G 类阅读 -III

细节题 -infer
SEBASTIAN
infer 题的题干

The passage indicates/suggests/implies...

It can be inferred (from the passage) that...
The author of the passage would probably agree with
which of the following...
Information in the passage suggests that XX would...
思路： infer 的题大多数是硬题，需要：回原文 - 理解 - 对比答案 - 选择
题型 -I

细节 -based 推断
关键词—定位（同义替换）—整理核心事实—比较选项 （同义替换）
The argument for “monetizing”—or putting a monetary value on—ecosystem functions may be stated thus: Concern about the
depletion of natural resources is widespread, but this concern, in the absence of an economic argument for conservation, has not
translated into significant conservational progress. Some critics blame this impasse on environmentalists, whom they believe fail
to address the economic issues of environmental degradation. Conservation can appear unprofitable when compared with the
economic returns derived from converting natural assets (pristine coastlines, for example) into explicitly commercial ones (such as
resort hotels). But according to David Pearce, that illusion stems from the fact that “services” provided by ecological systems are
not traded on the commodities market, and thus have no readily quantifiable value. To remedy this, says Pearce, one has to show
that all ecosystems have economic value—indeed, that all ecological services are economic services. Tourists visiting wildlife
preserves, for example, create jobs and generate income for national economies; undisturbed forests and wetlands regulate water
runoff and act as water-purifying systems, saving millions of dollars worth of damage to property and to marine ecosystems. In
Gretchen Daily’s view, monetization, while unpopular with many environmentalists, reflects the dominant role that economic
considerations play in human behavior, and the expression of economic value in a common currency helps inform environmental
decision-making processes.

Which of the following can be inferred from the passage concerning the environmentalists mentioned in line 8 ?
A. They are organized in opposition to the generation of income produced by the sale of ecological services.
B. They are fewer in number but better organized and better connected to the media than their opponents.
C. They have sometimes been charged with failing to use a particular strategy in their pursuit of conservational goals.
D. They have been in the forefront of publicizing the extent of worldwide environmental degradation.
E. They define environmental progress differently and more conservatively than do other organized groups of environmentalists.
回原文：

通过题干中指示的位置回原文找到 environmentalists ，发现原文中他们被 blamed for a impasse, 于是回过去看看这个 impasse 是什么：“ in the
absence of an economic argument for conservation, has not translated into significant conservational progress ” 大概指的是如果没有经济的论据支撑
很难实现。后边也提到了： fail to address the economic issues of environmental degradation. 所以答案中应该出现的是缺乏考虑经济的因素。

比较选项：

A. They are organized in opposition to the generation of income produced by the sale of ecological services. （无法推出是有组织地进行反对这个经
济利益的）

B. They are fewer in number but better organized and better connected to the media than their opponents. （整句话的内容都无法在原文中找到或者
推出🙅）

C. They have sometimes been charged with failing to use a particular strategy in their pursuit of conservational goals （注意⚠️：这里的同义替换把原
文中的 address the economic issues 变成了 use a particular strategy, 如果没有理解到其实是一回事就容易认为此项是错的。👍）

D. They have been in the forefront of publicizing the extent of worldwide environmental degradation. （这项很可能是一个事实，但是和文中的核
心事实是无关的🙅）

E. They define environmental progress differently and more conservatively than do other organized groups of environmentalists. （这里
environmentalists 用的是零冠词，所以指的是 general 的一个概念，所以不会用来区分一些和另一些的不同）

TIP ：回原文找到依据然后进行比较，要尊重核心事实，另外要对正确选项中的同义替换有正确理解！
 Much research has been devoted to investigating what motivates consumers to try new products. Previous consumer research suggests that
both the price of a new product and the way it is advertised affect consumers’ perceptions of the product’s performance risk (the
possibility that the product will not function as consumers expect and/or will not provide the desired benefits). Some of this research has
concluded that a relatively high price will reduce a consumer’s perception of the performance risk associated with purchasing a particular
product, while other studies have reported that price has little or no effect on perceived performance risk. These conflicting findings may
simply be due to the nature of product advertisements: a recent study indicates that the presentation of an advertised message has a
marked effect on the relationship between price and perceived performance risk.
Researchers have identified consumers’ perception of the credibility of the source of an advertised message—i.e., the manufacturer—as
another factor affecting perceived performance risk: one study found that the greater the source credibility, the lower the consumer’s
perception of the risk of purchasing an advertised new product. However, past research suggests that the relationship between source
credibility and perceived performance risk may be more complex: source credibility may interact with price in a subtle way to affect
consumers’ judgments of the performance risk associated with an advertised product.

