Name:Clissia Dsouza

Group:2 Faculty: medicine

Keyword: toxoplasmosis -pumped-filtered to abstract and 5 years

Control of human toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis is caused by Toxoplasma gondii, an apicomplexan parasite that is
able to infect any nucleated cell in any warm-blooded animal. Toxoplasma gondii
infects around 2 billion people and, whilst only a small percentage of infected people
will suffer serious disease, the prevalence of the parasite makes it one of the most
damaging zoonotic diseases in the world. Toxoplasmosis is a disease with multiple
manifestations: it can cause a fatal encephalitis in immunosuppressed people; if first
contracted during pregnancy, it can cause miscarriage or congenital defects in the
neonate; and it can cause serious ocular disease, even in immunocompetent people.
The disease has a complex epidemiology, being transmitted by ingestion of oocysts
that are shed in the faeces of definitive feline hosts and contaminate water, soil and
crops, or by consumption of intracellular cysts in undercooked meat from
intermediate hosts. In this review we examine current and future approaches to
control toxoplasmosis, which encompass a variety of measures that target different
components of the life cycle of T. gondii. These include: education programs about
the parasite and avoidance of contact with infectious stages; biosecurity and
sanitation to ensure food and water safety; chemo- and immunotherapeutics to
control active infections and disease; prophylactic options to prevent acquisition of
infection by livestock and cyst formation in meat; and vaccines to prevent shedding
of oocysts by definitive feline hosts.
Keywords: Chemotherapy; Immunotherapy; Nanotechnology; Toxoplasma gondii;
Toxoplasmosis; Vaccination.
Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.
Smith NC, Goulart C, Hayward JA, Kupz A, Miller CM, van Dooren GG. Control of human toxoplasmosis. Int J Parasitol.
2021 Feb;51(2-3):95-121. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.11.001. Epub 2020 Dec 19. PMID: 33347832.

Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is one of the common chronic infections caused by the
parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Even though its infection in healthy non-
pregnant women is self-limited and largely asymptomatic, the main
concern is the risk to the fetus by vertical transmission in pregnancy.
Congenital toxoplasmosis can result in permanent neurological
damage and even serious morbidity such as blindness. Screening
programs are implemented in various countries depending on the
prevalence and virulence of the parasite in the respective regions.
Upon diagnosis of infection, appropriate antibiotic therapy should be
initiated as it has been proven to reduce the risk of fetal transmission.
Primary prevention remains the key intervention to avoid the infection
and hence patient education is an important aspect of the
management.
Keywords: Congenital toxoplasmosis; Mother-to-child transmission;
Toxoplasmosis.
Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Ahmed M, Sood A, Gupta J. Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2020
Dec;255:44-50. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.10.003. Epub 2020 Oct 8. PMID: 33075679.
Toxoplasmosis diagnostic techniques: Current developed methods and
biosensors
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infection is a usual worldwide issue since a broad range
of vertebrate hosts are infected by this famous parasite. However fetuses
and immuno-compromised patients infected by parasite is of specific
concern. Developing the easy-to-use, accurate, real time and selective
methods for detection of toxoplasma infection has a key role in the
treatment and management of patients. In this regard, rapid detection
methods with reproducible outcomes during short period are highly
interested. In this review, we discussed the recent developed molecular-
based laboratory methods for detecting of Toxoplasma infection and also
rapid diagnostic methods, especially optic and electrochemical based
biosensors with point-of-care features.
Keywords: Biomarker; Biosensors; Detection; Toxoplasmosis.
Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
PubMed Disclaimer
Conflict of interest statement
Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no
known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could
have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Molaei S, Masoomeh Dadkhah, Fathi F. Toxoplasmosis diagnostic techniques: Current developed methods and biosensors. Talanta.
2023 Jan 15;252:123828. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123828. Epub 2022 Aug 13. PMID: 35987125.

A review of toxoplasmosis in humans and animals in Turkey

Abstract
Infections by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii are widely prevalent in
humans and animals in Turkey but little is known of the burden of their clinical
toxoplasmosis. Many early papers on toxoplasmosis in Turkey were published in
Turkish and often not available widely. Here, we review prevalence, clinical
spectrum, epidemiology and diagnosis of T. gondii in humans and animals in
Turkey. This knowledge should be useful to biologists, public health workers,
veterinarians and physicians. Although one-third of the human population in
Turkey is seropositive, the rate of congenital toxoplasmosis is unknown and no
information is available in children 12 years old or younger. One large outbreak
of acute toxoplasmosis has been reported in 14-18-year old school children in
Turkey. An alarming rate (36%) of T. gondii tissue cysts were reported in tissues
of sheep and water buffalo meats destined for human consumption; these
reports require verification. Genetically, T. gondii strains from domestic cats
and wild birds in Turkey were generally classical type II and III, like those
prevalent in Europe. A separate genotype, Type 1 Africa, was isolated from two
congenitally infected children and a domestic cat in Turkey.
Keywords: Animals; Toxoplasma gondii; Turkey; clinical; toxoplasmosis;
zoonosis.

