Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Materials Today: Proceedings

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A review of reinforcements and process parameters for powder

metallurgy-processed metal matrix composites
Abhishek Saxena a,b,⇑, Kuldeep K. Saxena c, Vivek K. Jain d, S.K. Rajput e, B.N. Pathak b
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, IMS Engineering College, Ghaziabad 201009, India
c
Department of Research Impact and Outcome, LPU, Phagwara 144411, India
d
Department of Mechanical Engineering, ITM, Maharajganj 273303, India
e
Department of Mechanical Engineering, BIET, Jhansi 284001, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: MMCs are the materials which are intermittently reinforced and exhibit a combination of properties of
Available online xxxx the matrix and the reinforcement. High strength whiskers, sliced fibers and small particles can be used
as reinforcement material. Every reinforcement material has unique metallurgical and economical qual-
Keywords: ities for various specific engineering applications. Industrial manufacturers have focused on the particu-
Metal Matrix Composites late reinforcement composites as they are very economical to use. There are several processing
Reinforcement techniques which can be used to fabricate the MMCs like solid state processing semi-solid, and liquid
Process Parameters
state processing. Powder Metallurgy (PM), a solid-state technique, enables the industries to produce
Powder metallurgy
composites efficiently and effectively with variety and also with distinct mechanical properties. In this
systematic review, reinforcement used and critical parameters of powder metallurgy process is discussed
with their effects on the mechanical properties of MMCs. The objective of this paper is to review the var-
ious reinforcement and parameters of fabrication of MMCs through powder metallurgy route.
Copyright Ó 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
ence on Aspects of Materials and Mechanical Engineering.

1. Introduction Composites (Carbon Composite). MMCs has additional benefits

1.1. Composites
The composites are mixtures of matrix and reinforcement
material. These materials are incapable of dissolving in each other,
and own properties which are greater than the properties of both
the materials i.e., matrix or reinforcement. Composite materials
are much vigorous and light in weight as compare to other avail-
able materials, like steel [1–3]. Also, composites have density lower
than the cast iron [4]. According to studies, the characterization of
composites is significantly affected by the volume fraction, density,
and porosity [5]. The composite materials are mainly classified into
two categories, the matrix and the reinforcement materials. On the
basis of the matrix material, composites are mainly categories as
Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs), Metal Matrix Composites
(MMCs), Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs) and Carbon Matrix
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: abhisshek.s@gmail.com (A. Saxena).
when compared to other composites as they have capability to
resist high temperatures, moistness, radioactivity and zero out-
gassing at vacuum, thermal conductivity and electrical conductiv-
ity, improved metallurgical properties. MMCs can be custom-made
to impart advance properties like enhanced high-temperature
application, improved resistance to wear, better specific strength
and stiffness and improved fatigue and resistance to creep than
monolithic materials. [1,6]. MMC consists of a ductile metal or
alloy matrix that has been reinforced with additional metal, non-
metallic, or organic compounds [7]. Metal matrix composites can
have particle, whisker, continuous, or discontinuous fibre as rein-
forcement [8]. MMCs are fabricated by imbedding the reinforce-
ment material into the matrix material using any of the method
like casting methods, mechanical alloying or selective laser sinter-
ing [9]. MMCs are manufactured by some durable reinforcement
material which has the ability to combined with matrix material
to enhance the properties like resistance to wear, corrosion resis-
tance and modulus of elasticity [10]. Due to above-mentioned vir-
tues of MMCs, scholars are looking for feasible and cost-effective

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.02.227
2214-7853/Copyright Ó 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Aspects of Materials and Mechanical Engineering.