The “past research” mentioned in line 25 suggests which of the following about perceived performance risk?
A. The more expensive a new product is, the more likely consumers may be to credit advertised claims about that product.
B. The more familiar consumers are with a particular manufacturer, the more willing they may be to assume some risk in the purchase of a
new product being advertised by that manufacturer.
C. Consumers’ perception of the performance risk associated with a new product being advertised may be influenced by an interplay
between the product’s price and the manufacturer’s credibility.
D. Consumers may be more likely to believe that a product will function as it is advertised to do when they have bought products from a
particular manufacturer before.
E. The price of a particular advertised product may have less impact than the manufacturer’s credibility on consumers’ assessment of the
performance risk associated with that product.
step1: 通过 past research 定位回原文：注意题干中说 suggests which of the following about perceived
performance risk 即对应原文中的 suggests that the relationship between...

step2: 发现一个很重要的关键字“ source credibility may interact with price ”

step3: 回选项比较时看到 C. Consumers’ perception of the performance risk associated with a new
product being advertised may be influenced by an interplay between the product’s price and the
manufacturer’s credibility. 基本上和原文中的信息保持了一致 .

TIP ：发现关键词的同义替换是做对题的一个关键！
In terrestrial environments, gravity places special demands on the cardiovascular systems of animals. Gravitational pressure can cause blood to pool in the lower regions of the body,
making it difficult to circulate blood to critical organs such as the brain. Terrestrial snakes, in particular, exhibit adaptations that aid in circulating blood against the force of gravity.
The problem confronting terrestrial snakes is best illustrated by what happens to sea snakes when removed from their supportive medium. Because the vertical pressure gradients within
the blood vessels are counteracted by similar pressure gradients in the surrounding water, the distribution of blood throughout the body of sea snakes remains about the same regardless of
their orientation in space, provided they remain in the ocean. When removed from the water and tilted at various angles with the head up, however, blood pressure at their midpoint drops
significantly, and at brain level falls to zero. That many terrestrial snakes in similar spatial orientations do not experience this kind of circulatory failure suggests that certain adaptations
enable them to regulate blood pressure more effectively in those orientations.
One such adaptation is the closer proximity of the terrestrial snake’s heart to its head, which helps to ensure circulation to the brain, regardless of the snake’s orientation in space. The
heart of sea snakes can be located near the middle of the body, a position that minimizes the work entailed in circulating blood to both extremities. In arboreal snakes, however, which
dwell in trees and often assume a vertical posture, the average distance from the heart to the head can be as little as 15 percent of overall body length. Such a location requires that blood
circulated to the tail of the snake travel a greater distance back to the heart, a problem solved by another adaptation. When climbing, arboreal snakes often pause momentarily to wiggle
their bodies, causing waves of muscle contraction that advance from the lower torso to the head. By compressing the veins and forcing blood forward, these contractions apparently
improve the flow of venous blood returning to the heart.

It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is true of species of terrestrial snakes that often need to assume a vertical posture?
A. They are more likely to be susceptible to circulatory failure in vertical postures than are sea snakes.
B. Their hearts are less likely to be located at the midpoint of their bodies than is the case with sea snakes.
C. They cannot counteract the pooling of blood in lower regions of their bodies as effectively as sea snakes can.
D. The blood pressure at their midpoint decreases significantly when they are tilted with their heads up.
E. They are unable to rely on muscle contractions to move venous blood from the lower torso to the head.

