systems

We build control systems for four primary reasons

1.Poweramplification

2.Remotecontrol

3.Convenienceof in put form

4.Compensationof the disturbances

Elevators

a. Early elevators were controlled by hand ropes or an elevator operator.

Here, a rope is cut to demonstrate the safety brake, an innovation in early elevators;
b. Modern Duo-lift elevators make their way up the Grande Archie Paris, driven by one motor, with each car
counterbalancing the other.
Today, elevators are fully automatic, using control systems to regulate position and velocity.

The Control System Engineer

The control engineer can be found at the top level of large projects.

Many engineers are engaged in only on area , such as circuit design or software development.

However, as a control system engineer, you may find your self working in a broad arena.

For example, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, computer engineering, mathematics and physics.

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Response Characteristics and System Configurations
As note deadlier , a control system provides an out put or response for a given in put or stimulus.
The in put represents a desired response, the out put is actual response.
Let’s study on the elevator response.

One can see the difference between input command and elevator response.
Some factors make the out put different from the input.

Note that the response curve change sinstantaneously at some region.

This response region is called“ Transient Response”.

After the transient response, system approaches its “Steady-State Response”.

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Computer Controlled Systems
In many modern systems, the controller(or compensator) is a digital computer.

The advantage of using a compute ris that many loops can be controlled or compensated by the same computer
through time sharing.

Furthermore, any adjustments of the compensator parameters required to yield a desired response can be made by
changes in software rather than hardware.

Analysis and Design Objectives

Let’s define our an alysis and design objectives

1.) Transient Response: We analyze the system for its existing transient response.

We then adjust parameters or design components to yield desired transient response.

(this is our first analysis and design objective)

2.) Steady-State Response :We are concerned about the accuracy of steady-state response.

We analyze system’s steady-state error, and then design corrective action to reduce steady-state error.

(this is our second analysis and design objective)

3.) Stability :Discussion of transient response and steady state error is moot if the system does not have stability!
For a linear system, we can write;

Total response= Natural response+ Forced response

For a control systems to be useful, then a tural response must eventually approach to zero, thus leaving only the

forced response

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DESIGN PROCESS
Figure1.11 shows the design process step by step

Step 1:Determinethespecificationssuchas transient response, steady-state error.

Step 2 :Draw a functional block diagram and show interconnections of components

Step 3 :Create a schematic and transform physical system to a schematic diagram

Step 4 :Develop a mathematical model. Once schematic is drawn, designer uses physical laws, such as Kirchoff’s
laws for electrical network

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Step 5 :Reduce the block diagram using some reduction techniques to avoid unnecessary calculations

Step 6 :Analyze and design the system.

Engineer analyzes the system to see if the response specifications and performance requirements can be met simple
adjustments of system parameters.

If specification can not be met, the designer then designs additional hardware in order to effect a desired
performance.

The engineer usually elects stand art test in puts to analyze the system performance.

These inputs are shown in Table1.1

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Types of Control System
• Natural Control System

– Universe

– Human Body
• Manmade Control System

– Vehicles

-Aeroplanes
• Manual Control Systems

– Room Temperature regulation Via Electric Fan

– Water Level Control

Type of systems
Control system configuration can be categorized into two:

1)Open-Loop

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Open-Loop Control System
Open-Loop Control Systems utilize a controller or control actuator to obtain the desired response. • Output has no
effect on the control action.

• In other words output is neither measured nor fed back.

Examples:- Washing Machine, Toaster, Electric Fan

Since in open loop control systems reference input is not compared with measured output, for each reference input
there is fixed operating condition.

• Therefore, the accuracy of the system depends on calibration.

• The performance of open loop system is severely affected by the presence of disturbances, or variation in
operating/ environmental conditions.

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Closed-Loop Control Systems

Closed-Loop Control Systems utilizes feedback to compare the actual output to the desired output response.

Examples:- Refrigerator, Iron

Feedback Control System Types of Control System

• A system that maintains a prescribed relationship between the output and some reference input by comparing
them and using the difference (i.e. error) as a means of control is called a feedback control system.