Please cite this article as: A. Saxena, K.K. Saxena, V.K. Jain et al., A review of reinforcements and process parameters for powder metallurgy-processed metal
matrix composites, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.02.227
A. Saxena, K.K. Saxena, V.K. Jain et al.
fabrication techniques of MMC like Powder Metallurgy (PM), Stir
casting, Chemical Vapor Deposition and Spray Deposition. These
are few techniques which are used for MMCs fabrication. The Pow-
der metallurgy route has advantages against other MMCs produc-
tion methods, like Composite of insoluble material can be
fabricated, dimensional accuracy, a smaller number of operations
required, high melting point composites can be produced, less
scrap, greater control over porosity, Self-lubricating material can
be fabricated, better acoustic and vibration damping properties
of produced composites. Due to these benefits of PM, it is consid-
ered as one of the best technique for the production of MMCs
[11]. Al, Mg, Ti, Cu, Ni, Fe, etc. are some commonly used matrix
materials for MMCs from which Aluminium and Magnesium can
be taken as the most used materials [12]. In Fig. 1, a full classifica-
tion of the numerous matrix and reinforcing materials that are pre-
ferred for MMC production is provided.
Mg matrix composites gathered noteworthy recognition
because of its striking mechanical properties as compare to mono-
lithic alloys. There are few drawbacks associated with the magne-
sium like low in ductility and low fracture resistance, which have
restricted the development of magnesium application in automo-
bile sector. The reactiveness of Mg at high temperature can be kept
in control by coating the surfaces or through naturally developed
oxides [13]. Inert gas environment needs to be maintained for
Mg-based MMCs fabrication to avoid oxidation. Iron, when used
as matrix material, it exhibits brittleness and less toughness in
comparison to other composites. Hence, steel-MMCs demonstrate
excessive prospective for wear-resistant applications and not
appropriate for naval application [14]. Cu based MMCs are mostly
used for thermal and electrical conduction-based applications due
to their good electrical conductivity and high thermal conductivity.
In many cases, for matrix we cannot use pure Cu because it has low
strength and high thermal expansion [15,16]. From numerous
accessible matrix materials, Al and their alloys are also broadly
used for fabrication of MMCs using synthetic and natural reinforce-
ments [17]. The striking properties of Al and its alloys are light
Fig. 1. Matrix and reinforcement for MMCs fabrication.
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Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
weight, cost effective, easy to process by various methods, high
strength to weight ratio and excellent corrosion resistance [6].
AlMMCs also have excellent tribological properties [18]. Few dis-
advantages are associated with fabrication of AlMMCs, like costly
reinforcement materials, heterogenous reinforcement distribution
in the metal matrix. The economical technique for producing com-
posites is vital for increasing their applications. The main produc-
tion routes used for producing AlMMCs in bulk are stir casting,
powder metallurgy, liquid metal infiltration [1]. Some common
Al and Mg alloy matrix materials are displayed in Fig. 2. The vari-
ous reinforcement with their properties and applications used for
MMC fabrication, are shown in Fig. 2.
1.2. Fabrication methods
The liquid state processing, solid state processing and In-situ
processing are the three main types of methods used for fabrica-
tion of metal matrix composites. The properties of MMCs depend
upon the composite processing method, that is why the choice of
fabrication process has a vital part to fulfil the industrial demands
and to deliver decisive properties. The various processes of MMCs
fabrication are enlisted in Fig. 3.
1.3. Liquid state processing
Due to their relative simplicity and affordability, liquid state
processing of MMCs attracts the attention of numerous sectors.
Liquid state processing of metal matrix composites is a method
in which reinforcement is mixed into molten state matrix to obtain
better interfacial bonding. Stir Casting and Infiltration are exam-
ples of liquid state processing methods used to make MMCs. There
are several infiltration techniques, including squeeze casting, high
pressure centrifugal casting, vacuum pressure casting. Casting pro-
cedures include centrifugal casting, squeeze, gravity and vacuum
stir techniques [19].
A. Saxena, K.K. Saxena, V.K. Jain et al.
Fig. 2. Various Al and Mg alloys matrix used for the fabrication of MMCs.
Fig. 3. Various methods used for fabrication of metal matrix composites.
1.4. Solid state processing
The processing of MMCs can be classified into three main cate-
gories in accordance to the phase of the matrix material during the
reinforcement inclusion, i.e. solid; semi-solid; and liquid [20]. In
solid state processing method bonding of matrix material with
reinforcements takes place. The bonding occurs in solid states
due to the mutual diffusion at a higher temperature and under
the application of pressure [1]. A higher quality MMCs can be pro-
duced through solid state fabrication techniques like powder met-
allurgy (PM) route. PM method provides homogeneous
reinforcement dispersal within the matrix material. SPS method
is proficient in attaining unvarying sintering [21,22]. HEBMS is able
to provide homogeneous reinforcement dispersal [23–25]. For
extensive production of MMCs, Rapid Vacuum Sintering (RVS)
can be used results in improved mechanical properties [26–28].
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Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Microwave sintering consumes less energy and enhances the
physico-mechanical properties. The limitation of solid-state pro-
cessing is that it is restricted to the components of simple shape
with low amount of reinforcement [29–31]. PM is one of the most
promising and versatile method for the production of composites
among various processing techniques. This technique provides
more homogeneous microstructure of the produced MMCs as com-
pared to other methods [32]. PM process is also capable of evading
substantial residual and thermal stresses [33].
1.5. In-Situ processing
The in-situ fabrication approach is economical. The apparatus
used in this process are comparatively low in cost. The dispersed
phase matrix is fabricated using this method. The melt precipita-
tion during cooling/solidification enables the production of dis-
A. Saxena, K.K. Saxena, V.K. Jain et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