It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is a true statement about sea snakes?
A. They frequently rely on waves of muscle contractions from the lower torso to the head to supplement the work of the heart.
B. They cannot effectively regulate their blood pressure when placed in seawater and tilted at an angle with the head pointed downward.
C. They are more likely to have a heart located in close proximity to their heads than are arboreal snakes.
Drill
D. They become acutely vulnerable to the effects of gravitational pressure on their circulatory system when they are placed in a terrestrial environment.
E. Their cardiovascular system is not as complicated as that of arboreal snakes.
Drill Answers: B/D
题型 -II

全文 -based 推断
观察 task 中需要推断的部分—根据文章意思—比较选项
David Belasco’s 1912 Broadway production of The Governors Lady created a sensation with a scene set in a
Childs cafeteria, a chain restaurant that was an innovator in food standardization and emblematic of modern
everyday life. While Belasco’s meticulously detailed reproduction of an immediately recognizable setting
impressed the public, it was derided by progressive theater critics who championed the New Stagecraft theories of
European artists like Max Reinhardt. The New Stagecraft rejected theatrical literalism; it drew inspiration from the
subjectivity and minimalism of modern painters, advocating simplified sets designed to express a dramatic texts
central ideas. Such critics considered Belasco a craftsman who merely captured surface realities: a true artist
eliminated the inessential to create more meaningful, expressive stage images.
It can be inferred that the theater critics would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements
about the theatrical productions?
A. Theatrical productions that seek to eliminate the inessential also often eliminate theatrical elements that
enhance the expressiveness of a play.
B. Theatrical productions that faithfully recreate the visual details of everyday life are unlikely to do justice to a
good play’s central ideas.
C. Theatrical productions that employ the minimalism characteristic of modern paintings may have greater appeal
to modern audiences than productions that rely on theatrical literalism.
D. Theatrical productions that aim to represent truths about modern life should not attempt to employ elements of
the New Stagecraft.
E. Theatrical productions that attempt to produce authentic-looking scenes of everyday reality are likely to fail in
that goal because of the theaters inherent limitations.
这道题最重要的是要弄清楚这些 theater critics 的主张到底是什么，回原文： The New Stagecraft rejected theatrical literalism; it
drew inspiration from the subjectivity and minimalism of modern painters, advocating simplified sets designed to express a dramatic
texts central ideas. Such critics considered Belasco a craftsman who merely captured surface realities: a true artist eliminated the
inessential to create more meaningful, expressive stage images. 所以这些 critics 的主要主张就是简化抽象，然后制造意义加强表
现力。摒除的是过分注重现实还原细节。

比较选项：
A. Theatrical productions that seek to eliminate the inessential also often eliminate theatrical elements that enhance the
expressiveness of a play. （这个跟原文的意思是相悖的，因为简化是为了加强而不会削弱🙅）
B. Theatrical productions that faithfully recreate the visual details of everyday life are unlikely to do justice to a good play’s central
ideas （完全符合 NS 的 ideology👍 ）
C. Theatrical productions that employ the minimalism characteristic of modern paintings may have greater appeal to modern
audiences than productions that rely on theatrical literalism. （原文中并没有提这样做对观众的效果是怎样的）
D. Theatrical productions that aim to represent truths about modern life should not attempt to employ elements of the New Stagecraft.
（注意 represent truth 与 eliminate the inessential 是有区别的， NS 的目的在于去除细枝末节，从而更好的展现生活的本质
🙅）
E. Theatrical productions that attempt to produce authentic-looking scenes of everyday reality are likely to fail in that goal because of
the theaters inherent limitations. （这个 that goal 就是还原生活细节的目标， Belasco 就还原得很好，所以与原文意思相悖）
TIP ：注意这类 opinion 题的推断一定要深刻理解原文，仔细比对选项。
Carla L. Peterson’s Doers of the Word (1997), a study of African American women speakers and writers
from 1830-1880, is an important addition to scholarship on nineteenth-century African American women.
Its scope resembles that of Frances Smith Fosters 1993 study, but its approach is quite different. For Foster,
the Black women who came to literary voice in nineteenth-century America were claiming their rights as
United States citizens, denying that anything should disqualify them from full membership in an
enlightened national polity. Peterson sees these same women as having been fundamentally estranged from
the nation by a dominant culture unsympathetic to Black women, and by a Black intelligentsia whose male
view of race concerns left little room for Black female intellect.

