MONKEYPOX

KELOMPOK 19
01 02 03 04 05

Nazwa
M. Fadlan M. Daffa M. Fadli Eka Siti
Qurotun
Faqih Najwan Daryana Sopiyani
Nabilah
 DEFINITION OF
MONKEYPOX
Monkeypox is a new zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus
(MPXV) which is a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus in the
family Poxviridae; it is a DNA virus related to the smallpox virus.It
is a disease found in rodents such as squirrels, rats and mice, not
monkeys, and is transmitted from these animals to humans. It is
called monkeypox because it first caused a smallpox-like disease in
monkeys in 1958.
 HISTORY OF
MONKEYPOX
Monkeypox virus was first reported in 1959 as an outbreak of a
pox-like disease in monkeys kept at a research institute in
Copenhagen, Denmark. The first human MPXV case in medical
history was recognized when, on 1 September 1970, a nine-
month-old child was admitted to the Basankusu Hospital in the
Democratic republic of Congo (at that time, known as the Republic
of the Congo). The boy had a smallpox-like disease from which
MPXV-like virus was isolated.
Six cases of human MPXV were described in Liberia, Nigeria, and
Sierra Leone between October 1970 and May 1971. The first index
MPXV case in Nigeria was recorded in 1971, and 10 MPXV cases
were reported between 1971 and 1978. Since then, several
thousand human cases of monkeypox have been confirmed in 15
different countries, with 11 of them in African countries.
Monkeypox was imported to the United Kingdom, the USA, Israel,
and Singapore.
 POTENTIAL IMPORT OF
MONKEYPOX CASES IN
INDONESIA

The potential import of Monkeypox cases in Indonesia is linked to

human mobility as a risk factor for disease transmission in terms of
the number of international flights arriving and departing from
Indonesia. According to data from the Indonesian Central Statistics
Agency (BPS), international flights to and from Indonesia increased
gradually between 2015 and 2019 (Badan Pusat Statistik, 2019).
 HOW MONKEYPOX IS TRANSMITTED
IN INDONESIA?

ANIMAL-TO-HUMAN TRANSMISSION HUMAN-TO-HUMAN TRANSMISSION

In Indonesia, where the disease occurs Once a person is infected, they can
sporadically, people may become infected transmit the virus to others through direct
when they come into close contact with contact with the virus-containing lesions
infected animals, often through activities or through respiratory droplets when an
like hunting, handling, or consuming the infected person coughs or sneezes. Close
meat of animals that carry the virus. personal contact, such as caring for a sick
Rodents and certain other wildlife can individual, can increase the risk of
serve as reservoir hosts.
transmission.
 HOW MONKEYPOX IS
TRANSMITTED IN INDONESIA?
It's important to note that the extent of
human-to-human transmission may vary, and
the disease is generally considered less
contagious than some other viral diseases
like measles. Public health measures,
isolation of affected individuals, and
appropriate protective measures can help
reduce the risk of further transmission.
 DIAGNOSIS OF
MONKEYPOX
The best diagnostic specimens are taken directly from the rash –
skin, fluid or crusts – collected by vigorous swabbing. In the
absence of skin lesions, testing can be done on oropharyngeal, anal
or rectal swabs.
 MONKEY POX TREATMENT

VACCINATION
Studies have shown that vaccination against smallpox provides
cross-protection against other OPV species including MPXV.
According to the available data, about 90% of the identified cases
are naive to OPV infection of which many of them were born after
the cessation of smallpox eradication program. Individuals who had
previously been vaccinated against smallpox were identified to
have 85% protection against MPXV.
VACCINATION
The smallpox vaccine (ACAM2000TM) recommended by the Center
of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), during the 2003 USA
MPXV endemic, proved to reduce the symptoms and did not
prevent disease.
ANTIVIRALS
A 4-trifluoromethylphenol derivative or Tecovirimat (ST-246 or
TPOXX®®), having been approved by the FDA, has undergone
clinical trial, using an animal model. The drug has proven to be
effective in the infected animals by blocking the release of the
intracellular virus from the cell.
ANTIVIRALS
According to CDC report, the human clinical trial with Tecovirimat
suggested that the drug was tolerable and safe, but there are not
enough data on its effectiveness in treating human cases of MPX.
Similarly, animal and in vitro studies, using cidofovir and
Brincidofovir (CMX001 or hexadecyloxypropyl-cidofovir), proved to
be effective.
 REFERENCES

REFERENCES 1
Alakunle E, et all, (2020), Monkeypox Virus in Nigeria:
Infection Biology, Epidemiology, and Evolution. Viruses, 12,
1257.
REFERENCES 2
Altindis M, et all, (2022), Diagnosis of monkeypox virus - An
overview.
 REFERENCES

REFERENCES 3
Kaler J, et all, (2022) Monkeypox: A Comprehensive Review of
Transmission, Pathogenesis, and Manifestation. Cureus 14(7)

REFERENCES 4
Saputra H, et all, (2022), Monkeypox transmission risks in
Indonesia. Public Health of Indonesia. Vol. 8, Pages 70
 REFERENCES

REFERENCES 5
World Health Organization, (2023), Mpox (Monkeypox)
THANK YOU