persed phase matrix [19]. The reinforcement used in this process

are mainly particles, short fibres (Whiskers) and long fibres (con-
tinuous fibres). Particulate based, short fiber based and long fiber
based In-Situ techniques are some common methods. The general
setup for In-Situ Process is shown in Fig. 4.

1.6. Modern techniques

A number of novel procedures have been developed over time

Fig. 4. A Typical Setup for In-Situ Process.
for the manufacture of MMCs. Continuous binder powder coating
(CBPC), mechanical injection moulding (MIM) and mechanical
alloying (MA) are some of them. CBPC is process in which acetone
cleansed fibres are continuously coated with matrix powder. The
fibres are immersed in binder before coating. MIM is a four-stage
process which typically includes, Mixing-Injection Moulding-
Debinding-Sintering. It is a near-net-shape fabrication technique
used for small complex shapes. Mechanical alloying is the solid-
state technique for powder processing [19]. The typical steps in
MA are shown below in Fig. 5.

2. Reinforcements

2.1. Properties & applications

Investigators have reinforced multiple kinds of reinforcing

Fig. 5. Stages of Mechanical Alloying.
materials including Al2O3, SiC, B4C, TiC, Graphene/SiC, ZrB2, CNT,
TiO2, AIN, TiB2, WC, fly ash, and carbon nanotubes in metal matrix
and investigated the effect of these reinforcing materials on the
attributes of materials like as tensile strength, yield strength, and
hardness. The wear performance of the metal matrix composite

Table 1
Properties of different reinforcements used for MMCs fabrication. [1].

S. Reinforcement Properties Applications References

No. Material
1 Alumina high hardness and strength-to-weight ratio Connecting rods, cylinder heads, pistons, and disc brakes [36]
2 SiC Exceptional thermal characteristics, high specific strength, Engine cradle, propeller shaft, connecting rod, brake rotors, [37,38]
hardness, stiffness, and resistance to acids, alkalis, and molten driveshaft, callipers, liners, and brake rotors
salts up to 800 °C
3 B4C High strength, hardness, low density, excellent chemical stability Automotive applications [37]
and neutron absorption capability
4 TiO2 High tensile strength, impact strength, hardness, and strong applications for vehicles [39]
bonding
5 SiO2 high-quality mechanical and tribological characteristics applications for enduring wear [1]
6 ZrO2 high resistance to wear and hardness Moving IC engine parts [1]
7 ZnO Wear resistance, vibration insulation, microwave absorption and – [40]
antibacterial effects
8 TiN Excellent diffusion barrier against the majority of alloys, high Microelectronic applications, solar control films, and machine [40,41]
strength, and wear resistance tools
9 BN High strength and hardness, low density, – [41]
10 Si3N4 Strong tensile capacity and high hardness auto components [41]
11 TiC high resistance to wear Connecting rods and pistons for automobiles [38,42]
12 Fly ash affordable, strong in compression, tensile, and impact extreme Auto parts include engine blocks, brake rotors, manifolds, [43,44]
hardness valve covers, shrouds, covers, and pulleys.
13 CNT Increased yield strength, tensile strength, ductility, and hardness, aeroplane landing gear, cylinder liners, and brake shoes [1]
together with a high strength-to-weight ratio and low density
14 Graphite Low density, high thermal conductivity and coefficient of Pistons, base plates, heat spreaders, heat sinks, pistons, rings, [1,38]
thermal expansion discs, and current collectors
15 Red mud Cost-effectiveness, tensile strength, compression strength, and Drive shafts, electrical components and equipment, brakes, [45]
hardness all rose as the weight percentage increased. fittings, the aerospace and maritime industries, and the
bicycle industry
16 TiB2 High strength and wear resistance High-tech operational and functional applications including [46]
aerospace, defence, and automotive
17 ZrB2 High exothermic formation capability, hardness, wear resistance, Aerospace [41]
healthier bonding strength and thermodynamic stability
18 WS2 Self-lubrication and wear properties. Engine parts [41]
19 Diamond substantial thermal conductivity fins, a cold block that is water-cooled, diamond/al propagator [1]
for GaN microwave transistors
20 graphene High carrier mobility and thermal conductivity Defence, Aerospace, Electronics, Automobile [47]