It can be inferred that Peterson’s study and Fosters study are similar with respect to which of the
following?
A. the writers that each takes up for examination
B. the degree to which each has influenced other scholars
C. the assumptions that each brings to nineteenth-century African American literature
D. their analysis of the nineteenth-century Black intelligentsia
E. their interpretation of nineteenth-century Americas dominant culture
此题考察了原文很小的一个细节

step1: 同义替换 similar with （题干） =resembles （原文）

step2: 回原文“ Its scope resembles that of Frances Smith Fosters 1993 study”

step3: scope 对应的是什么 （应该是很多考生比较迷惑的内容）

A. the writers that each takes up for examination

B. the degree to which each has influenced other scholars
C. the assumptions that each brings to nineteenth-century African American literature
D. their analysis of the nineteenth-century Black intelligentsia
E. their interpretation of nineteenth-century Americas dominant culture
TIP ：对于单词的理解也是做部分题时能够选到正确选项的关键！
Although social learning (the acquisition of specific behaviors by observing other individuals exhibiting those behaviors ) is
well documented among fish, few studies have investigated social learning within a developmental context in these taxa.
Rather than investigating the development of a particular skill, Chapman, Ward, and Krause investigated the role of group
density during development in later foraging success in laboratory-housed guppies. When raised with a small number of
conspecifics (members of the same species), guppies were quicker to locate food by following a trained adult guppy than
were guppies raised in large groups. This counterintuitive finding is explained by the fact that guppies reared in the high-
density condition were less likely to shoal (swim in a group ) with others and, therefore, were less likely to learn the benefits
of social learning. Instead, fish reared in high-density situations may learn that conspecifics are to be viewed as competitors,
rather than as potential sources of adaptive information. This finding suggests that at least for guppies, the early social
environment may have an effect on the capacity for social learning, if not on the socially learned behaviors themselves.

Regarding research on fish, it can be inferred from the passage that

A. research studies of the acquisition of important skills by fish have only recently begun to document the role of
conspecifics in the learning process
B. research on social learning in guppies suggests that guppies differ in important ways from most other fish in the means
by which they learn particular skills
C. research on social learning in fish has generally focused on the acquisition of skills other than foraging
D. research has established that social learning occurs in some fish species without investigating the development context in
which it occurs.

Drill
E. research to investigate social learning has been done more extensively on fish than on other aquatic animals
Drill Answer: D
题型 -III

作者态度推断
全文意思—比较选项
Scientists long believed that two nerve clusters in the human hypothalamus, called suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCNs),
were what controlled our circadian rhythms. Those rhythms are the biological cycles that recur approximately every
24 hours in synchronization with the cycle of sunlight and darkness caused by Earth’s rotation. Studies have
demonstrated that in some animals, the SCNs control daily fluctuations in blood pressure, body temperature, activity
level, and alertness, as well as the nighttime release of the sleep promoting agent melatonin. Furthermore, cells in the
human retina dedicated to transmitting information about light levels to the SCNs have recently been discovered.
Four critical genes governing circadian cycles have been found to be active in every tissue, however, not just the
SCNs, of flies, mice, and humans. In addition, when laboratory rats that usually ate at will were fed only once a day,
peak activity of a clock gene in their livers shifted by 12 hours, whereas the same clock gene in the SCNs remained
synchronized with light cycles. While scientists do not dispute the role of the SCNs in controlling core functions such
as the regulation of body temperature and blood pressure, scientists now believe that circadian clocks in other organs
and tissues may respond to external cues other than light—including temperature changes—that recur regularly every
24 hours.

