Professional Documents
Culture Documents
INDEX
2
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 4 VLANs
Connecting VLANs
Configuring VLANs
Chapter 5 Trunking
How Trunks Work
Configuring Trunks
Disclaimer: the instructor slides for this unit are just a class guide. They are not to
be used as study material for the exam. 3
VLANS
APPLICATIONS & CONCEPS
Bibliography: Chapter-11
SOME REQUIREMENTS OF LANS
5
SOLUTION USING ROUTERS
6
SOLUTION USING VLAN
¡ LAN Security
¡ User Mobility
¡ Bandwidth Preservation
8
VLAN CONCEPTS
1. VLAN tagging
2. VLAN awareness
3. VLAN association rules
4. Frame distribution
9
TAGGING
q How can you tell which LAN(s) a frame is on?
q Implicit à Port-based (simple)
à Parse the frame and apply the membership rules (more complex).
• Data Link Source Address
• Protocol type
• Higher-layer network identifiers (for example, IP subnet)
• Application-specific fields, and so on
10
TAGGING (CONT.)
11
VLAN AWARENESS
12
TAGGING AND TRUNKING
¡ Traffic for all the VLANs travels between the switches on a shared trunk or
backbone
¡ Tag is added to the frame when it goes on to the trunk
¡ Tag is removed when it leaves the trunk (if end-station are not Tag-aware)
13
VLAN ASSOCIATION RULES
(MAPPING FRAMES TO VLANS)
14
VLAN ASSOCIATION RULES (..2)
(MAPPING FRAMES TO VLANS)
3.- IP Subnet-
Based
17
FRAME FORWARDING
18
VLANS:
THE IEEE STANDARD
Bibliography: Chapter-12
TAGGED ETHERNET FRAME
§ Priority: [0..7]
§ Can be fixed by end-station
§ Can be based on application (i.e. VoIP)
§ …
§ Canonical Format Indicator (CFI)
§ bit ordering (Little or Big Endian) of bytes
§ Ethernet à LE, Token-Ring à BE
Solutions:
1. Leave the 802.3 frame limit intact, and take the 4 bytes needed for the VLAN tag from
the data portion of the frame. à Payload from 1500 to 1496 àProblem: Modify higher
layer (IP) protocol software.
¡ A Switch is a Bridge
¡ A Layer 3 Switch Is a Router
QoS y CoS
(AS) BGP
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DHCP RELAYING IN VLANS
VLAN 40
10.100.40.0/24
DHCP Server
10.100.30.2/24
L3 Switch
VLAN 30
DHCP Relay
IP Helper address:
10.100.30.2
VLAN 50
10.100.50.0/24
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DHCP RELAYING IN VLANS
¡ DHCP Relaying message exchange
Broadcast Unicast
Broadcast Unicast
Broadcast Unicast
Broadcast Unicast
¡ Note: DHCP Server detects the source subnet à required to provide addresses in the
correct address range (10.0.1.0/24 in the example).
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VLANS & STP
¡ STP limitations in the presence of VLAN-based load
balancing
¡ Switch A uses VLANs 1-1000
¡ It wants to perform load balancing among switches D1 and D2
¡ A-D1 link: VLANs 1-500; A-D2 link: VLANS 501-1000
¡ But,
¡ For each LAN, only a very limited set of topologies is possible
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MST
¡ Advantages of MST:
¡ MST supports 16 STP instances (MSTI)
¡ Each MSTI has its own STP topology
¡ Each MSTI can map an unlimited number of VLANs
¡ MST achieves similar effectiveness with much fewer Spanning Trees (2 vs. 6)
¡ VLANs 1,3,5 are mapped to MST 0
¡ VLANs 2,4,6 are mapped to MST 1
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