4
A. Saxena, K.K. Saxena, V.K. Jain et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

is improved by the addition of strong reinforcing elements [34].
Jithesh et al. [35] discussed the use of quasicrystal as reinforce-
ment material. These reinforcements are preferred for MMCs fabri-
cation due to their display of significantly better mechanical
properties. The properties of various reinforcements used for
MMCs fabrication are tabulated in Table 1.
2.2. Mechanical properties
Improved mechanical properties, excellent thermal and electri-
cal conductivity, and high oxidation and corrosion resistance are
all requirements for several applications throughout the industrial
and electronics sectors. The addition of a second phase is one

Table 2
Improvement in distinct mechanical properties by different combination of matrix and reinforcements used for MMCs fabrication by powder metallurgy (pm) process.

S.N. Fabrication Matrix Reinforcement Results Reference

Method/Route
1 PM Mg Alloy Al2O3 Improvement in Hardness & Tensile Strength [11]
SiC
B4C
TiO2
TiC
2 PM Al Improvement in Hardness & Tensile strength [49]
AA6061 SiC
Al Graphene/SiC
Al2900 ZrB2
Al2024 SiC
Al-Mg SiC
SiO2
3 PM-EDM (Hybrid) Fe ZrO2 Better Surface Finish, High MRR [32]
Al2O3
4 PM AA6061 NiTip Improvement in Hardness & Surface Roughness [33]
5 PM Al Alloy Sic Improvement in strength to weight ratio, Hardness, Strength, Wear Resistance, [19]
Cu Abrasion Resistance
6 PM (3Ni + Fe) Ni3Fe– Al2O3 Restricted porosity [50]
Al2O3
7 PM Pure Mg (99.6 % Tib2 (96.5 % Pure, Uni- form distribution of Tib2 particulates, Increase in hardness and Wear [51]
Pure, 106 Am) And 10 Am) Resistance
8 PM - Cold Isostatic Al B4C (Boralyn Improvement in Hardness &Tensile Strength [52]
Pressing (CIP) composites)
vacuum sintering
9 PM Cu 20 % coated SiC 2.5 times faster densification in coated powders, improvement in yield and [53]
20 % SiC fracturing strengths of the coated composites compared to uncoated
20 % coated Al2O3 composites
20 % Al2O3
10 PM (SPS) Al SiO2 Reduction in porosity, Improvement in Micro Hardness (up to 3 W% of SiO2) [54]
nanocomposite &Tensile Strength
11 PM Al SiC [55]
% of SiC enhances the hardness and wear resistance
12 PM Al TiN [56]
Improved densification after hot pressing, increased hardness, improved wear
resistance
13 PM Mg Alloy (AZ61) 2 % nano Al2O3, Enhanced densities with reduced porosity which improved the hardness & [57]
2 % nano MoS2 2 % compressive strength
nano Al2O3 + 2 %
nano MoS2. 3 %
nano Al2O3 + 3 %
nano MoS2
14 PM 6066Al SiC Uniform distribution, good SiC/Al interface bond, increase in Yield strength, [58]
Fracture strain, young’s modulus, decrease in Fracture strength
15 PM Ni-10Co-5Cr SiC [59]
(Superalloy) Uniform dispersal of the SiC reinforcement and distribution of reinforcement
particles with proper bonding, high hardness, compressive strength and
corrosion resistance

