Tent Tear Catan MT ‘Thermal Conductivity of Metal Rod (Copper rod) 1 AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT. ‘To determine the thermal conduetivity of a given metal rod (copper rod). IL PRACTICAL RELEVANCE AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION The thermal conductivity is a physical property of a substance and is primarily a function of temperature and the nature of the material, The thermal conductivity of a metal rod can be determined experimentally by measuring the rate of heat flow and the temperature gradient in the rod. The relevant equation is given by Fourier heat conduction equation in the one- dimensional form as: p= kA where & is the thermal conductivity, A is the cross sectional area of the metal rod and d7'/dx is the temperature gradient and @x is the rate of heat flow along the length of the metal rod, Ill. DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS ‘The apparatus consists of a copper metal rod, whose one end is heated by an electrical heater while the other end projected into a cooling water jacket. The test length of the rod is surrounded by a cylindrical shell filled with asbestos insulating powder. Five thermocouples are located on the surface of the metal rod along its length and four thermocouples are located inside the insulating shell at two different radii. ‘Two thermocouples are located in the cooling water jacket to measure the inlet and outlet temperatures of the circulating water. All the thermocouples are of K-type (Chromel-Alumel) and connected to the digital temperature indicator through channel selector switch so that the readings (1; to T:) are noted in sequence. The heat input given to the electrical heater may be varied using a Variac and measured using digital voltmeter and ammeter. Sant hy Faculty of Thetmal Scenes Di ATT, Bangalore Soe am, Dept at Meh Ens Scanned with CamScannerTea Tea Tarren WaT IV. LAYOUT OF THE APPARATUS ‘THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF A METAL ROD T | | @ DIGTTAT. AMET vaniac swrrent DIOTTAT, vourmisrin FLOW Rat measviane FT ‘RNODSSWETCI 1 METAL OD cooniNe ASSEMDLY WITH cane, SACKET insutation ann |{}EATER| Water our THERMOCOUPLES WATER IN ‘TVTHERMOMETER POCKET V. DETAILS OF THERMOCOUPLE LOCATIONS Dr. ATT, Banzals 2 Stream, Dept oF Mech. Ti Prepared Py: Faculty of Then Scanned with CamScannerTheat Taster Tahaan Maa VI. SPECIFICATION Description Details Length of test section (fromT: | L=0.2m to Ts) of copper rod " Diameter of copper rod d=0.02m Power AC, 230V Variac 0-230 V, 0-24, Electric Heater (Coil type) Capacity: S00W Thermocouple K-Type (Chromel-Alumel, Teflon): 11 Nos. VIL ASSUMPTIONS 1, Material of the given metal rod is isotropic and homogeneous. 2. ‘The physical and thermal properties of the given metal rod are uniform and constant, VIII. PRECAUTIONS 1. Keep the Variac to ZERO position before switching ON the power supply switch. 2. Increase/decrease the voltage slowly. 3. Keep the assembly/test rig undisturbed while taking readings. 4, Limit the voltage reading to a maximum of 100V. 5. Operate the switches gently. 6. Do not operate the test rig without taking the consent of laboratory instructor/faculty in-charge. IX. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 1. The specifications of the equipment, such as, length (L) of test section of the metal rod, diameter (d) of the metal rod, radius (ni) at which thermocouples Ts and Ts are located, radius (ro) at which thermocouples Ty and Ty are located, and maximum heating capacity of electric heater are noted down. 2, Necessary valves are opened to start the supply of cooling water through the water jacket. Circulating water is collected in a graduated beaker and the flow rate of water is adjusted to the desired value. Propansd hyr Pauly of Thonnal Scacnees & Daginocring Sirsa, Dep af Mech, Enae DcATT Tangara Sais Scanned with CamScannerTheat Tee Carat NT 8. Taking all the precautions, the power supply is switched ON. 4. The Variac is adjusted to give desired voltage and current, which in turn regulates the heat input given to the heater. 