UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

FACULTY OF PHARMACY – DEPT. OF PHARMACY

PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY (PHA 6114)
S.Y. 2020-2021

LEARNING TASK ON MYCOLOGY

Fungal Infection Causative Agent Mode of Transmission Hallmark of Infection Drug of Choice
 Itraconazole - interacts with 14-
α demethylase, a cytochrome
1. Blastomycosis Blastomyces air transmission flu-like symptoms
P-450 enzyme necessary to
convert lanosterol to ergosterol
2. Tinea unguium Microsporum sp. contact with infected skin scales Infection of nails and discoloured,  Griseofulvin- inhibit fungal cell
“Onychomycosis” Trichophyton sp. or contact with fungi in damp brittle or thickened nails. mitosis and nuclear acid
Epidermophyton sp. areas synthesis. It also binds to and
interferes with the function of
spindle and cytoplasmic
microtubules by binding to
alpha and beta tubulin.
 Terbinafine- inhibits the enzyme
squalene monooxygenase
 Itraconazole - interacts with 14-
α demethylase, a cytochrome
P-450 enzyme necessary to
convert lanosterol to ergosterol
inhibits growth of fungi
 Ketoconazole- inhibition of
ergosterol synthesis and
increased fungal cellular
permeability due to reduced
amounts of ergosterol present
in the fungal cell membrane.
Direct contact with infected  Clotrimazole- damages the
person or animals or in damp permeability barrier in the cell
public places membrane of fungi.
Trichophyton mentagrophytes scaly, itchy, red, pus-filled spots on the
3. Tinea barbae  Miconazole- thought to act
or Trichophyton verrucosum cheeks, chin, and upper neck
primarily through the inhibition
of fungal CYP450 14α-
lanosterol demethylase activity.

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 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
FACULTY OF PHARMACY – DEPT. OF PHARMACY
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY (PHA 6114)
S.Y. 2020-2021

 Terbinafine - inhibition leads to

decreased ergosterol, which
would normally be
incorporated into the cell wall,
and accumulation of squalene.
 Ketoconazole- inhibition of
ergosterol synthesis and
increased fungal cellular
permeability due to reduced
amounts of ergosterol present
in the fungal cell membrane.
 Clotrimazole- damages the
permeability barrier in the cell
membrane of fungi.
 Miconazole- thought to act
primarily through the inhibition
of fungal CYP450 14α-
lanosterol demethylase activity.
 Terbinafine - inhibition leads to
Trichophyton rubrum
4. Tinea pedis”Athlete’s Contact with infected person or red, swollen, scaly, itchy skin between decreased ergosterol, which
Epidermophyton sp
Foot” animals or in damp public places toes and ringworm lesion of foot would normally be
Microsporum sp.
incorporated into the cell wall,
and accumulation of squalene.
 Ketoconazole- inhibition of
ergosterol synthesis and
increased fungal cellular
permeability due to reduced
amounts of ergosterol present
in the fungal cell membrane.
 Fluconazole - This enzyme
normally works to
convert lanosterol to ergosterol,
5. Valley Fever Coccidioides air transmission cough, fever, erythema nodosum
which is necessary for fungal
cell wall synthesis and inhibits
the growth of fungi

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 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
FACULTY OF PHARMACY – DEPT. OF PHARMACY
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY (PHA 6114)
S.Y. 2020-2021

6. Mycetoma Pseudallescheria boydil causative organism enters the tumefaction, draining sinuses and the Itraconazole-- interacts with 14-α
Madurella grisea body through minor trauma or a presence of micro colonies called demethylase, a cytochrome P-450
Madurella mycetomatis penetrating injury, commonly grains. enzyme necessary to convert
thorn pricks lanosterol to ergosterol. Which
inhibits growth of fungi
7. Aspergillosis Aspergillus fumigatus inhalation of airborne conidia “Fungus ball” in tissue Voriconazole- binds and inhibits
ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting
CYP450-dependent 14-alpha sterol
demethylase. The inhibition of 14-
alpha sterol demethylase results in a
depletion of ergosterol in fungal cell
membrane.
8. Sporotrichosis Sporothrix schenckii contact with the fungal spores Nodules and ulcers along lymphatixs at Fluconazole - This enzyme normally
in the environment the site of inoculation works to
convert lanosterol to ergosterol,
which is necessary for fungal cell
wall synthesis and inhibits the
growth of fungi
9. Tinea capitis Microsoprum sp. Trichophyton person-to-person transmission Ringwork lesion of scalp Griseofulvin- inhibit fungal cell
sp. mitosis and nuclear acid synthesis. It
Epidermohyton sp. also binds to and interferes with the
function of spindle and cytoplasmic
microtubules by binding to alpha
and beta tubulin
10. Candidiases Candida albicans Endogenous spread (part of Creamy growth on various areas of the Fluconazole - This enzyme normally
normal human flora); by contact body works to
with excretions of mouth, skin, convert lanosterol to ergosterol,
and feces from patients or which is necessary for fungal cell
carriers; from mother to infant wall synthesis and inhibits the
during childbirth; disseminated growth of fungi
candidiasis may originate from
mucosal lesions, unsterile
narcotic injections, catheters

REFERENCES: (APA FORMAT)

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 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
FACULTY OF PHARMACY – DEPT. OF PHARMACY
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY (PHA 6114)
S.Y. 2020-2021

 Hygiene-related Diseases | Hygiene-related Diseases | Hygiene | Healthy Water | CDC. (2020). Retrieved 20 September 2020, from
https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/hygiene/disease/athletes_foot.html
 Mycetoma. (2020). Retrieved 20 September 2020, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-
sheets/detail/mycetoma#:~:text=Transmission,barefooted%20and%20are%20manual%20workers.
 Treatment | Aspergillosis | Types of Fungal Diseases | Fungal Diseases | CDC. (2020). Retrieved 20 September 2020, from
https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/aspergillosis/treatment.html
 Sporotrichosis Medication: Antifungal agents. (2020). Retrieved 20 September 2020, from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228723-
medication#:~:text=Fluconazole%20is%20less%20effective%20than,data%20with%20itraconazole%20therapy%20exist.
 Candida albicans | MSDSonline. (2020). Retrieved 20 September 2020, from https://www.msdsonline.com/resources/sds-resources/free-safety-data-sheet-
index/candida-albicans/
 Saha, S., Dhar, A., & Karak, A. (2020). Mycetoma sans sinuses Mycetoma sans sinuses. Retrieved 20 September 2020, from http://www.bioline.org.br/pdf?dv06043
 Tinea Capitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology. (2020). Retrieved 20 September 2020, from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1091351-overview