16 PM Mg Alloy (AZ 31) graphene oxide (r- Uniform distribution of reinforcement particles with proper bonding, [60]
GO) nanosheets decrement in density, improvement in hardness, wear and corrosion inhibition
efficiency up to 84 %, increase in the r-GO decreases the wear rate
17 PM 2124 aluminium Ni3Al, NiAl, Cr3Si 2124/MoSi2 shows best mechanical properties (YS, UTS) [61]
and MoSi2
18 PM Al SiC, Al2O3 Improved density with increasing sintering temperature [62]
19 PM AA8079 B4C [63]
Fine dispersal and occurrence of B4C particles, increased density, hardness, and
compressive strength, corrosion resistance
20 PM Cu Si3N4 [64]
Tool wear and surface roughness value increases with increase in % of
reinforcement
21 PM Metal Gr High conductivity, Moderate coefficient thermal of expansion, low density, high [47]
wear resistance.
22 PM-FSP Hybrid 2009Al GNP Excellent Tensile properties [65]
23 PM Al GO Increased UTS, elongation, bending strength [66]
24 PM AlMg5 GO High hardness, Increased UTS, elongation, bending strength [67]
25 PM Cu CO-MO Increased density, tensile strength, low wear rate [68]

5
A. Saxena, K.K. Saxena, V.K. Jain et al.
method for enhancing the mechanical and machinability charac-
teristics of metals/alloys [48]. The mechanical properties of pure
metals/alloys (matrix) are improved when reinforced with various
reinforcement material. Different matrix and reinforcement com-
binations lead to an improvement in specific mechanical proper-
ties. The improvement in mechanical properties of various MMCs
processed through powder metallurgy process, is summarized
below in Table 2.
2.3. Compaction pressure & sintering temperature
Optimum process parameters are the key to success for any
kind of fabrication/operation as it results in better output. A slight
miscalculation in process parameters can results in failure of pro-
cess. For powder metallurgy there are certain process parameters
which need to be observed closely when fabricating metal matrix
composites in order to obtain best mechanical properties for indus-
trial application. Kumar et al. [9] fabricated Mg/Al2O3 samples by
powder metallurgy using max compaction pressure 500 MPa and
sintering temperature 550 ℃ (120–360 min in furnace). The pow-
der was ball milled. Bains et al. [32] discussed fabrication of Fe/
ZrO2, Fe/Al2O3 using max compaction pressure 300 MPa and
max sintering temperature 1600 ℃. The sample were sintered in
air for 60 min. Chauhan et al. [33] fabricated NiTi/AA6061 (0 %,
4 %, 8 %, and 12 % by vol of NiTi particulate) composite by powder
metallurgy by compacting the specimen at 200 MPa followed by
sintering for 30 min at 10 °C/min till 100 °C in Furnace. Karayan-
nisa and Moutsatsou [50] fabricated Ni3Fe/Al2O3 composite using
compaction pressure of 750 MPa for compacting the specimen and
sintered it at 1200 °C for 180 min on furnace. Wang et al. [51] fab-
ricated TiB2/Mg samples at 20 to 25 MPa compaction pressure and
Fig. 6. Maximum ccompaction pressure for various MMCs [11,19,54–63,32,64–68,33,47,49–53].
6
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
sintered at 549.85 °C for 60 min in vacuum electric resistance. The
sample were hot pressed subsequently at 619.85 °C, below 5 MPa
for 10 min and cooled down to 319.85 °C. Moustafa et al. [53] fab-
ricated Cu/SiC and Cu/Al2O3 composites by powder metallurgy
with maximum compaction pressure of 600 MPa and sintering
temperature of 900 °C. Both SiC and Al2O3 were utilized uncoated
and electrolessly coated with a thin coating of nickel. Cavaliere
et al. [54] fabricated Al/SiO2 nanoparticle composite with 50 MPa
compaction pressure and spark plasma sintering at 100 °C/min
up to 550 °C. Arif et al. [55] fabricated Al/SiC composite at
390 MPa followed by furnace sintering 450 °C for 45 min. Ray
et al. [56] fabricated Al/TiN composite at 250 MPa for 20 min
and subsequent sintering at 449.85 °C for 60 min in furnace. Victor
et al. [57] AZ61/2% nano Al2O3, AZ61/2% nano MoS2, AZ61/2%
nano Al2O3 + 2 % nano MoS2 and AZ61/3% nano Al2O3 + 3 % nano
MoS2 composite at 530 MPa followed by sintering at 480 °C for
120 min in muffle furnace. Cheng et al. [58] fabricated 6066Al/
SiC at 400 MPa compaction pressure followed by sintering at
560 ℃ for 120 min. SiC powder was dip in saturated aqueous NaOH
at 100 ℃ for 2 h, then washed and baked at 200 ℃ for 8 h before the
fabrication. Veerappan et al. [59] prepared Ni-10Co-5Cr (Superal-
loy)/SiC composite at 0.15 MPa compaction pressure and sintered
the specimen at 1000 °C and 1200 °C for 180 min in tubular fur-
nace. Kavimani et al. [60] fabricated Mg Alloy (AZ31)/graphene
oxide (r-GO) nanosheets composite applying compaction pressure
of 580 MPa followed by sintering of specimen at 560 ℃ in Argon
environment. Meignanamoorthy et al. [63] fabricated AA8079/
B4C composite applying 300 MPa, 400 MPa, and 500 MPa com-
paction pressure and sintering at temperature of 375 ℃, 475 ℃,
and 575 ℃ for 60, 120 and 180 min respectively in electric muffle
furnace. Sathish et al. [64] fabricated Cu/Si3N4 composite applying
A. Saxena, K.K. Saxena, V.K. Jain et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