The author of the passage would probably agree with which of the following statements about the SCNs?
A. The SCNs are found in other organs and tissues of the body besides the hypothalamus.
B. The SCNs play a critical but not exclusive role in regulating circadian rhythms.
C. The SCNs control clock genes in a number of tissues and organs throughout the body.
D. The SCNs are a less significant factor in regulating blood pressure than scientists once believed.
E. The SCNs are less strongly affected by changes in light levels than they are by other external cues.
作者的观点不会和最新研究结果以及其结论相悖，整理一下：

1. SCNs 控制某些动物的很多东西；

2. 人类虹膜会将光暗程度传播给 SCNs ；

3. 四组基因🧬（不仅仅是 SCNs ）控制人的生理作息时间且它们存在于所有的组织里边；

4. SCNs 始终和光的节奏保持一致（在其他器官的节律已经改变时）

5. SCNs 控制很多核心区域，但是很多器官的节律受外界因素（包括温度）影响，不再 following 光的节律（ 24 小时）

分析选项：
A. The SCNs are found in other organs and tissues of the body besides the hypothalamus.
B. The SCNs play a critical but not exclusive role in regulating circadian rhythms. （这个和结论完全一致，十分明显）
C. The SCNs control clock genes in a number of tissues and organs throughout the body.
D. The SCNs are a less significant factor in regulating blood pressure than scientists once believed.
E. The SCNs are less strongly affected by changes in light levels than they are by other external cues.

TIP ：注意这种题跟 CR 的结构题思路一样，作者的思路在 T 位词以后找。

In his recent book, Louis Gerteis argues that nineteenth-century Northern reformers in the United States attacked slavery in the South by invoking the values of a
utilitarian political economy: proper public policy requires government to endorse anything that gives all people the opportunity to maximize their individual
pleasure and their material gain. Social good, according to this thinking, is achieved when individuals are free to pursue their self-interests. Gerteis argues that,
since slavery in the South precluded individual autonomy and the free pursuit of material gain, major Northern reformers opposed it as early as the 1830s.
In making this argument, Gerteis offers the most persuasive formulation to date of the Growth of a Dissenting Minority interpretation, which argues that a slow
but steady evolution of a broad-based Northern antislavery coalition culminated in the presidential victory of the antislavery Lincoln in 1860. This interpretive
framework, which once dominated antislavery historiography, had been discounted by historians for two basic reasons. First, it tended to homogenize the
political diversity of Northern reformers; Northern reformers differed significantly among themselves and belonged to diverse political parties. Second, it
seemed incompatible with emerging scholarship on the slaveholding South, which held that Northern abolitionists of the 1830s did not succeed in mobilizing
Northern public opinion and paving the way for Lincoln in 1860. Instead, Southern slaveholders misconstrued abolitionist views of the 1830s as main- stream
rather than marginal Northern public opinion, and castigated Northerners generally for opposing slavery. In this view, it was the castigation by Southerners that
gradually caused widespread antislavery feeling throughout the North.
Gerteis revives the Growth interpretation by asserting that, rather than Southern attitudes, the unified commitment of Northern reformers to utilitarian values
served to galvanize popular political support for abolitionism. However, unlike earlier proponents of the Growth interpretation, Gerteis does not reduce the
Northern reformers to a homogeneous group or try to argue that the reformers shared views undermined their differing party loyalties. Members of the two major
political parties still attacked each other for ideological differences. Nevertheless, Gerteis argues, these disparate party affiliations did not diminish the actuality
of reformer unity, most prominent in the 1830s. At this time, Northern reformers, such as William Lloyd Garrison and Samuel Chase, portrayed the framers of
the United States Constitution as proponents of individual autonomy and capitalist values. This vision of the founders served as a basis for asserting that freedom
was a national moral imperative, and that the United Sates Constitution was an antislavery document. Gerteis differs from traditional adherents of the Growth
framework by asserting that the basic elements in the antislavery coalition were firmly in place and accepted by all elements in the Northern reform community
as early as the late 1830s.
The author would be most likely to agree with which of the following about Gerteis formulation of the Growth interpretation?
A. It is too similar to the traditional version of the Growth interpretation.
B. It is of dubious validity and does not expand research on the antislavery movement.
C. It is strongly supported by recent research on the nineteenth-century South.
D. It is more convincing than the traditional version of the Growth interpretation.
E. It is seminal work that will be highly influential on future research.
要把握作者对于 LG 对于 Growth interpretation 的看法基本需要看完全文，然后选出具体能够表现作
者态度的地方（文中的第三段划横线处） : “unlike earlier proponents of the Growth interpretation,
Gerteis does not reduce the Northern reformers to a homogeneous group or try to argue that the reformers
shared views undermined their differing party loyalties.”
作者在这里把 LG 与传统 GDM 的拥戴者做了一个比较，凸显了 LG 的客观性和可信度，所以答案
中的 D 项最符合这个 suggestion. 其他项都无法从原文中推出。