Feedback can be positive or negative

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Closed-loop system

Transient response and steady-state error can be controlled by redesigning the controller.
The process of redesigning is called compensating the system and the resulting hardware is a compensator

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Open loop vs. Closed-loop system
• How do we choose OL or CL? – Criticality of application
• The need to monitor output
• The need to control the output
• The need for reduced error or zero error
• Cost / budget
• Safety

Types of Control System

Multivariable Control System

Servo System
A Servo System (or servomechanism) is a feedback control system in which the output is some mechanical
position, velocity or acceleration.

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Types of Control System
Adaptive Control System
• The dynamic characteristics of most control systems are not constant for several reasons.
• The effect of small changes on the system parameters is attenuated in a feedback control system.
• An adaptive control system is required when the changes in the system parameters are significant.

Learning Control System

• A control system that can learn from the environment it is operating is called a learning control system.

Classification of Control Systems

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Linear Vs Nonlinear Control System
• A Control System in which output varies linearly with the input is called a linear control system.

y (t )=3 u (t )+5
u(t) Process y(t) y (t )=−2u(t )+1

y=-2*u(t)+1
5
y=3*u(t)+5
35
0
30

25 -5

y(t)
y(t)

20
-10
15
-15
10

5 -20
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
u(t) u(t)

Linear Vs Nonlinear Control System

• Linear control System Does not exist in practice.

• Linear control systems are idealized models fabricated by the analyst purely for the simplicity of analysis and
design.

• When the magnitude of signals in a control system are limited to range in which system components exhibit
linear characteristics the system is essentially linear.

Time invariant vs Time variant

When the characteristics of the system do not depend upon time itself then the system is said to time invariant
control system.

Time varying control system is a system in which one or more parameters vary with time.

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Continuous Data Vs Discrete Data System
• In continuous data control system all system variables are function of a continuous time t.

A discrete time control system involves one or more variables that are known only at discrete time intervals.

Deterministic vs Stochastic Control System

• A control System is deterministic if the response to input is predictable and repeatable.

If not, the control system is a stochastic control system

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Types of Control System
Adaptive Control System

• The dynamic characteristics of most control systems are not constant for several reasons.

• The effect of small changes on the system parameters is attenuated in a feedback control system.

• An adaptive control system is required when the changes in the system parameters are significant.

Learning Control System

• A control system that can learn from the environment it is operating is called a learning control system.

Classification of Control Systems

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Transmitters

Introduction
• In spite of the wide variety of uses for transmitters, from toys to broadcasting transmitters, there are only a
few topologies that are used in their design

Transmitter Requirements

• A transmitter must generate a signal with the following criteria:

– The correct modulation type

– Must have sufficient power

– Must generate at the correct carrier frequency

– Should be reasonably efficient

Frequency Accuracy and Stability

• The accuracy and stability of the transmitter is fixed by the carrier oscillator
• Exact requirements are determined by the application of the transmitter and by regulatory agencies

Frequency Agility
• Frequency agility is the ability to change operating frequency rapidly, without extensive retuning

• Broadcast transmitters are rarely retuned

• Other services, such as CB, require rapid and accurate retuning to other channels

Spectral Purity
• Spectral purity is a measure of the spurious signals generated by a transmitter
• All transmitters generate frequencies other than the carrier and the sidebands required for the modulation
scheme in use
• All frequencies except the assigned transmitting frequency must be filtered out to avoid interference with other
transmissions

Power Output
• There are a number of ways to measure transmitter power, depending upon the modulation scheme employed
• Transmitters for full-carrier AM are rated in terms of carrier power
• Suppressed-carrier AM transmitters are rated by peak-envelope power (PEP)

• FM transmitters are rated by total power output

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Efficiency
• There are two important reasons for efficient transmitter operation:

– Most obvious is energy conservation

– Power that enters the transmitter but does not exit via the transmitter output is converted into heat

– Large amounts of heat require significant amounts of additional hardware to remove the heat, adding to
the cost of the equipment

Modulation Fidelity
• An ideal communication system allows the original information signal to be recovered exactly, except for a
time delay
• Compression is often used to raise the overall modulation level of the signal
• Compression distorts the overall dynamic range of the original signal, but results in an improved signal-to-
noise ratio
• Other types of distortion such as intermediation and harmonic distortion must also be kept at a minimum