0.003 MPa compaction pressure for 10 min and sinter the speci- Based on the findings, the density gradient steadily reduces while
men in 3 stages at a varying tempertaure of 400 °C, 500 °C and the overall relative density rises with rising compaction pressure.
600 °C by holding the specimens for 40 min at each stage in fur- The compaction pressure and sintering temperature used by dis-
nace. Zhang et al. [65] fabricated 2009Al/GNP composite using tinct researchers for various MMCs through powder metallurgy
GNP/2009Al dried powder obtained through GNP dispersion by process are shown below in Fig. 6. and Fig. 7 respectively. The Max-
multi pass FSP. The powder was cold pressed at 10 MPa and hot imum compaction pressure and sintering temperaturefor group of
pressed at 50 MPa at 559.85 °C for 60 min. Al/GO composite was matrix material are shown in Table 3.
fabricated by compacting the powder at 50 MPa and sintered at Fig. 8 showing the comparison of maximum compaction pres-
580 °C for 180 min in Ar protecting atmosphere by Wu et al. sure and sintering temperature for group of matrix material sepa-
[66]. Kwon et al. [67] fabricated AlMg5/GO composite by hot press- rately. The Ni-10CO-5Cr has the lowest compaction pressure of
ing the powder at 570 MPa followed by sintering at 550 °C for 0.15 MPa while Ni3Fe has the highest compaction pressure of
90 min. Sap et al. [68] fabricated Cu/CO-MO by isostatic pressing 750 MPa. Ni-10CO-5Cr has the highest sintering temperature of
the powder at 600 MPa followed by sintering at 1000 °C for 1200 ℃ while Mg has the lowest sintering temperature of 560 ℃.
30 min in Ar protecting atmosphere. Joshua et al. [69] produced
AA7068/ZnO composite with compaction pressure of 318 MPa 2.4. Milling time & holding time
and sintered at a temperature of 560 ℃ for 1 h. Al/GNP composite
specimen was cold compacted by Li et al. [70] at 200 MPa and sin- Milling time (ball milling of powders), sample holding time dur-
tered till 450 °C for 60 min at 10 °C/min. Hussain et al. [71] exam- ing sintering are some other crucial parameters for powder metal-
ines how the powder metallurgy processing factors affect the
multi-response behaviors of Al2O3/Cu composite using the Tagu-
Table 3
chi approach and GRA. He discovered that the ideal parameter val- Maximum compaction pressure and sintering temperature for group of matrix
ues for powder milling duration, compaction pressure, sintering material [11,19,54–63,32,64–68,33,47,49–53].
temperature, and holding time are, respectively, 360 min,
S. Group of Max Compaction Pressure Max Sintering Temp
200 MPa, 700 °C, and 20 min after analyzing the main effects N. Matrix (MPa) in ℃
GRG table. Wang et al. [72] used finite element method to quanti-
1 Ni-10Co-5Cr 0.15 1200
tatively simulate the densification mechanism of the Cu-Al mixed 2 Fe 300 1600
metal powders exposed to double-action die compaction. At an 3 Al 570 620
Al concentration of 30 wt%, the effects of several compaction pres- 4 Mg 580 560
sures, including 100 MPa, 150 MPa, 200 MPa, 250 MPa, and 5 Cu 600 1000
6 Ni3Fe 750 1200
300 MPa, on the internal properties of the compact were examined.