Kolören Z, Dubey JP. A review of toxoplasmosis in humans and animals in Turkey. Parasitology. 2020 Jan;147(1):12-28. doi: 10.1017/
S0031182019001318. Epub 2019 Sep 30. PMID: 31554526; PMCID: PMC10317629.
The One Health Approach to Toxoplasmosis: Epidemiology, Control,
and Prevention Strategies
Abstract
One Health is a collaborative, interdisciplinary effort that seeks optimal health for people,
animals, plants, and the environment. Toxoplasmosis, caused by Toxoplasma gondii, is an
intracellular protozoan infection distributed worldwide, with a heteroxenous life cycle that
practically affects all homeotherms and in which felines act as definitive reservoirs. Herein,
we review the natural history of T. gondii, its transmission and impacts in humans, domestic
animals, wildlife both terrestrial and aquatic, and ecosystems. The epidemiology, prevention,
and control strategies are reviewed, with the objective of facilitating awareness of this
disease and promoting transdisciplinary collaborations, integrative research, and capacity
building among universities, government agencies, NGOs, policy makers, practicing
physicians, veterinarians, and the general public.
Keywords: Integrative research; One Health; Toxoplasma gondii; Toxoplasmosis;
Transdisciplinarity.
Aguirre AA, Longcore T, Barbieri M, Dabritz H, Hill D, Klein PN, Lepczyk C, Lilly EL, McLeod R, Milcarsky J, Murphy CE, Su C, VanWormer E,
Yolken R, Sizemore GC. The One Health Approach to Toxoplasmosis: Epidemiology, Control, and Prevention Strategies. Ecohealth. 2019
Jun;16(2):378-390. doi: 10.1007/s10393-019-01405-7. Epub 2019 Apr 3. Erratum in: Ecohealth. 2019 Jun 5;: PMID: 30945159; PMCID:
PMC6682582.

Summary

1.control of human toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis, caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, affects around 2
billion people worldwide, posing significant health risks. It can lead to fatal
encephalitis, miscarriage, congenital defects, and ocular disease.
Transmission occurs through ingestion of oocysts in contaminated water, soil,
crops, or undercooked meat. Control measures include education, biosecurity,
sanitation, chemo- and immunotherapy, prophylactic options for livestock, and
vaccines targeting feline hosts. Current and future approaches aim to mitigate
the impact of toxoplasmosis through a multifaceted approach encompassing
various stages of the parasite's life cycle.

2. Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy
Toxoplasmosis, caused by Toxoplasma gondii, is a common chronic infection. While it's often
asymptomatic in healthy non-pregnant women, the main concern is fetal risk through vertical
transmission during pregnancy. Congenital toxoplasmosis can lead to permanent neurological
damage and blindness. Screening programs vary by region. Antibiotic therapy upon diagnosis
reduces fetal transmission risk. Primary prevention through patient education is crucial.

3. Toxoplasmosis diagnostic techniques: Current developed methods

and biosensors
Toxoplasma gondii infection poses a global health concern, especially for fetuses and
immunocompromised patients. Developing accurate, real-time, and easy-to-use methods for
detection is crucial for effective treatment. This review discusses recent advances in
molecular-based laboratory methods and rapid diagnostic techniques, including optic and
electrochemical biosensors with point-of-care capabilities, aimed at improving Toxoplasma
infection detection.
4.A review of toxoplasmosis in humans and animals in Turkey

In Turkey, Toxoplasma gondii infections are prevalent in both humans and animals, yet the
burden of clinical toxoplasmosis remains poorly understood due to limited access to early
Turkish publications. This review covers the prevalence, clinical spectrum, epidemiology,
and diagnosis of T. gondii in Turkey, providing valuable insights for biologists, public health
workers, veterinarians, and physicians. Although one-third of the population is seropositive,
data on congenital toxoplasmosis and children under 12 are scarce. A significant outbreak
occurred among school children aged 14-18. Notably, a high rate of T. gondii tissue cysts
was found in meats intended for human consumption, requiring further confirmation.
Genetic analysis revealed prevalent strains similar to those in Europe, with a distinct
genotype isolated from congenitally infected individuals and domestic cats in Turkey.

5.The One Health Approach to Toxoplasmosis:

Epidemiology, Control, and Prevention Strategies

Toxoplasmosis, caused by Toxoplasma gondii, is a globally distributed infection with a

complex life cycle affecting various organisms. In this review, we explore its impact on
humans, domestic animals, wildlife, and ecosystems, emphasizing the importance of One
Health approaches. We discuss epidemiology, prevention, and control strategies to raise
awareness and foster collaboration among diverse stakeholders, including researchers,
government agencies, NGOs, healthcare professionals, veterinarians, and the public.
Keywords: One Health, Toxoplasma gondii, Toxoplasmosis, Integrative research,
Transdisciplinarity.