Transmitter Topology
• The figure at the right shows the block diagrams of some typical transmitters
• There are many varieties of transmitters but most are based upon these structures

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AM Transmitters
• AM transmitters are a “mature” technology, but are still in widespread use
• Examples include:

– Standard AM broadcast stations

– CB radio

– VHF aircraft radio

AM Transmitter Stages
• All of the stages of a transmitter (except the power amplifier and possibly the driver) operate at low power
levels

• This part of the transmitter, exclusive of the power-handling stages, is called the exciter

• Other transmitter components include:

– The oscillator stage

– The buffer and multiplier stages

– The driver stage

– The power amplifier/modulator

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Output Impedance Matching
• Most practical transmitters are designed to operate into a 50- Ohm resistive load to match the impedance of
the coaxial cable that is used to carry the power to the transmitter

• Transmitter output circuitry must be designed to transform the standard load resistance at the output terminal
to whatever is required by the active device or devices

Narrowband Output Circuits

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Elements of a CB Transceiver
• The oscillator is a frequency synthesizer
• The audio circuitry consists of a microphone pre-amplifier, followed by an IC amplifier
• The output circuit for the final amplifier is similar to a T network

Modern AM Transmitter Design

• AM transmitters have been built since the invention of the vacuum tube and their design has changed little
• There are some new approaches that are now in use
• High-power AM transmitters are large and expensive because of the power handled
• Recent efforts to improve AM transmitters include the development of high-power solid-state power
amplifiers and the use of pulse-duration modulation and switching amplifiers in the modulation process

Modern AM Technologies
• Solid-state RF power amplifiers
• Pulse-duration modulators
• Digital amplitude modulation

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Power Amplification
• Power amplification in a SSB transmitter must be linear
• SSB typically uses much lower power levels than are found in commercial AM broadcast transmitters as SSB
is usually used for point-to-point communications

FM Transmitters
• FM Transmitters typically use the following components and configurations:

– Direct-FM Modulators

– Frequency Multipliers

– Phase-Locked Loop FM Generators

– Indirect-FM Modulators

– Digital FM Modulators

Transmitter Power Measurements

• Power measurements are typically quite ordinary but require attention to safety in doing so

• High voltages and the possibility of RF burns are dangers to the technician

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What is an indicator?
An Indicator is…
 a variable (its value changes)
 that measures (objective calculation of value)
 key elements of a program or project
 Inputs, processes, outputs, outcomes
It is a marker of accomplishment/progress.
It is a specific, observable, and measurable accomplishment or change that shows the progress made toward
achieving a specific output or outcome in your logic model or work plan.

Indicators provide critical M&E data at every level (and stage) of program implementation
 Inputs, Process
 Was the program carried out as planned?
 How well was it carried out?
 Outputs, Results
 Did the expected change occur?
 How much change occurred?
 Outcome, Impact
 Has the outcome changed in desired direction?
 Does the change signal program “success”?

Common examples of indicators include: participation rates, attitudes, individual behaviors, incidence and
prevalence.
The indicators you select should answer your evaluation questions and help you determine whether or not your
program objectives have been achieved.

Logic Model Indicators

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How do you develop appropriate indicators?

1. Involve your program stakeholders in indicator development.

Bring stakeholders together to identify meaningful indicators.
This will help ensure the buy-in for your evaluation findings.
Consider consulting existing literature and other relevant resources to assist with identifying indicators.

2. Review evaluation questions and use your logic model as a template to develop indicators.
Link process indicators to your logic model outputs, Link outcome indicators to your logic model outcomes.

3.Review indicators to ensure they are specific, observable, and measurable Example
: “The proportion of gonorrhea cases among women 14–19 years of age interviewed within 7 days from the date
of specimen collection” Specific:
“gonorrhea cases among women 14–19 years of age” Observable
: “interviewed within 7 days from the date of specimen collection” Measurable: “proportion of gonorrhea cases”

4. Include baseline data for inputs and outcomes if you are trying to measure change.

For example, increased adherence of clinical staff to STD guidelines from time period 1 to time period 2.