Fig. 7. Maximum Sintering temperature for various MMCs [11,19,54–63,32,64–68,33,47,49–53].

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A. Saxena, K.K. Saxena, V.K. Jain et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 8. Maximum compaction pressure and sintering temperature comparison for various matrix material [11,19,54–63,32,64–68,33,47,49–53].

Table 4
Milling time and holding time for various composites.

S.N. Composite Milling Time (Min) Sintering Temperature (℃) Holding Time (Min) Reference
1 Al2O3/Ni3Fe 120 1200 180 [50]
2 TiB2/Mg 360 549.85 60 [51]
3 SiO2/Al 120 550 (100 °C/min) 5 [54]
4 TiN/Al 720 449.85 60 [56]
5 SiC/6066Al 300 560 120 [58]
6 SiC/Ni-10Co-5Cr 600 1000/1200 180 [59]
7 r-GO/AZ31 120 560 – [60]
8 Si3N4/Cu 90 400–500 600 40/Stage [64]
9 GO/AlMg5 1200 550 90 [67]
10 GNP/Al 300 450 60 [70]

lurgy process for fabrication of metal matrix composite. The
milling time and specimen holding time affects the density of the
fabricated specimen of composite [71]. The milling time and spec-
imen holding time during sintering of some of the composites are
tabulated below in Table 4.
3. Summary
This review has systematically discussed the various types rein-
forcements used for metal matrix composite fabricated through
powder metallurgy route. The matrix and reinforcements combi-
nation processed through powder metallurgy and their combined
effect of mechanical properties of MMCs produced are discussed
and summarized in tabular form. The parameters like max com-
paction pressure, sintering temperature, milling time and holding
time for various combination of matrix and reinforcements are dis-
cussed in detail.
1. Homogeneity in powder mixing, compaction pressure and sin-
tering temperature are crucial for fabricating samples with
greater mechanical properties.
2. The variety of reinforcements (Metals, Ceramics) can be used
for fabricating metal matrix composite through powder metal-
lurgy route.
3. The maximum compaction pressure (Al; 10–570 MPa, Cu;
600 MPa, Mg; 25–580 MPa, Ni-10Co-5Cr; 0.15 MPa and Ni3Fe;
750 MPa) varied for different matrix material, especially for fer-
rous and nonferrous matrix material.
4. The sintering temperature (ferrous; 1200 °C 1600 °C and Non-
ferrous; 450 °C 900 °C) plays vital role in powder metallurgy
process.
5. The Ni-10CO-5Cr has the lowest compaction pressure of
0.15 MPa while Ni3Fe has the highest compaction pressure of
750 MPa. Ni-10CO-5Cr has the highest sintering temperature
of 1200 ℃ while Mg has the lowest sintering temperature of
560 ℃.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

4. Conclusions
In this paper reinforcements and two important fabrication pro-
cess parameter, compaction pressure and sintering temperature,
for metal matrix composites fabrication are discussed in detail.
The conclusions from the above study are as follows:
8
Abhishek Saxena: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing –
original draft, Writing – review & editing, Investigation. Kuldeep
K. Saxena: Supervision, Visualization. Vivek K. Jain: Data curation,
Writing – review & editing. S.K. Rajput: Supervision, Visualization.
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