TIP ：像这类比较难的观点类型文章是 G 类文章精读的重点，通过精读来了解写作手法和用词（譬如 abolitionist ）

Current feminist theory, in validating women’s own stories of their experience, has encouraged scholars of women’s history to view
the use of women’s oral narratives as the methodology, next to the use of women’s written autobiography, that brings historians
closest to the “reality” of women’s lives. Such narratives, unlike most standard histories, represent experience from the perspective
of women, affirm the importance of women’s contributions, and furnish present day women with historical continuity that is
essential to their identity, individually and collectively.
Scholars of women’s history should, however, be as cautious about accepting oral narratives at face value as they already are about
written memories.Oral narratives are no more likely than are written narratives to provide a disinterested commentary on events or
people. Moreover, the stories people tell to explain themselves are shaped by narrative devices and storytelling conventions, as well
as by other cultural and historical factors, in ways that the storytellers may be unaware of. The political rhetoric of a particular era,
for example, may influence women’s interpretations of the significance of their experience. Thus a woman who views the Second
World War as pivotal in increasing the social acceptance of women’s paid work outside the home may reach that conclusion partly
and unwittingly because of wartime rhetoric encouraging a positive view of women’s participation in such work.
The author of the passage would be most likely to make which of the following recommendations to scholars of women’s
history?
A. They should take into account their own life experiences when interpreting the oral accounts of women’s historical experiences.
B. They should assume that the observations made in women’s oral narratives are believed by the intended audience of the story.
C. They should treat skeptically observations reported in oral narratives unless the observations can be confirmed in standard
histories.
D. They should consider the cultural and historical context in which an oral narrative was created before arriving at an interpretation
of such a narrative.
Drill
E. They should rely on information gathered from oral narratives only when equivalent information is not available in standard
histories.
Drill Answer: D
题型 -IV

文中某人观点 -based 推断
名字—观点—选项
The argument for “monetizing”—or putting a monetary value on—ecosystem functions may be stated thus: Concern about
the depletion of naturalresources is widespread, but this concern, in the absence of an economic argument for conservation,
has not translated into significant conservational progress. Some critics blame this impasse on environmentalists, whom they
believe fail to address the economic issues of environmental degradation. Conservation can appear unprofitable when
compared with the economic returns derived from converting natural assets (pristine coastlines, for example) into explicitly
commercial ones (such as resort hotels). But according to David Pearce, that illusion stems from the fact that “services”
provided by ecological systems are not traded on the commodities market, and thus have no readily quantifiable value. To
remedy this, says Pearce, one has to show that all ecosystems have economic value—indeed, that all ecological services are
economic services. Tourists visiting wildlife preserves, for example, create jobs and generate income for national economies;
undisturbed forests and wetlands regulate water runoff and act as water-purifying systems, saving millions of dollars worth of
damage to property and to marine ecosystems. In Gretchen Daily’s view, monetization, while unpopular with many
environmentalists, reflects the dominant role that economic considerations play in human behavior, and the expression of
economic value in a common currency helps inform environmental decision-making processes.

Information in the passage suggests that David Pearce would most readily endorse which of the following statements
concerning monetization?
A. Monetization represents a strategy that is attractive to both environmentalists and their critics.
B. Monetization is an untested strategy, but it is increasingly being embraced by environmentalists.
C. Monetization should at present be restricted to ecological services and should only gradually be extended to such
commercial endeavors as tourism and recreation.
D. Monetization can serve as a means of representing persuasively the value of environmental conservation.
E. Monetization should inform environmental decision-making processes only if it is accepted by environmentalist groups.
先弄清楚 DP 的观点：就是要让环保♻️产生经济价值（ monetize ）

分析选项：
A. Monetization represents a strategy that is attractive to both environmentalists and their critics.❓
B. Monetization is an untested strategy, but it is increasingly being embraced by environmentalists.🙅
C. Monetization should at present be restricted to ecological services and should only gradually be
extended to such commercial endeavors as tourism and recreation.
D. Monetization can serve as a means of representing persuasively the value of environmental
conservation.👍
E. Monetization should inform environmental decision-making processes only if it is accepted by
environmentalist groups.

