Integration of Rational Expressions

MATH120 Calculus II (Integral Calculus)
1

Bataan Peninsula State University

Prepared by:
CONSUELO G. CRUZ
Assistant Professor II
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FRACTIONS

Rational Fraction is a quotient of two polynomials.
Proper Rational Fraction The degree of the numerator is less than the degree of the
denominator

Examples:

3 2
1
2
+
+
x x
x
proper rational fraction
) )( )( ( 2 1 1
2 9
2
+ +
+ +
x x x
x x
proper rational fraction
4
2
3
x
x
improper rational fraction

A proper rational fraction can be expressed as a sum of simpler fraction called partial
fractions.

Example:

2
4
1
3
1
2
2 1 1
2 9
2
+
+
+
+
=
+ +
+ +
x x x x x x
x x
) )( )( (

The three simple fractions at the left side of the equation are the partial fractions.

Thus, to integrate a proper rational fraction, integrate its equivalent fractions.

The integration of rational fractions depends on the kind of denominator a rational fraction
has. Rational fractions are classified into four groups:

Case 1: Denominator consists of linear factors, none of which repeated;
Case 2: Denominator consists of linear factors, some of which repeated;
Case 3: Denominator consists of quadratic factors, none of which repeated; and
Case 4: Denominator consists of quadratic factors, some of which repeated; and

2


Prepared by:
CONSUELO G. CRUZ
Case 1: Denominator consists of linear factors, none of which repeated

*To each non repeated linear factor ax + b there corresponds a partial fraction of the form
b ax
A
+
where A is constant to be determined.

Examples:

1.
+
+
dx
x x x
x x
3 4
3 5
2 3
2

Solution: Resolve the given fraction into partial fractions:

2
1
2 1
3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 5 1
1
2
1
6 3
3 3 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 15 9
3
1
3 3
3 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 0 3
0
3 1 1 3 3 5
1 3
1 3 1 3
3 5
1 3
3 5
3 4
3 5
2
2
2
2 3
2
=
=
+ + = +
=
=
=
+ + = +
=
=
=
+ + =
=
+ + = +

(
(
+ =

+

+
=
+
+
C
C
C B A
x Let
B
B
C B A
x Let
A
A
C B A
x Let
x Cx x Bx x x A x x
LCD x x x
x
C
x
B
x
A
x x x
x x
x x x
x x
x x x
x x
) )( ( ) )( ( ) )( (
) )( ( ) )( ( ) )( (
) )( ( ) )( ( ) )( (
) ( ) ( ) )( (
) )( (
) )( (
) )( (

C
x
x x
or C x x x
C x x x
x
dx
x
dx
x
dx
dx
x x x
dx
x x x
x x
+

+ + =
+ + =

+
=
(
(
(
(
+ =
+
+

) (
) (
ln ) ( ) ln( ln
) ln( ) ln( ln
) ( ) (
3
1
1 3 2
1
2
1
3
2
1
1 2
1
3 2
1
1
2
1
3
2
1
1
3 4
3 5
2
2 3
2

3


Prepared by:
CONSUELO G. CRUZ

2.
1
2
4
x
dx x

Solution: Perform division for the given improper fraction:

1
1
1
1
2
2
2
4
+ + =
x
x
x
x

Resolve
1
1
2
x
into partial fractions:
`

2
1
2
1
2 1 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1
1
1
2
= =
= =
+ + = + + =
= =
+ + =
+
+
=
+
=
B A
B A
B A B A
x Let x Let
x B x A
x
B
x
A
x x
x
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) )( (

C
x
x
x x
C x x x
x
x
dx
x
dx
dx dx x
dx
x x
x
x
dx x
+
+
+ + =
+ + + + =
+
+ + =
|
|
|
|
\
|
+
+ + =

) (
) (
ln
) ln( ) ln(
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
3
1 2
1
1 2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
3
3
2
2
2
4

Exercises:
Evaluate the following integrals:
1.
9
2
x
dx

2.
+ + 6 7
2
x x
dx

3.
+ + ) )( ( 3 2 x x
xdx

4. dx
x x x
x

+
3 2
3 7
2 3

5. dx
x
x x x

+ +
4
1 4
2
2 4

6.
dx
x x
x
4
12 5
2

7. dx
x x
x x

+
2
3
2 3

8.
+ ) )( ( 1 2 x x
dx

9. dx
x x
x
+
+
8 2
16
2

10.
dx
x x x
x x

+ ++ +
+ ++ +
2 3
4 11 4
2 3
2

4


Prepared by:
CONSUELO G. CRUZ

Case 2: Denominator consists of linear factors, some of which repeated

To each repeated linear factor (ax + b)
n
, there corresponds the sum of n partial fractions of the
form
n
b ax
L
b ax
B
b ax
A
) (
........
) ( +
+ +
+
+
+
2
, A, B, , L are constants to be determined.