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5. Conducting loop check Level IV
Determine whether the indicators:
•Provide useful information that can measure processes and outcomes and answer evaluation questions
•Are feasible in terms of data availability and timely data collection
•Are adequate to capture the information you need.

You may need to develop more than one indicator, but avoid creating too many indicators because they can
detract from the evaluation’s goals.

Keep in mind, some information that is important to track may not have indicators associated with them.

For example, some aspect of the program may be qualitative (e.g. describing the nature of a partnership).
Sometimes what is important isn’t always quantifiable.

Characteristics of good indicators

 Valid: accurate measure of a behavior, practice or task

 Reliable: consistently measurable in the same way by different observers

 Comparable: can be measured in different contexts or time periods

 Non-directional: subjective criteria not part of definition

 Precise: operationally defined in clear terms

 Measurable: quantifiable using available tools and methods

 Timely: provides a measurement at time intervals relevant and appropriate in terms of program goals and
activities

 Programmatically important: linked to a public health impact or to achieving the objectives that are
needed for impact

 Precise: operationally defined in clear terms

 Measurable: quantifiable using available tools and methods

 Timely: provides a measurement at time intervals relevant and appropriate in terms of program goals and
activities

 Programmatically important: linked to a public health impact or to achieving the objectives that are
needed for impact

TTLM Development Date: 2015

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 Learning Guide
Information sheet Uc9
Conducting loop check Level IV
Common Indicator Metrics
 Counts
 # of providers trained
 # of condoms distributed
 Calculations: percentages, rates, ratios
 % of facilities with trained provider
 % of FSW who used a condom at last sex with a client
 Index, composite measures
 Index on infection control prevention
 DALY (Disability Adjusted Life Years)
 Thresholds
 Presence, absence
 Pre-determined level or standard

Limitations
All indicators have limitations, even those
commonly used:
 Blood safety: cannot monitor private facilities adequately
 Sexual behavior (e.g. condom use, number of partners): self reporting bias

 Sera-surveillance: get biased population (pregnant women and other populations)

 Population-based HIV prevalence: refusal bias , sampling bias

1.What does a control system do?

Control: To maintain desired conditions in a physical system by adjusting selected variables in the system.
In control Systems:
• A specific value or range is used as a desired value for the controlled variable
• The conditions of the system are measured
• Each system has a control calculation or algorithm
• The results of calculation are implemented by final control element

Control Types
• Feedback Control; uses direct measurements of the controlled variables to adjust the values of the
manipulated variables. The objective is to keep the control variables at desired levels.
• Feed forward Control; uses direct measurement of the disturbances to adjust the values of the manipulated
variables. The objective is to keep the controlled output variables at desired levels.
• Cascade Control; different combinations of two types

2. Why is Control Necessary?

There are two main reasons for control.
 The first reason for control is to maintain the measured variable at its desired value when disturbances occur.
 The second reason for control is to respond to changes in the “desired value”.
In the analysis of plant operation the desired values are determined by control objectives.

TTLM Development Date: 2015

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Information sheet Uc9
3. Conducting loop check Level IV
Why is Control Possible?
 The proper design of plant equipment is essential for plant control to be possible and for control to provide good
dynamic performance.
 Sensors should be
• Correct
• Fast
• With enough capacity.
which are based on adequate equipment design.

4. How is Control Done?

A process can be controlled either by human beings manually or by necessary instrumentation automatically.
• Automobile driving example; feedback control by human action
• Most automatic control is implemented with electronic equipment which uses levels of current or voltage to
represent values to be communicated.

PROCESS CONTROL LAWS !

First Law: The best control system is the simplest one that will do the job.
Second Law: You must understand the process before you can control it.
Third Law: The control is never possible if the mathematical model can not be developed.

Behavior of System Variables

1. In process control two types of variables exist
i. Manipulated variables, which can be adjusted
ii. Controlled variables, which are affected by the adjustments.
2. There exists a specified range for the variables.
3. The effectiveness of control to maintain the process at desired conditions depends on;
i. Sign and magnitude of response
ii. Speed of response
iii. Shape of response

TTLM Development Date: 2015

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BY: Gizaw Tadesse