TIP ：绝对表达在哪种类型的阅读理解里边几乎都是不受欢迎的（ only, always, must...)

Early naturalists believed two species of beaver lived in North America: dam beavers and bank beavers.
The bank species was thought to resemble the muskrat in behavior, living in burrows or lodges and unable
to build dams. In fact, dams are primarily a strategy for dealing with annual variations in water levels. If
water levels fall in summer, as they do in most of North America, then beavers lodge entrances may be
exposed. With stabilized water levels, their homes are much safer. Along deep rivers, where bank beavers
are found, this problem seldom arises. But these beavers do know how to build dams, and do so if the need
arises, as may occur if they are forced to relocate after felling and consuming all nearby trees.

It can be inferred from the passage that early naturalists considered which of the following criteria
when classifying beavers?
A. The genetic similarity of beavers and muskrats
B. The propensity of beavers to relocate
C. The depth of water beavers occupied
D. Beavers’ dam-building capabilities
E. Beavers’ degree of exposure to danger
用 early naturalists 定位回原文：
“Early naturalists believed two species of beaver lived in North America: dam beavers and bank beavers. ”
很容易发现他们给 beavers 的划分主要按其能力区分，所以答案很容易选到 D 。

TIP ：观点的类的推断题只要定位准了谁的观点，一般还是不容易错，除非观点十分复杂。
Received feminist wisdom has conceived of history as a male enclave devoid of woman subjects and practitioners, particularly before the twentieth
century. As Ann For Freedom put it in 1972, from Herodout’s to Will Durant’s histories, the main characters, the main viewpoints and interests, have all
been male. Feminist accounts of the 1970s and 1980s viewed historiography (the writing of history) as overwhelmingly his, coining the term herstory
and presenting it as a compensatory feminist practice. Herstory designated women’s place at the center of an alternative narrative of past events.
Rosalind Miles’s description restates the popular view: Women’s history by contrast has only just begun to invent itself. Males gained entry to the
business of recording, defining and interpreting events in the third millennium B.C.; for women, this process did not even begin until the nineteenth
century. The herstorical method provided a means for feminist historians to explore materials by and about women that had previously been neglected
or ignored. Herstory promoted curricular transformation in schools and was used as a slogan on T-shirts, pencils, and buttons. Exposing historians tacit
and intentional sexism, herstorians set out to correct the record–to show that women had held up half the historical sky.
Despite the great scholarly gains made behind the rallying cry, herstory’s popular myth– particularly about the lack of women who have recorded
history–require revision. Herstory may accurately describe feminists efforts to construct female- centered accounts of the past, but the term
inadvertently blinds us to women’s important contributions to historical discourse before the nineteenth century. Historiography has not been an entirely
male preserve, though feminists are justified in faulting its long-standing masculine contours. In fact, criticism of historiography’s sexism is not of
recent origin. Early eighteenth-century feminist Mary Astell protested that the Men being the Historians, they seldom condescend to record the great
and good actions of Women. Astell, like those who echoed her sentiments two and a half centuries later, must be credited for admirable zeal in setting
out to right scholarly wrongs, but her supposition that historians were only male is inaccurate. Her perception is especially strange because she herself
wrote a historical work, An Impartial Enquiry into the Cause of Rebellion and Civil War (1704). Astell’s judgment is at the same time understandable,
given that much historical writing by women of the late seventeenth century was not published until the nineteenth century. Despite their courage and
their rightful anger, Astell and her descendants overlooked early modern woman writer’s contributions to historiography.

It can be inferred that Rosalind Miles refers to the third millennium B.C. primarily in order to
A. present an overview of what the practice of history once entailed
B. suggest that the origins of historical study are much earlier than had been previously though
C. suggest why the third millennium B.C. has received so much attention from historians
D. establish a contrast between men and women in terms of how long they have been recording history
E. indicate how significantly the practice of history has changed since the third millennium B.C.
Drill Answer: D