The following table illustrate the representations of fractions using this case:
Integrand Partial Fractions
2
1
3 2
) (
+
x
x

2
1
1
) (
+
x
B
x
A

) ( 1
1 1
3 3 4

=
x x x x

1
3 2

+ + +
x
D
x
C
x
B
x
A

2 2
1
1 4
) (
x x
x

2 2
1
1
) (
+
+ +
x
D
x
C
x
B
x
A

2
2
2 3
3
1
2 2
1
2
2
) ( +
+
+ =
+ +
+
x x
x x
x x x
x

2
1
1
1
) ( +
+
+
+ +
x
C
x
B
x
A

Examples:

1.

3
) 2 (y
ydy

Solution: Resolve the given fraction into partial fractions:
3 2 3
2 2
2
2 ) ( ) ( ) (
+
=
y
C
y
B
y
A
y
y

multiplying this by the LCD (y 2)
3
:
C y B y A y + + = ) ( ) ( 2 2
2

Let y = 2: C = 2
Let y = 0, C =2:
=
=
+ =
+ + =
+ + =
1 2
2 2 4
2 2 4 0
2 0 2 0 0
2 2
2
2
B A
B A
B A
C B A
C y B y A y
) ( ) (
) ( ) (

Let y = 1, C = 2:
=
+ =
+ + =
+ + =
1
2 1
2 2 1 2 1 1
2 2
2
2
B A
B A
B A
C y B y A y
) ( ) (
) ( ) (

5


Prepared by:
CONSUELO G. CRUZ

Solving the last 2 equations simultaneously to find A and B:

0
1
1 2
=
=
=
A
B A
B A
m
1
1 0
1
=
=
=
B
B
B A

c
y
y
c
y
y
c
y
y
c
y
y
c
y y
dy y dy y
y
dy
y
dy
dy
y y
y
dy
y
C
y
B
y
A
dy
y
ydy
+
+
=
+
+
= +

=
+
= +
(
(
=
+ =

+
=
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|

2
2 2
2
2 1
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2 3
2
1
2
1 2
2
1 2 1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
0
2 2
2
2
) (
) ( ) (
) (
) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (

2.
+ ) ( ) ( 2 2
2
2
x x
xdx

Solution: By partial fractions:

2
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
+
+
=
+
x
C
x
B
x
A
x x
x
) (
) (
) ( ) (

multiplying by the LCD (x 2)
2
(x + 2):
`

2
2 2 2 2 2 ) ( ) ( ) )( ( + + + + = x C x B x x A x

Let x = 2:

1
0 4 0 4
2 2 2 2 2
2
=
+ + =
+ + + + =
B
B
x C x B x x A x ) ( ) ( ) )( (

Let x = -2:

4
1
16 0 0 4
2 2 2 2 2
2
=
+ + =
+ + + + =
C
C
x C x B x x A x ) ( ) ( ) )( (

6


Prepared by:
CONSUELO G. CRUZ
Let x = 0:

4
1
1 2 4 0
4
1
4 1 2 4 0
4
1
1
4 2 4 0
2 2 2 2 2
2
=
+ =
|
\
|
+ + =
= =
+ + =
+ + + + =
A
A
A
C and B ng Substituti
C B A
x C x B x x A x
) (
: ,
) ( ) ( ) )( (

c
x x
x
x
x
x
x
dx
C
x
dx
B
x
dx
A
dx
x
C
x
B
x
A
x x
xdx
+
\
|
+
=
+
+ =
+
+
=
|
|
\
|
+
+
=
+

2
1
2
2
4
1
2
4
1
1
2
2
4
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
1
2
2 2
ln
) ln(
) (
) ln(
) (
) (
) (
) ( ) (

Exercises:
Evaluate the following integrals:
1.

2
1) ( x x
dx

2.
dx
x x
x
) ( 1
5
2

3.
+
+
dx
x x x
x
1
5 3
2 3

4. dx
x x
x x x

2 3
3 4
1

5.
+ +

2
1 2
3
) )( (
) (
x x
dx x

6.
+ ) ( ) ( 2 2
2
2
x x
xdx

7. dx
x
x x x

+ + +
2 2
2 3
9
63 3 3
) (

8. dx
x x x

2 3 4
2
12

9.
) )( ( 1 1
4
2
y y
ydy

10. dx
x x
x x

+ +
3 4
2
2 2

Integration of Rational Expressions

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MATH120 Calculus II (Integral Calculus)

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