5. The test rig is then allowed to attain steady state condition (This can be ensured when the temperature at any given temperature channel do not vary rapidly with respect to time). 6. ‘The voltage, current and temperature readings from T; to'Ti: are noted down and all the readings are tabulated in the ‘Observations’ tabular column, 7. For the next trial of experiment, the Variac is set to another value of voltage and current, and the above procedural steps (SI. No. 3 to 6) is repeated, 8. By using appropriate formulae, thermal conductivity of the metal rod is determined and compared with the ideal value. 9. Calculated values are tabulated in the ‘Calculations and Results’ tabular column, 10.Results and conclusions are documented in the laboratory record. DATA Diameter of copper rod: d= 0.02 m ‘Test length of copper rod: L = 0.2 m ‘Test length of insulated cylindrical shell: Lins = 0.2 m Outer radius of insulated cylindrical shell: ro= 0.07 m Sem K XI. APPLICABLE FORMULAE rea? 1, Cross sectional area of copper rod: A = (m’) Pw -6 we x10 [kes] . Tooth where p,. to be taken from Data Hand Book corresponding to temperature 7+ 2. Mass flow rate of cooling water: Tity, 3. Mean temperature of copper rod: Ty = TMT2#Ts*Te¥Ts [aC] 4. Temperature atthe outer radius of insulated cylindrical shell: Ty = "727 [°C] 5, Heatinput:Q=VI WW 6. Heat absorbed by circulating cooling water: Qy = tityCpw(Tix — Tho) wy t where cp» to be taken from Data Hand Book corresponding to temperature Set Prepared by Faculty of ternal Stisness & Pouncaring Strain, Dopt oF Mech, Ears DAUR Bangali Scanned with CamScannerVUVVVV Vee eevee eee dC EES Teal Tranter Laborato ano = 2tkinsling Tn ins = 7. Heat lost to insulated cylindrical shell: Iw) ine Where kg = Thermal conductivity of insulation (asbestos powder) in the cylindrical +19 shell —to be taken from Data Hand Book corresponding to temperature 8. Unaccounted heat lost (unmeasured): Qun = 0.2Q — [W] 9. By energy balance, Heat transfer through the test section along its length: A= Q-Qw= ins = Aun — [W] AT, —Ts) 10. By Fourier heat conduction equation: Q, = 7 [Ww] = 9 > koxp = Feary (Wim °C] 11. Theoretical value of thermal conductivity of copper rod (to be taken from Data Hand book corresponding to temperature Tm): kin = [Wim-°C] XII. OBSERVATIONS TABULAR COLUMN SL. Trial | Trial | Trial No. Particulars Symbol | x51 | No.2 | No.3 1. | Volume of cooling water collected in one minute [ml] Wo Voltage [volt] Vv ‘Current [ampere] I Tr T 4, | Temperature of copper rod [°C] Ts ‘Ts Ts Ts « Th 5. Temperature of insulated cylindrical shell [°C] i Ty . 0, Two 6. _ | Temperature of cooling water [°C] 7 u RTT Tren oF Tisnind Sences © Taginstrg Sa Dep on Nec Rage ANT Taataere SONS Scanned with CamScannerTea Teter ato ama? XIM. CALCULATIONS AND RESULTS TABULAR COLUMN ‘Trial ‘Trial ‘Trial ee Particula S: ad articulars symbol} 44 | No.2 | Nod 1. | Mass flow rate of circulating cooling water (ky/s] ity Mean temperature of copper rod [°C] Te 3, | Mean temperature at outer radius of insulated 5 cylindrical shell [°C] 2 4. | Heat input [W] Q 5, | Heat absorbed by circulating cooling water [W] Qw 6. ‘Heat transferred to insulated cylindrical shell [W] Qins 7. | Unaccounted heat lost (unmeasured) [W] Qua 8. | Heat transfer in the copper rod along its length [W] Qe Experimental value at i ‘Thermal conductivity of temperature Tm ° 9. copper rod o Theoretical value at (Wim'C] temperature Ty fy (Referred from Data Book) % 10. Percentage error — XIV, SPECIMEN CALCULATION T ie a Tames & Pighieeaiig Scanned with CamScannerxv. RESULTS Experimental value of thermal conductivity of the given copper rod at__ °C is: Wim.0C ‘Theoretical vale of thermal conductivity of the copper rod at is: Wim DISCUSSION a, Compare the experimental value of k with the standard value at the average temperature of set of observations. Explain the reasons for discrepancy, if any. Scanned with CamScanner aR AA